乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘中微量元素空间分布与来源解析

为研究典型绿洲城市地表灰尘中微量元素的污染及来源,在新疆乌鲁木齐市采集83个地表灰尘样品,测定As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、Pb与Zn等9种微量元素含量,采用地质累积指数法评价地表灰尘中微量元素污染水平,基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术与地统计法分析微量元素空间分布格局,并利用多元统计分析法分析地表灰尘中微量元素的主要来源。结果表明,乌鲁木齐市地表灰尘中Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn分别为新疆土壤背景值的2.00、1.35、1.38、8.24、1.28、2.09、3.26倍。地表灰尘中Hg呈现中度污染,Cd、Pb和Zn呈现轻微污染,As、Cr、Cu、Mn和Ni呈现无污染。研究区地表灰尘中各微量元素的空间分布格局各不相同。从污染来源来看,研究区地表灰尘中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb与Zn来源主要受到人为污染源的影响,Mn来源主要受到土壤地球化学特征的控制。     

沼液中臭味物质的去除方法及其对营养物质的影响

采用臭氧曝气法、粉末活性炭吸附法、颗粒活性炭过滤法、臭氧曝气-粉末活性炭吸附联用法、空气曝气-粉末活性炭吸附联用法对沼液中的氨气、硫化氢、吲哚、挥发酚类等主要致嗅物质的去除情况进行了研究,同时分析了不同方法对沼液中营养物质TN、DN、TP、DP等的影响。结果表明,采用粉末活性炭吸附法处理沼液,臭味物质的去除情况以及营养物质的保留效果最好,当粉末活性炭投加量为15 000 mg/L时,沼液中的硫化氢、吲哚、挥发酚已经完全去除,氨氮、氨气的去除率分别为11.42%、13.98%;DN、DP含量分别减少了10.46%、19.53%,但是TN、TP含量分别增加了6.26%、9.63%。     

浙江省环境工程有限公司

正浙江省环境工程有限公司前身为浙江省环境工程公司,创建于1988年,隶属于浙江省环境保护厅。2006年,浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院进行体制改革,引进了战略合作伙伴,重新组建了由浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院控股的集工、贸、研一体的浙江省环境工程有限公司(ZJEE)。公司在城镇、印染、化工、制药、造纸、皮革、食品、酿造、电镀等行业的废水、固废、工业废气以及噪声治理上积累了20多年的丰富实践经验。先后完成了浙江升华拜克生物股份有限公司污水处理工程、浙江余杭环科污水处理厂BOT工程。     

浙江环科工程监理有限公司

正浙江环科工程监理有限公司是经浙江省环境保护局批准,由浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院全资成立的专业监理公司。公司已经取得了环境保护工程、房屋建筑工程、市政公用工程、机电安装工程四项监理资质,独立承担了大量市政、建筑、机电安装等项目的工程监理业务,尤其在城镇污水处理厂、市政排水管网、道路、房建等工程业绩突出,具备丰富的监理经验。公司在上级主管部门的大力支持下,通过一系列大型项目环境监理的实践与摸索,积累了丰富的环境监理业务经验。公司历年承接的环境监理项目涉及交通、水利、港口码头、市政、冶金、建材、热电、医药、化工和造纸等行业,监理过程和成果受到了业主和各级环     

滥用食品添加剂可致慢性中毒

科学发达的现代社会，食品添加剂也到了发达的现代阶段，诸如营养补充剂、防腐保鲜剂、抗氧化剂、品质改良剂、非营养甜味剂、酶制剂、调色剂、调味剂……，已到了无处不用，处处不离的地步。     

杭州西湖景区PM2.5中重金属来源及健康风险评价

研究了杭州西湖景区PM_(2.5)中12种重金属元素的污染特征、来源及健康风险。结果表明,2018年杭州西湖景区PM_(2.5)年均质量浓度为36.40μg/m~3,其中V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Nb、Ag、Sn、Pb的年均质量浓度分别为3.16、3.61、22.68、304.84、2.58、9.69、96.38、5.26、197.45、3.89、5.65、27.85ng/m~3,12种重金属元素合计占PM_(2.5)的质量分数为1.88%,总体上冬春季高于夏秋季。Cr、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、As、Pb主要来源于机动车尾气和交通二次扬尘,Sn主要来源于工业排放,V和Ni主要来源燃油,Nb和Ag来源未知。健康风险评价显示,杭州西湖景区PM_(2.5)中重金属的非致癌健康风险和致癌健康风险均处在安全范围内,表现出冬春季高于夏秋季的特征。     

