中国环境管理的战略创新

我国的环境保护丁作虽已经历了从末端污染治理到全程管理的转变,对遏制环境污染发挥了一定作用,但作为经济制约型的环境战略,它具有很大的被动性和局限性.面对新时期的环境压力,要在总体上扭转工业革命以来依赖向自然索取乃至掠夺来维持发展的惯性思维与行动,就必须解放思想,创新环境发展战略.文章提出了主动引导发展的环境战略,并从改变发展空间布局,转变经济发展模式,转变居民生活方式与引导对外合作公平利用全球环境资源等四个相互协调、有机联系的层面,搭建起连接人类经济活动与环境质量之间鸿沟的桥梁,从而使宏观战略转变成可操作的实施方法.我国的环境管理必须实施主动引导发展的战略转变,以调控发展为核心来解决环境问题,实现自然与社会的和谐与可持续发展.当前,我国已开始沿着这一方向前进,但实施主动引导发展环境战略的征途仍然任重而道远.为此,我们必须系统地研究支撑人类不断进取与可持续发展的全球生态环境新的平衡秩序;研究对自然资源依赖度持续下降的经济发展模式、产品结构与生产方式;研究全人类共同公平享受包括生态环境、商品市场与社会福利的社会发展方向,以及多文化共存的社会结构与制度政策.     

水生生物群落所揭示的湖泊水环境状况——以东平湖为例

东平湖作为国家南水北调工程东线的调蓄湖和山东省西水东送的水源地,在国家水资源配置战略中起着重要的作用.为了解其水生生物、水环境质量及湖泊富营养状态,在收集、整理和总结前人历年积累的东平湖水生生物等调查研究资料的基础上,并结合表层沉积硅藻和湖泊水质数据,分析东平湖目前的水环境状况及湖泊环境的潜在威胁.2011-2012年东平湖表层沉积物硅藻属种鉴定显示优势属为Aulacoseira、Synedra、Cyclotella、Navicula和Fragilaria,营养型属种居多,表明湖泊整体营养水平较高.由Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielous种类均匀度指数分析得到东平湖硅藻门生物多样性指数为3.30和0.80,处于轻度污染水平.因此,由水生生物群落所揭示的东平湖环境状况为营养状态从富营养化转变为中营养-轻度富营养化状态,水体由中度污染转变为轻度污染甚至部分区域水体良好,整体处于Ⅲ类水标准.     

《绿色化学与技术》研讨会在京举行

近年来,随着可持续发展战略正在迅速被世界各国所接受,以污染预防为主的一体化污染控制方式正在向取代过去的“管端”污染控制方向转变,污染控制化学的研究与技术开发也在发生相应的转变.国内外化学家以环境无害、发展经济为目标.提出和推动着环境无害化学(Environmental Benign Chemistry,又称绿色化学),在其基础上发展的技术称为环境友好技术(Environmental FriendlyTechnology),也即洁净技术(Clean Technolgy).其目的是从化学反应入手根本上减少环境污染,创造出生产单位产品的排污系数最低、而且资源及能源消耗最少的先进工艺技术,而不是开发对废水、废气、废渣等处理的环保终端处理技术.     

区域资源环境与社会经济系统的非连续运动分析——以吉林省为例

针对区域资源环境与社会经济系统的非连续运动特征,基于尖点突变理论构建数学模型对区域资源环境与社会经济系统的突变过程及其响应机制进行定量描述与分析。吉林省社会经济进入快速发展时期,以吉林省作为研究区域进行实例分析,能够为区域社会经济与资源环境协调发展战略的制定与筛选提供技术手段和决策依据。研究结果表明,吉林省经济进入快速增长阶段;矿业的衰退将成为影响吉林省经济持续稳定发展的重要因素;吉林省资源消耗总量与万元产值消耗量的突变,标志着吉林省对钢铁和水泥等大宗固体矿产的消费进入快速增长阶段;受生态省建设战略影响,固体废物、SO2、粉尘的排放总量与万元产值SO2及固体废弃物排放量发生根本性转变,吉林省生态环境进入新的发展时期。     

