流域比较视角的钱塘江与黑河流域水资源问题及对策研究——基于水足迹核算分析

产品贸易及水权交易使得水资源问题"跨流域化",不再单纯是流域内部管理问题。本文从流域比较视角出发,在区分蓝、绿、灰三种水足迹的基础上,应用水足迹模型,测算了两流域典型地区的水足迹,进行流域水资源问题对比分析,并分析了经济发展模式对流域水资源可持续性的影响。结果发现,杭州市经济用水中灰色水足迹占总量的90%,而张掖市经济用水中绿色水足迹占总量的60.8%,说明钱塘江流域水资源问题在于质,而黑河流域水资源问题在于量;经济发展模式中的产业结构、水资源开发效率、工业化路径等影响流域水资源可持续利用,同时基于GDP导向的流域间的水资源逆向配置,更加剧了流域水资源矛盾。最后根据流域对比结果提出治理措施,从而形成流域间协作的良性循环。     

水价调整对农业种植结构及用水效率的影响研究以张掖市节水型社会建设试点为例

由于水资源的公共产品或准公共产品特性,导致水价在水资源管理中的作用未受到足够重视。水价作为调节流域水资源配置和利用的主要经济手段,是未来水资源管理的重要研究内容。以张掖市节水型社会建设试点(甘州区、临泽县、高台县)为例,根据1990—2013年该区域农业水价的变化情况,分析了水价调整对农业种植结构和用水效率的影响。结果表明:水价调整虽然未能使农业种植结构发生变化,但却提高了农业用水效率。     

基于博弈模型的水价策略与节水策略分析

在当前水资源浪费、用水效率较低的背景下,仍然有许多地区继续实行低水价政策,本文认为这是供水企业与用水企业以及政府水务部门相互博弈的结果。通过构建一个供水企业与用水企业的博弈模型,并采用演化博弈分析方法分析动态演化的结果,本文发现当前采用低水价的主要原因在于：供水企业制定水价时要同时考虑私人收益与公共节水收益,而高水价对经济产生的冲击成本不足以弥补高水价产生的公共节水收益与私人收益,从而导致有些地区供水企业不敢提高水价,一直采用低水价策略。进一步地,本文采用不完全信息动态博弈方法分析供水企业与政府关于水价的议定过程,发现提高水价对经济的冲击越大,且节水技术投入成本越大而节水的公共收益越小时,政府水务部门同意低水价的概率越大;反之,则同意高水价的概率越大。从博弈论的角度系统地分析了低水价产生的决策过程,可对提高水价、促进节约用水具有一定的指导意义。     

粮食安全视角下黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展

黄河流域是我国重要的生态功能区，是实现国家粮食安全的重点区域。本文梳理了近期黄河流域的相关研究，从粮食安全视角下分析了黄河流域现阶段在流域水效率、流域水管理机制、流域水生态文明三方面的问题，并提出了关于黄河流域大保护与高质量发展的两方面建议。一是创新流域水管理机制，服务国家粮食安全。积极改进水资源管理方式，加大节水宣传教育力度，加强黄河流域水土流失综合治理，合理调控水价，完善黄河流域水权市场建设。二是践行"两山"理论，提升流域水生态文明。建设"四大体系"和"七大区域"，推进生态廊道建设；转变经济发展方式；提前布局水生态文明建设。     

开都河-孔雀河流域水体污染承载力研究

通过大量实地调查取样、室内样品数据,采用水质计算模型和污染承载力模型计算分析开都河-孔雀河流域水污染承载能力,得出开都河-孔雀河流域不同水功能区、不同汛期水污染承载能力,从定量指标上反映各排污口允许排入开都河-孔雀河的污水数量,并提出具体措施和建议,对遏制流域水生态环境恶化,制定该地区水资源保护措施提供了有益的启发和借鉴.     

椒江流域地区水量水质水生态分析及调度研究

为了合理调度椒江流域地区水资源,提高水质质量和保护水生态环境,采用的技术方案是构建出新型水量水质水生态多目标耦合模型,在不同的水量和水质条件下,通过分析得到不同用途环境下的水质的需水量,并根据针对缺水问题计算椒江流域内多个水池中的需水量和污染负荷,在水资源分配和水生态保护等多个角度制定了合理的配水方案.还采用的技术方案...     

