京、津、唐地区土壤环境背景值研究

本文研究了痕量元素在土壤中的纵向分布和迁移及其环境背景值的处理. 文中讨论了关于:1)不同层次土壤中25种元素的含量;2)我国某些地区若干元素背景值;3)若干微量元素分布频率图;4)京、津、唐某些土壤类型中的元素含量;5)25种元素在不同母质土壤中的比值;6)京、津、唐地区不同地域土壤含量比较;7)其平均值及95％的置信域.     

中国东部玄武岩地区母岩及土壤元素含量变化规律研究

本文通过对中国东部玄武岩地区14个土壤剖面,70个土壤样品的数据分析,总结了该地区土壤元素含量值的区域差异。与世界土壤相比,该地区土壤中大部分元素含量偏高。元素相互之间存在着较好的相关性,且大部分达到极显著水平。 本文指出在玄武岩上的各类土壤中,由于由此向南风化及成土过程的加强,许多微量元素含量伴随氧化铁富集而增加的规律。还讨论了土壤元素含量的高低及变化规律的影响因素。     

京津渤区域地球化学环境中的微量元素特征研究

对北京—天津—渤海湾区域三个地球化学环境单元十二种地球化学环境类型20种地表物质类型的45个浮土组合样品中八种微量金属元素研究表明:其总体含量水平为:Pb 19.3±4.0ppm.Zn 63、9±6.5.ppm,Cu23.8±3.4ppm.Co9.49±0.88ppm.Ni19.1±2.1ppm.Cr70.4±5.9ppm,Cd0.075±0.009ppm.Be3.24±0.42ppm。各微量元素含量分布与浮土酸碱度无关;但Zn—Pb.Cu—Co.Cr—Ni.Be—Cd等元素对在含量分布上具显著相关关系。各微量元素含量变化分散程度为:Pb>Cu>>Cd>Ni>Zn>Co>Cr;房山花岗闪长岩的风化淋溶序列为:Pb>Zn>Cr>Be>Cu>Co>Cd>Ni;由弱到强的迁移能力序列为:Ph|Co、Ni、Be|Cu、Cr|Zn、Cd. 根据研究结果建议(1)制定区域性环境质量标准时,应重视微量元素对的含量关系;(2)铅应该作为区域(特别是京津城市近郊)微量金属元素污染防治的重点;(3)平原上方和平原下部地段应分别重视钴,镍,铍和铜.铬的污染防治;(4)滨海海湾地段宜对诸重金属聚积和沉积后再迁移作用进行长期监测和研究。     

寒冷地区施用沤麻废水对黑麦草生长和土壤理化性质的影响

采用沤麻废水对黑麦草进行灌溉,研究其对黑麦草生长和土壤理化性质改变的影响。结果表明,相比对照小区(未灌溉),沤麻废水对黑麦草的株高、茎粗、叶面积和分枝数均有较好的促进作用。与未灌溉作物相比,叶子中营养元素和微量元素含量均有所提高,未对作物产生毒害作用,在叶子中未发现重金属元素(Pb和Cr)。灌溉后,土壤中营养元素、微量元素和重金属元素含量有所增加,重金属含量低于《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)二级要求。     

沉积物和土壤中微量元素预测

本文探讨了沉积物和土壤中微量元素含量预测问题。对已有的工作进行了总结,并以我国一些地区为例,从若干角度进行了土壤微元素含量预测。     

不同土地利用方式下土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布特征

为探讨不同土地利用方式下土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布特征,对2种母质的自然土壤、耕作土壤、休耕土壤养分和重金属元素垂直分布状况进行了比较研究。结果表明:不同土地利用方式下土壤表层养分元素含量总体表现为休耕土壤耕作土壤自然土壤,土壤表层重金属含量总体表现为农田土壤(耕作土壤和休耕土壤)自然土壤,耕作土壤与休耕土壤差异较小,土壤淀积层到母质层养分和重金属元素差异逐渐减小;土壤养分元素和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd随土层深度的增加而减小,而Cr表现出相反的趋势;农田土壤耕作层有效钾含量最高可达215.6 mg·kg~(-1);耕作层Cd含量最高可达0.74 mg·kg~(-1)。3种土地利用方式中,休耕土壤养分和重金属含量相对较高,建议在休耕期间种植伴矿景天等重金属高积累植物进行植物修复。     