《环境化学》创刊40周年纪念专题之一:环境化学发展之管见

环境化学是研究化学物质在环境介质中的存在、特性、行为、效应及其污染控制原理和方法的科学,是化学科学的重要分支和环境科学的核心学科。国家在“十四五规划”中将基础研究和原始创新放在非常重要的位置,党中央对基础研究提出了更高的要求,要面向世界科技前沿、面向经济主战场、面向国家重大需求、面向人民生命健康。环境化学的研究工作不但立足世界科技前沿,又满足国家重大需求,同时与经济建设和人民健康密切相关,是典型的同时满足“四个面向”的学科。近年来,环境化学面向学科前沿和国家重大需求,坚持问题导向,突出前瞻、创新、交叉、应用,在污染防控、生态建设、人民健康等方面均取得了长足进步。为了顺应我国生态文明建设对环境化学学科发展提出的新需求,让环境化学科学研究深度对接“四个面向”,切实解决我国目前所面临的环境污染与控制问题,环境化学应重点关注如下几个问题。     

天津市工业污染治理费用函数研究

本文利用天津市工业污染治理设施运行数据,依据环境工程学原理,研究了厂级污染费用函数和边际削减费用函数。采用环境经济学软件Ｓｔａｔａ进行多元回归,得到的天津市厂级污染削减费用函数和边际削减费用函数具有很高的统计意义,可以作为环境保护投入资金铁利用与环境、经济效益的估计,并可应用于工业废水处理的技术、经济分析、工业废水排放标准的经济分析,以及工业废水区域控制规划、战略和政策的研究等领域。     

天津滨海新区物流对环境的影响

天津滨海新区已纳入国家发展总体战略,将建设成为北方国际航运中心和国际物流中心。介绍了天津滨海新区物流业的发展现状;然后从主要货物、运输工具及物流环节3个方面分析了现代物流对滨海新区自然环境和新区附近海洋生态环境的不良影响,其中煤炭、原油、船舶、车辆等已对新区环境造成了不同程度的污染,而化学危险品、溢油与泄漏事故对新区环境存在着潜在威胁;最后针对以上分析给出了相应的解决对策和措施。     

“第九届全国环境化学大会”通知(第一轮)

正2017年10月19—22日,杭州一、会议主题:环境科学的创新与跨越发展近年来,我国环境科学相关学科发展迅速,在化学污染物的检测、环境行为、演变趋势、生态效应、毒理与健康风险和控制技术等方面不断取得新的进展.全国环境化学大会主旨是进一步交流我国环境科学研究的最新成果,探讨学科新的战略方向,促进创新与跨越发展,为国家环境保护决策与人体健康提     

天津滨海新区城市化进程中的环境风险分析

从天津滨海新区城市化趋势入手,系统分析了滨海新区城市化进程中产生的非突发性环境风险、突发性环境风险,并在此基础上进行了滨海新区区域生态环境安全和突发性环境污染事故的环境风险评估,结果表明:水环境安全系统是影响滨海新区区域生态环境安全的关键因素,滨海化工区是环境风险事故重点控制区、滨海新区中心商务区是环境风险影响重点防范区。结合滨海新区区域发展战略,提出了天津滨海新区环境风险防范管理对策与建议。     

化学品环境风险管理需求与战略思考

在广泛调研收集化学品环境风险与污染危害等资料基础上,结合化学品环境管理的国内外形势与现状,针对我国目前存在的化学品环境管理体制不完善、环境风险防控工作滞后和技术支撑能力不足等问题,从国家战略层面分析了我国化学品全生命周期环境与健康风险管理需求,提出了我国化学品环境风险管理中长期发展目标及行动计划。行动计划涵盖了健全化学品法律法规和制度体系、系统开展化学品危害筛查和风险评估、推动有毒有害化学品的限制与淘汰、加强有毒有害化学品环境污染防治、提升化学品风险评估与管理能力和促进产业绿色发展等方面建议,对于我国加快构建完善的化学品风险管控制度和技术体系具有重要的参考和借鉴意义。     