水预算在城市水文学中的应用——以田纳西州诺克斯韦尔为例

水预算分析是研究一个流域的供水和径流量的有效方法之一。本项研究力图用诺思怀持(Thom-thwaite)水预算方法来计算田纳西州诺克斯县(以下简称“诺县”)的供水和径流量。该流域提供了一个有趣的问题,即各流域由石灰岩构成,其地表上部分河流消失为地下水系的一部分。随着诺克斯书尔(以下简称“诺市”)城市化的加快,增加了该区域水文     

浅论南水北调工程中的水资源配置管理

水资源短缺以及不同类型用水的价格差别，使得水市场被作为改进水的分配，减少缺水对经济影响的手段。本文正是以此为例重点，从对现有水资源配置管理分析入手，阐明南水北调工程中的水资源合理配置的问题所在，并具体指出应在完善水权，水价及水市场基础上建立科学的水权体系，可以有效克服因调水使得水价单纯提高所带来的政治和社会压力，并且有利于新的水资源配置管理体制的确立，促进南水北调目标的实现。     

新疆孔雀河流域生态退化问题与保护恢复研究

保护孔雀河流域荒漠河岸林对阻挡库木塔格沙漠与塔克拉玛干沙漠合拢、维系塔里木河下游"绿色走廊"具有重要意义。本文对孔雀河流域生态问题进行了诊断分析,提出孔雀河流域的水资源过度开发已经超出了环境的承载能力,耕地面积的不断扩大和农业用水量的不断增加,强烈挤占了生态用水。产生这些问题与流域生态水权管理体制缺失,监管体系不健全有关。针对此,提出要改变以往完全依赖扩大种植面积实现经济增长的发展模式,控制流域灌溉面积;实现地表水、地下水两水统管;以水定地,积极推广节水技术;实施差别水价,建立生产用水的市场调节机制;加快孔雀河沿岸胡杨林区的"退耕、封井、还水"行动,构建孔雀河流域生态管护与合作机制,明晰孔雀河流域胡杨林生态管护的权责。     

改革水价制度实现水资源可持续利用

水资源开发利用的可持续性能否实现，已经成为我国社会经济可持续发展的重要问题，我国水资源利用效率低，浪费现象很严重，强化水资源管理将是强有力的措施之一。本文借鉴国外成熟的水价制度，对如何改革我国水价制度进行了探讨。     

FLEXIBLE PRICING IN WATER SUPPLY PLANNING–FOR FLEXIBLE ENGINEERS1

ABSTRACT. Preliminary results from a digital simulation model designed to test time-varying water pricing policies are presented. Stochastic inflows feeding a water supply reservoir are assumed for a hypothetical community with defined demand functions. Prices are allowed to vary as a function of reservoir level, generally rising as reservoir levels fall. Increasing, decreasing and constant rates are tested. It is concluded that varying the price to reflect the increased value of scarce supplies can greatly reduce the risk of water supply shortages. It is also concluded that varying incremental (conservational) pricing policies not only reduces the risk of shortages, but also lowers the average price to the community while rewarding the low consumption user with lower average rates.     

建设节水型社会,保障城市水资源可持续利用

随着我国社会经济的快速发展，城市水资源供需矛盾日益尖锐。与此同时，由于人们节水意识不强、水资源浪费严重以及城市供水价格不合理、水资源管理体制不完善等因素的存在，致使水环境恶化趋势日益严重。针对城市水资源现状与存在的问题，应加强对城市水资源有效管理和保护的措施：强化水资源统一管理，改革水资源管理体制；优化环境，保护水资源；利用价格机制应对水资源浪费问题衍4用科技手段，大力推进节水技术的发展；积极提高中国水环境发展的公众参与意识。     

A METHOD FOR INCORPORATING AGRICULTURAL RISK INTO A WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM PLANNING MODEL1

ABSTRACT Prior studies of water resource systems have considered risk from the point of view that only the system planners could react to the effects of the risk elements. However, users of water from a system also react to risk. When the quantity of water that a system can supply is subject to considerable variation, the reactions of the users of the water will often effect the benefits generated by the system and thus its optimal design characteristics. A simulation model of a reservoir-irrigation system is developed which incorporates the water users' reactions to risk in such a manner as to reflect their influence on the optimal design characteristics. A risk (convex) programming algorithm is incorporated into the model to reflect the water users' reactions to various levels of aversion to risk and degree of uncertainty in water deliveries. Response surfaces are generated as a result of performing the simulation at different levels of the design variables. An examination of these surfaces reveals the importance of including water users' reactions to risk in water resource system planning. The effects of different levels of risk aversion on the irrigation farmers' choice of crop enterprises are also examined.     