福州市蔬菜基地土壤重金属和多环芳烃的含量及其与土壤磁性指标的关系

蔬菜基地土壤污染状况与人类健康有着密切的关系。本研究对福州市蔬菜基地土壤中6种重金属和15种美国环境保护总署(US EPA)优控的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况进行了调查,并分析了污染物含量与土壤磁性指标间的关系。结果表明,土壤中重金属平均含量为Zn 147.0 mg·kg~(-1)、Pb 55.0 mg·kg~(-1)、Cu 45.5 mg·kg~(-1)、Cr 21.3 mg·kg~(-1)、As 16.0mg·kg~(-1)、Cd 0.6 mg·kg~(-1);PAHs的总量范围为324.3~1 838.6μg·kg~(-1)。Cu含量和PAHs总量与土壤磁化率χ都具有显著的相关性(p0.05)。PAHs特征比值和频率磁化率χfd的结果分析表明,土壤中PAHs主要来源于石油泄漏和生物质的燃烧;重金属来源复杂,为混合来源,包括人类活动排放和成土母质固有含量。污染评价结果表明,土壤中Cr和As的含量都未超标,Cu、Zn和Cd的含量均超标;参考荷兰土壤修复标准中的目标值,PAHs含量超标的土壤为11.1%,而参照我国土壤污染状况评价技术规定,PAHs含量超标的土壤为22.2%。     

滇池流域不同土壤类型和土地利用方式的土壤中溶解性有机碳的流失特性研究

采集滇池流域不同土壤类型、不同土地利用方式下的土壤样品,进行土壤中溶解性有机碳(DOC)的静态解吸实验,通过测定不同时间下溶入水相的COD量,探究不同土壤类型及土地利用方式下DOC的流失特性,从而揭示不同土地利用方式对滇池流域面源污染的影响.结果表明,同一土地利用方式的不同类型土壤中DOC的溶出平衡时间为壤土＞粘土＞粘壤土,其中退耕区(粘壤土＞粘土＞壤土)、大棚(粘土＞粘壤土=壤土)土壤不符合该规律,溶出平衡时间基本为1.5～2.5h；不同的土壤类型和土地利用方式下,DOC的溶出率为1.00％～2.75％,同一土地利用方式的不同类型土壤中DOC的溶出率存在一定差别,这是由于不同类型的土壤中砂粒、粉粒、粘粒的含量有所差异.     

西江流域土壤镍含量特征及风险评估

西江流域作为广西省重要的农业生产区和有色金属矿产区,为保障土地安全利用,有必要全面了解其土壤镍含量特征和风险水平。分别采集自然土壤、旱地土壤、水田土壤和矿区土壤样品283、1 286、721、130件,以自然土壤为背景样品,进行空间分布特征分析,并进行风险评估。结果表明,西江流域土壤镍的背景值为25.60mg/kg,基线值为156.00mg/kg。不同土地利用类型的土壤镍含量表现为矿区土壤(42.50mg/kg)水田土壤(28.70mg/kg)旱地土壤(22.70mg/kg),在P0.05水平下,矿区土壤显著高于背景值,而旱地土壤、水田土壤与背景值差异不显著。中部和西南部地区镍含量较高,尤其是西南部的都安瑶族自治县和大化瑶族自治县,很多区域都超过了60mg/kg。以基线值作为标准或根据地积累指数进行评价,由于考虑了背景值,西江流域土壤镍污染水平不高。     

不同种植模式下添加伊利石对污染土壤的修复

为了探究伊利石与种植模式在重金属污染修复中的应用效果,采用室内盆栽试验,测定了植物的生理生化指标和土壤、植物的重金属含量,评价了不同种植模式下植物对重金属的吸收富集能力。结果表明,添加伊利石可以显著提高土壤pH,枸骨(Ilex cornuta var.fortunei)与绿萝(Epipremnum aureum)间作模式有利于提高土壤的有机质含量,提高枸骨抗逆性。添加1%(质量分数)伊利石后,各处理Pb有效态含量显著低于空白对照,而Zn有效态含量无显著性差异。枸骨与绿萝间作模式下,土壤有效态Zn含量显著高于绿萝单种,而与枸骨单种无显著差异。间作模式下,绿萝地上部Pb含量高于单种107.92%,而地下部Pb较单种显著降低19.69%。因此,枸骨与绿萝间作可显著提高绿萝对Pb的转运能力。     

Trace element inputs into soils by anthropogenic activities and implications for human health.

Trace element definition and functions, and inputs into soils from the most important anthropogenic sources, related and not related to agricultural practices, of general and local or incidental concern, are discussed in the first part of this review. Trace element inputs include those from commercial fertilizers, liming materials and agrochemicals, sewage sludges and other wastes used as soil amendments, irrigation waters, and atmospheric depositions from urban, industrial, and other sources. In the second part of the review, the most important ascertained effects of soil trace elements on human health are presented. The possible relations found between some specific soil trace elements, such as Cd, Se, As and others, and cancer incidence and mortality, and diffusion of other important human diseases are reviewed. Brief conclusions and recommendations conclude this review.     

Influence of fly ash aided phytostabilisation of Pb, Cd and Zn highly contaminated soils on Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens metal transfer and physiological stress

Due to anthropogenic activities, large extends of soils are highly contaminated by Metal Trace Element (MTE). Aided phytostabilisation aims to establish a vegetation cover in order to promote in situ immobilisation of trace elements by combining the use of metal-tolerant plants and inexpensive mineral or organic soil amendments. Eight years after Coal Fly Ash (CFA) soil amendment, MTE bioavailability and uptake by two plants, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens, were evaluated, as some biological markers reflecting physiological stress. Results showed that the two plant species under study were suitable to reduce the mobility and the availability of these elements. Moreover, the plant growth was better on CFA amended MTE-contaminated soils, and the plant sensitivity to MTE-induced physiological stress, as studied through photosynthetic pigment contents and oxidative damage was lower or similar. In conclusion, these results supported the usefulness of aided phytostabilisation of MTE-highly contaminated soils.     