环境保护中的退耕还林(草)工程与可持续发展

环境保护是我国的一项基本国策,退耕还林(草)是保护环境的有效措施．加强环境教育,完善环境法制,加强现代科技管理,发展生态经济,通过退耕还林(草)工程贯彻可持续发展战略,最终达到环境与经济、社会“共赢”的目的。     

Economic Development and the Conservation of Large Carnivores

Conserving large carnivores in North America hinges on protecting vast wildlands, a strategy often assumed to carry significant economic costs in terms of jobs and income foregone. Using case studies, we tested whether there is enough evidence to support the assertion that the protection of wildlands is detrimental to economic development in the northern U.S. Rocky Mountains and the Rocky Mountains of southern British Columbia and Alberta. We analyzed employment and income trends in northwestern Montana (U.S.A.) for counties with a high degree of wildland protection versus counties with high levels of resource extraction and little wildland protection. Employment and personal income levels in "wilderness" counties grew faster than in "resource-extraction" counties. Wilderness counties also showed higher degrees of economic diversification and lower unemployment rates. No direct cause-and-effect relationship was established between wildlands protection and economic development, but to the assertion that protecting wildland habitat for large carnivores is detrimental to a region's economy, enough counterevidence is presented to suggest an alternative hypothesis: the protection of wilderness habitat that sustains wild carnivores such as grizzly bears ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) and wolves ( Canis lupus ) does not have a detrimental effect on local or regional economies. Evidence presented suggests that economic growth is stimulated by environmental amenities. Further, case studies in southern British Columbia and Alberta in Canada and the Greater Yellowstone region, in the U.S., where environmental protection has been explicitly recognized as an economic development strategy, suggest that environmental protection and economic development are complementary goals. In some areas, however, "amenity-based" economic growth is rapidly leading to urban sprawl and subsequent loss of wildlife habitat, and there is a need for growth management.     

美国的环保政策及对环保产业发展的影响

美国的环保政策是一种经济发展政策 ,强调在提高美国工业竞争力和维护社会经济繁荣的基础上加强环境保护 ,强调通过环保技术的开发和应用实现具体的环保目标 ;措施上它强调灵活性、创新性、多样性和公众的自觉参与 ,创造了环保产业宽松和不断创新的环境。     

天津市蓟县经济开发区环境影响评价与规划

以天津市蓟县经济开发区区域环境质量现状调查和评价为基础，依据环保法规和标准，预测了区域环境的承载能力及区域开发建设对环境的影响，提出削减各种不利影响的措施和控制对策。通过对规化方案的优化分析，提出出有利于区域社会、经济与环境协调发展的战略对策及规划总体方案。     

环境保护与国际贸易

从国际环境标准，绿色产品环境标志，国际环保公约等方面研究了近几年环境保护对国际贸易的影响，并根据目前国际环保发展趋势，提出了保护环境和促进我国对外贸易的对策。     

Public perception of environmental issues across socioeconomic characteristics: A survey study inWujin,China

In developing countries, there is controversy over the correct perception regarding environmental and developmental issues. Few studies have examined the perception of low-income nationals in regards to social and environmental issues. This paper looks at the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the groups’ perceived priority regarding environmental and social issues in Wujin County. The results indicated that most residents, specifically the young, government employed and the urban community consider environmental issues to be serious, especially in relation to air pollution and water pollution. Furthermore, many residents feel it is important to rank environmental problems that are related to other social and economic issues, and that environmental protection must be set as a priority in Wujin County. Compared to social issues, environmental concern was greater among the young, government employed, and the urban community, because of their higher education and affluence. In addition, 66.2% of residents consider environmental protection to be more important than economic development. Thus, environmental protection must be set as a high priority in Wujin County, in order to face the many social and environmental challenges inherent in development.     