浙江省环境工程有限公司

正浙江省环境工程有限公司前身为浙江省环境工程公司,创建于1988年,隶属于浙江省环境保护厅。2006年,浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院进行体制改革,引进了战略合作伙伴,重新组建了由浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院控股的集工、贸、研—体的浙江省环境工程有限公司(ZJEE)。公司在城镇、印染、化工、制药、造纸、皮革、食品、酿造、电镀等行业的废水、固废、工业废气以及噪声治理上积累了20多年的丰富实践经验。先后完成了浙江升华拜克生物股份有限公司污水处理工程、浙江余杭环科污水处理厂BOT工程,宁波日资三菱丽阳化纤有限公司污水处理工程、浙江嘉化集团污水处理工程、浙江新安化工集团股份有限公司污水处理工程、宁波万隆酒精有限公司污水处理工程、     

浙江省环境工程有限公司

正浙江省环境工程有限公司前身为浙江省环境工程公司,创建于1988年,隶属于浙江省环境保护厅。2006年,浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院进行体制改革,引进了战略合作伙伴,重新组建了由浙江省环境保护科学设计研究院控股的集工、贸、研一体的浙江省环境工程有限公司(ZJEE)。公司在城镇、印染、化工、制药、造纸、皮革、食品、酿造、电镀等行业的废水、固废、工业废气以及噪声治理上积累了20多年的丰富实践经验。先后完成了浙江升华拜克生物股份有限公司污水处理工程、浙江余杭环科污水处理厂BOT工程,宁波日资三菱丽阳化纤有限公司污水处理工程、浙江嘉化集团污水处理工程、浙江新安化工集团股份有限公司污水处理工程、宁波万隆酒精有限公司污水处理工程、     

龙口市污灌区重金属污染影响因子分析

在龙口市污灌区采集70个土壤样品测定Cr、Ni、Pb、Zn、Cu、Co、As和Cd含量,利用富集因子法分析各重金属的空间分布情况,采用地理探测器模型评估7个影响因子对重金属空间分布的影响及各影响因子间的交互作用.结果表明:(1)Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cd的富集程度较大,Co、Cr、Ni富集程度较低,8种重金属富集系数...     

黄石市冬/春季大气PM_(10)中重金属形态特征研究

采用三级序列提取程序分离黄石市黄石港区、西塞山区、大冶市、阳新县PM10中的不同形态重金属,并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱对分离后液体中8种重金属(Cu、Cd、Zn、Cr、As、Pb、Ni、Co)的含量进行测定。同时,将传统金属生物有效性系数(k)进行加权,从而以重金属生物有效性综合系数(K)直观表征4个区域空气PM10中重金属对人体健康的危害程度。结果表明:(1)As为黄石市主要重金属污染物,冬季西赛山区As的质量分数为85.5%。(2)黄石港区PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和春季Cu、Cr、Pb,西塞山区PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Ni、Co和春季Zn、Cd、Cr、Pb、Ni、Co,大冶市PM10中冬季Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和春季Cd、As、Pb,阳新县PM10中冬季Zn、Cd、As、Pb和春季Zn、Cd、Pb,其k均大于0.2,对当地居民的健康存在潜在风险或风险。综合评价,阳新县冬季和大冶市春季的大气重金属污染较严重,其K分别为0.544和0.340,对人体健康风险较大。     

Modification of the Zahn-Wellens test: determination of the biodegradability of poorly soluble, adsorbing and volatile substances by measurement of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production

Based on the Zahn-Wellens test (OECD 302 B, 1992; DIN EN ISO 9888, 1999), a test system has been developed which enables a continuous and parallel determination of oxygen consumption (pressure measurement) and carbon dioxide production (conductivity measurement). It is a closed test system consisting of a culture flask, a carbon dioxide absorption flask, a pump as well as integrated measuring and control instruments. The air circulating within the test system causes the carbon dioxide present in the test solution to be stripped out completely and directly absorbed by the absorption solution. Avoiding costly thermostatting of the test apparatus, the results of the pressure measurements were temperature-corrected arithmetically. The functional reliability of the measuring apparatus has been demonstrated exemplary in degradation experiments with selected test substances. This new test system also facilitates to test poorly soluble, adsorbing and volatile substances for inherent biodegradability and constitutes an appropriate complement to the standardised Zahn-Wellens test. The Federal Environmental Agency will use it as input to international standardisation activities ongoing within the OECD, as a draft standard.     