A GAME THEORY APPROACH TO DECIDING WHO WILL SUPPLY INSTREAM FLOW WATER1

ABSTRACT: The resource management problem for the Middle Platte ecosystem is the insufficient water available to meet both instream ecological demands and out‐of‐stream economic needs. This problem of multiple interest groups competing for a limited resource is compounded by sharp disagreement in the scientific community over endangered species' needs for instream flows. In this study, game theory was used to address one dimension of this resource management problem. A sequential auction with repeated bidding was used to determine how much instream flow water each of three states — Colorado, Nebraska, and Wyoming — will provide and at what price. The results suggest that the use of auction mechanisms can improve the prospects for reaching a multi‐state agreement on who will supply instream flow water, if the auction is structured to discourage misrepresentation of costs and if political compensation is allowed.     

VALUING IRRIGATION WATER IN PUNJAB PROVINCE,PAKISTAN: A LINEAR PROGRAMMING APPROACH1

ABSTRACT: Linear programming models of a representative farm in a district of Pakistan's Punjab Province are formulated for the purpose of estimating the value of irrigation water. The models provide for choices among several irrigation levels for each potential crop. Solutions of the model for several water supply situations provide the basis for approximating the total, average, and marginal values of irrigation water. Prices for important crops in Pakistan are controlled at levels below their levels elsewhere in the world, so models are specified for both financial (domestic price) and economic (world price) scenarios. The value of water to society (its economic value) is high relative to the costs of some generally available water-augmenting investments, while financial values, which measure water management and allocation incentives faced by farmers, are less than the corresponding economic values. At current water supply levels, incremental returns to added water estimated from the economic model would justify investments in water-saving or water-augmenting technologies, while such a decision would be barely attractive assuming financial prices. While present government commodity price policies may serve to protect low-income and non-farm members of the population, they also inhibit farmer investments to increase the productivity of scarce irrigation water.     

秦皇岛市水资源现状与可持续利用对策研究

随着社会经济的发展,水资源消耗日益增加,供需矛盾日益突出。秦皇岛市已面临水资源日益紧张的严峻形势,节流和开源,建立节水型社会体系,积极开发利用再生水、海水和雨水等非常规水源以及合理地配置和利用水资源,是实现秦皇岛市水资源可持续利用的有效措施。     

RURAL RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND: AN ECONOMETRIC AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS1

ABSTRACT: This study proposes that demand management through pricing policies can be used in conjunction with supply management to solve water supply problems. Economic principles are shown to apply to rural residential water use. A demand function for water was developed based on cross-sectional water use data collected in Kentucky. Price was found to be a significant determinant of the quantity of water demanded. A constant price elasticity of -0.92 was found. The demand function was used in a simulation analysis to determine reservoir capacity needed to supply water needs of a rural community. The simulation revealed that price can significantly affect required reservoir storage.     

The pricing of water services in developing countries

This paper focuses on improving efficiency in the water and sewerage sectors through long-run marginal cost pricing, adjusted for financial needs, externalities, second best considerations, lifeline tariffs and cross subsidization within an integrated water resource planning (IWRP) framework. Supply efficiency suggests that for a given price structure, an optimal long-run investment plan and a corresponding level of supply quality should be determined which maximizes net social benefits. Supply efficiency also requires efficient operation of the water system, including optimization of losses.     

Integrated Modeling of Water Supply and Demand under Management Options and Climate Change Scenarios in Chifeng City,China

Water resource management is becoming increasingly challenging in northern China because of the rapid increase in water demand and decline in water supply due to climate change. We provide a case study demonstrating the importance of integrated watershed management in sustaining water resources in Chifeng City, northern China. We examine the consequences of various climate change scenarios and adaptive management options on water supply by integrating the Soil and Water Assessment Tool and Water Evaluation and Planning models. We show how integrated modeling is useful in projecting the likely effects of management options using limited information. Our study indicates that constructing more reservoirs can alleviate the current water shortage and groundwater depletion problems. However, this option is not necessarily the most effective measure to solve water supply problems; instead, improving irrigation efficiency and changing cropping structure may be more effective. Furthermore, measures to increase water supply have limited effects on water availability under a continuous drought and a dry‐and‐warm climate scenario. We conclude that the combined measure of reducing water demand and increasing supply is the most effective and practical solution for the water shortage problems in the study area.