Review of challenges and strategies for balanced urban–rural environmental protection in China

With the rise of environmentalism in China, great efforts have been devoted to environmental protection over the past several decades. Compared with urban environmental protection, rural environmental protection has not been attached enough importance in China due to the dual-track structure of socio-economic development. As a result, rural China is shouldering disproportionally heavy environmental burdens partly because of the differences and biases between urban and rural environmental protection seen in environmental policies, environmental rights and interests, environmental protection investment, and the environmental protection awareness of people. To eliminate the gap between rural and urban environmental protection, and achieve the goal of “balanced urban–rural environmental protection” (BUREP), government should consider mapping out proper policies and strategies. In this paper we put forward an innovative strategy of BUREP against the background of China’s urban-rural environmental protection. First, we review the current status of rural environmental protection status and its challenges compared with urban environmental protection in China. Secondly, we analyzed the main driving factors and reasons deeply, and then we put forward the BUREP strategy base on the unequal status between urban and rural environment. Finally, we proposed the framework of BUREP. This study may serve as a scientific reference regarding decision-making in coordinating urban and rural environmental protection and in constructing the new countryside of China.     

山区环境破坏的现状和保护的对策

我国山区的环境破坏情况令人触目惊心。却是一个差不多让环境保护遗忘的角落．不要只关心城市。不要只关心名山大河,不要只关心“病人膏肓”的环境问题．如果放任山区环境恶化,有朝一日也到了“不可救药”的地步,其代价将是不可估量的。     

Principal sustainability components: empirical analysis of synergies between the three pillars of sustainability

Starting from the concept of three fundamental sustainability dimensions (environmental, social, and economic), this study investigated professional contributions to sustainability by means of principal component analysis (PCA). Graduates from the Environmental Sciences program (N?=?542) at ETH Zurich described their best professional contributions to sustainable development. Next, they evaluated whether their best practice example contributed to achieving any of the five environmental, social, and economic objectives of the Swiss national sustainability strategy. These judgments served as the basis for a PCA aiming to identify principal sustainability components (PSCs) covering typical synergies between sustainability objectives within and transcending the three fundamental dimensions. Three PSCs capturing important synergies were identified. PSC 1 Product and Process Development reflects how ecological innovation and modernization can generate social and economic benefits and at the same time facilitate the reduction in use of as well as the responsible use of natural resources. PSC 2 Education and Social Economics reflects how educational activities and sociocultural sustainability initiatives can simultaneously promote income and employment, social and human capital, and free personal development. PSC 3 Protection of Nature and Humans covers the synergetic benefits which protection of natural spaces and biodiversity and the reduction of environmental risks have for the protection of health and safety of the population. The study also revealed that integration of environmental, social, and economic aspects is often connected to conflicts between these dimensions. However, contributions which consider the economic situation of future generations or enhance social and human capital achieved considerable integration but showed no inclination toward such conflicts.     

剧烈人类活动区经济发展与环境污染水平关系--以广东省东莞市为例

近年来,经济发展与环境污染之间的关系成了社会经济发展的热点问题。本研究选取东莞市1990-2010年经济与环境数据,探究环境库兹涅茨曲线演替轨迹,得出研究时段内东莞市环境库兹涅茨曲线大体呈“倒U型”特征,其中“倒U型”峰值大约出现在2007年人均GDP为4.51万元时;工业废水、工业废气以及工业废渣排放量3项指标的环境库兹涅茨曲线,分别呈现弱的“倒U型”、“倒U型上升阶段”、“倒U型＋倒U型上升阶段”特征。结果表明,东莞市环境库兹涅茨曲线特征与污染物排放量、产业结构、环保政策及投资等有较为密切的关系。结论建议：东莞市可以通过调整产业结构、加大环境保护投资力度等措施促进经济转型,加速“倒U型”曲线后半段的形成。