柴油车排气后处理装置PDPF的试验研究

介绍了一种用于柴油车排气后处理的PDPF的结构和工作原理。通过对比试验考察了PDPF的性能，包括ETC试验、全负荷烟度试验、自由加速烟度试验以及总功率检测。带PDPF与不带PDPF相比，PDPF对ETC排气中PM的降低效率达57.5%；对全负荷的滤纸式烟度和不透光烟度影响不大；使自由加速烟度有所下降；对发动机的动力性和经济性几乎没有影响。可靠性试验研究显示出PDPF的良好应用前景。     

用人淋巴细胞微核试验检测地面水致突变性

用胞质阻断微核试验（CBMN）来检测浙江某地区地面水有机提取物的致突变性,并与Ames试验结果进行了比较。结果表明,该水样中含有微量致突变物,CBMN试验和Ames试验结果基本相符,说明CBMN试验用作检测地面水致突变性是可行的,但灵敏度略低于Ames试验。     

Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in a laboratory controlled composting test

A laboratory method is presented for investigating the biodegradation of an organic test material in an aerobic composting system based on the evolution of carbon dioxide. In addition to carbon conversion, biodegradation can also be monitored through weight loss and physical disintegration. The test method is different from other biodegradation tests, especially aquatic tests, because of the elevated temperature representative for real composting conditions and also because of enhanced fungal degradation activities. A ring test was run using paper and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate/valerate as test materials and cellulose powder as a reference material. The test results and the experience gained by the participants showed that the method is suitable and practicable. Experience with real technical-scale composting facilities confirms that the method provides test results of high predictive value. The test is designed to become a European Standard in connection with determining the compostability of packagings and packaging materials.     

A new sensitive test based on yeast cells for studying environmental pollution

Different tests based on yeast cells were developed for determination of mutagenic/carcinogenic action; however, they all showed lower sensitivity compared to bacterial tests, the main reason for this being the limited permeability of yeast cells. We found that general permeability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells can be increased by mutation and on this basis we developed a more sensitive test. The aim of this study was to prove the applicability of our test, called D7ts1, in environmental studies. Soil, water and air samples were taken during 1998 from regions in Bulgaria with declared low, average or high pollution levels and investigated for presence of mutagenic/carcinogenic activities in the bacterial test of Ames, the yeast D7 test of Zimmermann and our new D7ts1 test. Results obtained evidenced the following conclusions: (1) the usage of D7ts1 test instead of D7 test permits a clearer measurement of positive samples and detects mutagenic/carcinogenic activities undetectable by D7 test; (2) all samples with positive Ames test were positive in the D7ts1 test; however, some samples, clearly positive in the D7ts1, were negative in the Ames test; therefore, the simultaneous usage of D7ts1 and Ames tests in environmental studies is advantageous because it detects dangers for the human health activities to which bacterial cells do not respond; and (3) regions in Bulgaria declared clean were found to be polluted; particularly troubled are the whole-year positive data in the three tests for air samples from a 'clean' region.     

The use of inert carriers in regulatory biodegradation tests of low density poorly water-soluble substances

Many poorly water-soluble compounds fail regulatory ready biodegradation tests as the method of test material preparation limits the bioavailability of the chemical. The recognised method for delivery of poorly soluble materials into biodegradability tests consists of coating test material inside the test vessel or onto inert substrates (i.e., glass cover slide, boiling beads, filter paper, or Teflon stir bar) that are placed inside the vessels. Volatile solvents are often used to augment this process. Although these substrates work fairly well for delivering many poorly soluble materials into biodegradability tests, they have not been effective in keeping low density, poorly water-soluble substances in the test medium. Soon after medium is added to the test vessels, these chemicals break loose from the substrates and float on the surface where they have limited contact with micro-organisms in the test medium. Hence, there is a reduced potential for measuring substantial biodegradability in the test. This paper describes the work undertaken to establish a standard method of adding low density, poorly water-soluble substances into test vessels of biodegradability studies to ensure these materials remain in contact with micro-organisms in the test medium. The substances are prepared for testing by adsorption onto silica gel followed by dispersion into the culture medium. This method of delivery may provide greater intra- and inter-laboratory consistency in biodegradability test results for low density, poorly water-soluble substances and it may more closely mimic the probable transport and fate of these substances in the environment.     

