热诱导浮力羽流涡旋结构直接数值模拟

涡旋结构是湍流流场重要的研究内容之一,也是影响特殊火行为的重要因素之一,如涡旋在飞火传播中起着非常重要的作用。火羽流涡旋结构的详细分析对火灾蔓延特性的研究有重要指导意义。该文对轴对称热羽流和平面热羽流进行了直接数值模拟,分别基于涡旋动力学及涡旋稳定性角度对计算结果进行详细分析。研究表明平面热羽流的涡量值明显高于轴对称热羽流,平面热羽流具有较低的脉动频率。从涡量输运方程出发,分析得出拉伸项的存在降低了轴对称热羽流的混合强度。     

火旋风环境中飞火颗粒的上升行为研究

将火旋风流场分为火焰区和羽流区,采用数值模拟方法建立了球形飞火颗粒在火旋风火焰区和羽流区的上升轨迹模型.模型结合颗粒动力学方程和燃烧模型,模拟了飞火颗粒在火旋风环境中的上升行为,提出了飞火颗粒在火旋风流场中上升的临界条件,建立了飞火颗粒在竖直方向上升轨迹的计算方法.结果表明,在火旋风中能够上升的飞火颗粒的直径和密度之积应小于临界值,燃烧对于颗粒的上升行为有很大影响.相对于不燃烧颗粒,燃烧颗粒上升更高,速度更快.     

大空间中庭内热分层环境下环境温度对烟气上升高度的影响

根据稳定线性热分层环境下羽流积分控制方程,分析了温度因素对羽流中性浮力点高度和羽流最大上升高度的影响,在大空间实验室开展了一系列实验,采集环境温度,计算竖向温度梯度,利用摄像机拍摄并记录烟气层上升高度,通过实验数据对理论分析结果进行了验证。     

线板式电除尘器中离子风的数值模拟

为了探索线板式电除尘器在高压放电过程中离子风的流动特性,使用Fluent软件对电除尘器进行三维数值模拟研究.通过用户自定义函数(UDF)编写实现了电场、流场以及颗粒场的耦合,讨论了在不同电场风速、运行电压和板间距下,离子风对流场特性的影响.结果 表明:在离子风的影响下,电晕极附近会形成对称的涡旋,电场风速较低时涡旋更明显;随电场风速增加离子风对主流气流的影响减弱,当电场风速大于0.8 m/s时,离子风的影响较弱;离子风对主流气流的影响也会随运行电压升高而增大,随板间距增大而减小.     

单室卧管立式加热炉三维燃烧流场的数值模拟

对一个单室卧管立式加热炉的三维燃烧流场进行数值模拟,计算了某些非正常工况下的燃烧流场分布,并利用计算结果讨论了造成炉壁单侧冷却管过热的情况。     

竖井结构中壁面温度对火灾烟气运动影响的计算研究

使用大涡模拟方法研究了不同壁面温度条件下,竖井结构中,竖直壁面间的火灾热烟气和空气运动规律及温度场分布。并讨论了造成分布差异的原因。研究表明,流场中速度、温度和混合分数等参数受燃烧产生的热羽流和壁面温差引起的对流共同影响。温差越大,流场流动速度越大,流场的规律性越强,热烟气在流场中的蔓延速度越快。在温度方面,温度分布随流场变化而呈现不同规律,这里着重讨论了一侧壁面温度不同引起的另一侧壁面附近流场的温度变化。     

二维线性浮力羽流特性的研究

通过对二维线性浮力羽流的理论分析,得到了羽流温度分布,速度分布以及羽流宽度和卷吸常数的表达式。并用实验的方法测量了由线性火源产生的二维线性浮力羽流的温度和速度变化。实验结果和理论分析符合的很一致。     

坡屋面建筑周围放射性物质扩散的数值模拟

坡屋面建筑分布广泛,周围风场分布复杂,为解决放射性物质的绕流扩散问题,运用Open FOAM对坡屋面建筑周围的不可压缩稳态流场进行了三维数值模拟,增加组分扩散方程,研究了入流风速和屋顶倾角对放射性物质扩散的影响。结果表明,入流风速越大,放射性物质扩散越充分。坡屋面建筑排布影响风场分布,进而影响烟羽形状。当上游建筑的屋顶倾角在15°左右、下游建筑的屋顶倾角在25°左右时,在竖直截面上,速度流线沿下游建筑背风坡面爬升,烟羽抬升较高,烟羽呈上扬型;在水平截面上,顺时针涡旋和逆时针涡旋对称分布,导致烟羽对称分布,此时污染范围最小,扩散作用最为显著。可见合理的建筑布局可以减小放射性污染事件对周围环境造成的危害。     