抗生素类污染物对活性污泥生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价

尽管衡量化学物质生物毒性的标准方法很多,但关于环境中抗生素类污染物的生物毒性及其对污泥活性影响的科学数据较少。以磺胺和四环素两类作用机理和作用谱带不同的抗生素为研究对象,分别用发光细菌法、脱氢酶活性法、生长抑制法及呼吸速率法进行了抗生素类污染物生物毒性测定方法的筛选与评价。结果表明,发光细菌标准方法中30min的作用时间太短,延长作用时间不仅导致各种抗生素的EC50值大幅度降低,同时毒性排列顺序也发生了改变;以活性污泥为对象的脱氢酶活性和呼吸速率抑制实验的EC50值与抗生素类物质对敏感致病菌的MICs相比异常高,不适宜于作为单独方法准确评估抗生素类污染物的生物毒性。生长抑制实验中,活性污泥混合菌种增殖生长对磺胺类抗生素敏感,而假单胞杆菌对四环素类抗生素敏感。不同方法测定抗生素毒性的灵敏度顺序是发光细菌(24 h)>生长抑制(7 h)>呼吸速率(24 h)>脱氢酶活性(24 h)。用标准方法评价抗生素类污染物的生物毒性,可能导致对抗生素排放到水环境中所带来的风险估计不足。     

Rapid methods in studies on the genetic changes induced by chemicals

Eight new compounds of the quaternary ammonium salts group were investigated for mutagenicity. Tests were carried out on onion roots (Allium test) and on bacteria (Ames' test) to examine the mitosis disturbances. None of the compounds produced mutagenic activity in the bacterial test, whereas in the Allium test two compounds produced a strong effect on mitotic cell division.     

Biodegradability of the X-ray contrast compound diatrizoic acid, identification of aerobic degradation products and effects against sewage sludge micro-organisms

Pharmaceuticals and contrast media have been detected in hospital effluents, sewage treatment plants, surface water, and ground water. Only little is known about their elimination during sewage treatment and effects of possible biotransformation products against bacteria. The modified Zahn-Wellens test (ZWT, OECD 302 B) and a test simulating biological sewage treatment (modified OECD 303 A test) were used to assess the biodegradability of the widely used ionic iodinated contrast agent diatrizoic acid (diatrizoate). Effects against sewage sludge bacteria were studied in the two test systems by monitoring the biomarkers quinones, polyamines, phospholipids and adenosine triphosphate. Diatrizoate was biotransformed into 2,4,6-triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid in the ZWT. 2,4,6-Triiodo-3,5-diamino-benzoic acid was stable under the test conditions of the ZWT. Diatrizoate was not eliminated in the OECD 303 A simulation test. It was not adsorbed by the sewage sludge. No effects of the test compound or its aerobic transformation products against the bacteria present in the sewage sludge were detected using phospholipids, quinones, polyamines, and adenosine triphosphate as biomarkers.     

Determination of the aerobic biodegradability of polymeric material in aquatic batch tests

Results of an international ring-test of two laboratory methods are presented for investigating the biodegradability of organic polymeric test materials in aquatic test systems based on respirometry and the evolution of carbon dioxide. These methods are developed further from the well-known standardized biodegradation tests ISO 9408 (1999) and ISO 9439 (1999), which have been successfully used for many years. The most important improvements are the extension of the test period up to six months, the increase of the buffer capacity and nutrient supply of the inorganic medium, an optimization of the inoculation, and optionally, the possibility of a carbon balance. A ring test, organized by the International Biodeterioration Research Group (IBRG), was run using a poly(,-caprolactone)-starch blend and an aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester as test materials and a microcrystalline cellulose powder as a reference material. The test results and the experience gained by the participants showed that the methods are suitable and practicable. The test methods have been meanwhile established as standards ISO 14851 (1999) and ISO 14852 (1999).