山地林火蔓延模型的研究

建立了有风速有坡度条件下的林火蔓延模型,并进行了模拟山丘条件下的数值计算和实验模拟。通过对计算结果和实验结果的分析比较,获得了模拟山地条件下的一些流场变化规律,为进一步预测林火行为为奠定了基础,同时也证明了采用该模型的必要性。     

贯通巷道风流流场数值模拟若干关键问题研究

根据计算流体力学基本理论,利用计算流体动力学(CFD)软件Fluent,运用三维k-ε湍流模型对贯通型巷道风流流场数值模拟中风流入口、出口位置对巷道风流流场分布的影响、湍动能k及湍动能耗散率ε的取值对模拟结果的影响等进行考察。通过研究确定模拟巷道的流体力学入口长度,确定模拟巷道出口位置;湍动能k及湍动能耗散率ε的取值对入口附近流动还没有充分发展区域拟解算的结果影响较大,而对流动充分发展的区域影响较小。将数值模拟风速值与理论计算风速值进行对比,模拟结果与计算结果非常一致,验证了数值模拟方法的正确性,为研究贯通型巷道风流传质过程、瓦斯运移规律及通风排污效率等提供了理论基础。     

纵向风和阻塞比对隧道双火源温度分布的影响*

为研究城市公路隧道内纵向通风和障碍物对双火羽流行为的影响,采用数值模拟方法分析双火羽流纵向烟气温度变化规律。研究结果表明:随着风速的增加,顶棚下方最高温度不断降低,烟气逆流现象逐渐减弱至消失;随着阻塞比的增加,下游火源一直向下游倾斜,而上游火源逐渐由向下游倾斜转变为向上游倾斜;基于流体力学理论,引入阻塞比修正无障碍物时的弗劳德数,进而建立适用于隧道内有障碍物的双火羽流顶棚最高温升分段预测模型,研究结果可为隧道火灾防治提供基础数据和理论参考。     

分析钛管冷凝除湿技术在燃煤电厂烟羽治理中的应用实例

目前消除"有色烟羽"主要采用MGGH、GGH等烟气再热技术,这些技术只是通过提高烟气扩散消除"有色烟羽"的视觉感受,但不能减少污染物和水汽的排放。本文介绍了一种钛管冷凝除湿技术在某300MW循环流化床机组"烟羽治理"中的实际应用,并对冷凝除湿过程中烟气水回收、污染物协同治理等效果进行分析,最终实现节水及污染物协同减排的目的。     

地下复杂组合受限空间火灾分区现象与初期模式实验研究

主要介绍地下狭长与组合受限空间油料介质火灾分区现象、初期火灾主要模式模拟实验研究结果与讨论;地下组合受限空间火灾呈现出特殊的分区现象。一般可分为燃烧区、新鲜空气补充区、烟气流区、过渡区和火焰后面的“惰化区”五区。有上下两层的地下复杂组合受限空间可分为燃烧区、烟气流区、新鲜空气补充区和“惰化区”4区。地下受限空间(包括组合受限空间、容积式受限空间和狭长受限空间)密闭条件下火灾初期模式主要有：爆炸、爆炸减弱、爆炸增强、燃烧、爆燃向爆轰发展。地下复杂组合受限空间下部与下部狭长受限空间分别全开口条件下着火后火灾主要模式为爆炸、燃烧、爆炸后持续燃烧、爆炸后短时燃烧、爆炸后发展为出口外爆炸;爆炸又可分为爆炸强度逐步加强、爆炸由爆燃发展为爆轰、爆炸强度逐步减弱。     

Modelling of the plume rise phenomenon due to warehouse or pool fires considering penetration of the mixing layer

The present paper describes the theory behind the “plume rise from warehouse or pool fires model” as implemented in the software package EFFECTS. This model simulates the rising of buoyant plumes due to the density difference between the hot combustion products and the ambient air. The plume rise model calculates the maximum height at which the released material will be in equilibrium with the density of the air, and presents the resulting trajectory of the plume, including hazard distances to specific concentration threshold levels. These parameters will be determined depending on the wind speed, atmospheric stability class and the fire's convective heat production, leading to potential penetration of the mixing layer.Additionally, the penetration of the smoke plume through the temperature inversion layer is assessed. If the convective heat of production is sufficient to penetrate the mixing layer, the smoke plume will be trapped above the mixing layer. When this occurs, the (potentially toxic) combustion products do not disperse back below the mixing layer, thus, the individuals at ground level are not exposed to the harmful combustion products. If the convective heat of production is not sufficient to penetrate the mixing layer, the smoke plume may experience the so-called reflection phenomena which will trap the smoke plume below the mixing layer. This could have more dangerous consequences for individuals who then might be exposed to harmful combustion products at ground level.Moreover, this paper includes the validation of the model against experimental data as well as to other widely validated mathematical models. The experiments and mathematical models used for the validation are described, and a detailed discussion of the results is included, with a statistical and graphical comparison against the field data.     

Accounting for the effect of concentration fluctuations on toxic load for gaseous releases of carbon dioxide

In Great Britain, advice on land-use planning decisions in the vicinity of major hazard sites and pipelines is provided to Local Planning Authorities by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), based on quantified risk assessments of the risks to the public in the event of an accidental release. For potential exposures to toxic substances, the hazard and risk is estimated by HSE on the basis of a “toxic load”. For carbon dioxide (CO₂), this is calculated from the time-integral of the gas concentration to the power eight. As a consequence of this highly non-linear dependence of the toxic load on the concentration, turbulent concentration fluctuations that occur naturally in jets or plumes of CO₂ may have a significant effect on the calculated hazard ranges. Most dispersion models used for QRA only provide estimates of the time- or ensemble-averaged concentrations. If only mean concentrations are used to calculate the toxic load, and the effects of concentration fluctuations are ignored, there is a danger that toxic loads and hence hazard ranges will be significantly under-estimated.This paper explores a simple and pragmatic modification to the calculation procedure for CO₂ toxic load calculations. It involves the assumption that the concentration fluctuates by a factor of two with a prescribed square-wave variation over time. To assess the validity of this methodology, two simple characteristic flows are analysed: the free jet and the dense plume (or gravity current). In the former case, an empirical model is used to show that the factor-of-two approach provides conservative estimates of the hazard range. In the latter case, a survey of the literature indicates that there is at present insufficient information to come to any definite conclusions.Recommendations are provided for future work to investigate the concentration fluctuation behaviour in dense CO₂ plumes. This includes further analysis of existing dense gas dispersion data, measurements of concentration fluctuations in ongoing large-scale CO₂ release experiments, and numerical simulations.     

Are dispersion models suitable for simulating small gaseous chlorine releases?

Dispersion models are mostly validated on the basis of historical dispersion experiments. The latter imply large quantities of hazardous products (flammable or toxic gases), and are dedicated to study the dispersion of the resulting clouds on great distances from the source to reach a better knowledge of the different phases of gas dispersion (slumping, creeping, passive dispersion…).However, dispersion models have hardly been validated on small releases and therefore require more validation on small plumes of dangerous gases. Indeed, what is their reliability in case of accidents involving small amounts (e.g., chlorine leakages at swimming pools’ installations), and for small distances downwind the gas source? This information is of prime interest in so far as small releases are more likely to occur than larger ones.This paper reports on chlorine small-scale dispersion experiments and deals with the comparison between experimental data of ground level concentrations in the plume and predicted concentrations obtained from several dispersion models.     

隧道火灾纵向通风下羽流触顶区温度变化研究

根据Boussinesq相似性,利用流体力学基本方程,建立隧道火灾羽流三维模型,并借助量纲分析方法,推导了触顶区温升公式.在假设的隧道模型下,通过改变火源功率和纵向风速设计了多个算例,利用温升公式进行计算,并与场模拟结果比较,归纳了触顶区温度的变化规律.结果表明,同一火源功率下,触顶区温度随纵向风速增加而降低,并趋于一稳定值,其大小约为最高温度的1/3.还对温降过程中的突变现象进行了分析,讨论了中心低温区及不同羽流对温度的影响.最后对火灾救援的通风策略提出了建议.     

Water Reactive Materials: Incorporation into Safety and Environmental Risk Assessments

Water reactive chemicals are generally aggressive materials that are used widely in the process industries. Common water reactive substances are sulphur trioxide, oleum, titanium tetrachloride, silicon tetrachloride, chlorosulphonic acid, chloroacetyl chloride and phosphorus trichloride. When released to the atmosphere, water reactive materials generally react readily with any free ground water, substrate water and atmospheric water. The exact nature, kinetics and thermodynamics of these reactions govern the subsequent consequences of a release. Consequence modelling and dispersion analysis of water reactive materials is notoriously difficult due to the uncertainties surrounding the reaction with water. Very little experimental data are available on the release behaviour of many water reactive materials. There are often discrepancies and gaps in the data available on the liquid phase hydrolysis reaction; these discrepancies can be as extreme as whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic. This paper will use a case study to show how the behaviour of water reactive materials has been incorporated into safety and environmental risk assessments, in particular for the purposes of the predictive aspects of COMAH Safety Reports.