Probing the distribution and contamination levels of 10 trace metal/metalloids in soils near a Pb/Zn smelter in Middle China

The horizontal and vertical distribution patterns and contamination status of ten trace metal/metalloids (Ag, Bi, Co, Cr, Ge, In, Ni, Sb, Sn, Tl) in soils around one of the largest Chinese Pb–Zn smelter in Zhuzhou City, Central China, were revealed. Different soil samples were collected from 11 areas, including ten agricultural areas and one city park area, with a total of 83 surface soil samples and six soil cores obtained. Trace metal/metalloids were determined by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry after digestion by an acid mixture of HF and HNO₃. The results showed that Ag, Bi, In, Sb, Sn, and Tl contents decreased both with the distance to the Pb–Zn smelter as well as the soil depth, hinting that these elements were mainly originated from the Pb–Zn smelting operations and were introduced into soils through atmospheric deposition. Soil Ge was influenced by the smelter at a less extent, while the distributions of Co, Cr, and Ni were roughly even among most sampling sites and soil depths, suggesting that they were primarily derived from natural sources. The contamination status, as revealed by the geo-accumulation index (I _geo), indicated that In and Ag were the most enriched elements, followed by Sb, Bi, and Sn. In general, Cr, Tl, Co, Ni, and Ge were of an uncontaminated status.     

Distribution, availability, and sources of trace metals in different particle size fractions of urban soils in Hong Kong: Implications for assessing the risk to human health

The concentration and loading distribution of trace metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, and Mn) and major elements (Al, Ca, Fe, and Mg) in different particle size fractions (2000-280, 280-100, 100-50, 50-10, 10-2, and <2 μm) of surface soils from highly urbanized areas in Hong Kong were studied. The enrichment of Pb, Cu, and Zn in the urban soils was strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities, and Pb accumulated in fine particles was mainly derived from past vehicular emissions as shown by Pb isotopic signatures. Trace metals primarily accumulated in clay, fine silt, and very fine sand fractions, and might pose potential health risks via the inhalation of resuspended soil particles in the air (PM₁₀ or PM_2.5), and ingestion of adhered soils through the hand-to-mouth pathway. The mobility, bioavailability, and human bioaccessibility of Pb and Zn in bulk soils correlated significantly with metal concentrations in fine silt and/or very fine sand fractions.     

Evaluating the effect of age and area of residence in the metal and metalloid contents in human hair and urban topsoils

Monitoring the levels of trace elements in hair can allow estimating the effects of the geographical location and also can provide a notion of the metal body burden. However, the use of human hair is controversial due to the different confounding factors that could affect the presence of trace elements in hair. As a result, a comprehensive monitoring study was performed in Alcalá de Henares, one of the major cities in the Madrid region, Spain. Trace elements have been monitored in urban topsoils and in human hair of two well-defined and healthy groups of population: children (6–9 years) and adolescents (13–16 years). The city was divided into four areas or zones with different characteristics to assess the possible effect of area of residence and age in the presence of Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Sn, Ti, Tl and Zn in soils and hair. There is no current hypothesis that explains the possible effect of the area of monitoring in the distribution of Be, Cr, Ni, Sn and Ti found in these urban soils, maybe because urban soils receive high disturbance, and there are many factors involved. The presence of most of the trace elements monitored was significantly higher in the hair of the children population, except for Sn and Zn. This could be attributed mainly to dietary habits. Other factors influencing metal content in hair such as environmental factors would have had a minimal effect in the population groups here studied. Finally, none of the levels of trace elements studied in hair were significantly correlated with levels measured in the topsoils of public parks in Alcalá de Henares, with the exception of Pb in adolescent participants.     

Mobility and plant availability of risk elements in soil after long-term application of farmyard manure

Crop rotation long-term field experiments were established in 1955 and 1956 at three locations in the Czech Republic (?áslav, Ivanovice, and Lukavec) differing in their climatic and soil physicochemical properties. The effect of long-term application of farmyard manure and farmyard manure + NPK treatments on plant-available, easily mobilizable, potentially mobilizable, and pseudo-total contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contents in soils (in 2013) as well as the uptake of these elements by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and straw were analyzed in the two following seasons: 2012 and 2013. The treatments resulted in increasing the soil pH level when compared to the control, but the cation exchange capacity remained unchanged. Although all fertilizers were applied for six decades, the pseudo-total concentration elements in both the soil and wheat plants stayed far below those of the Czech and European threshold limits for agricultural soils and cereals for human nutrition and feedstuff. Although the mobile pools of As, Cu, and Zn were slightly changed at the treated soils, these changes were not related to the element uptake by the wheat plants. Moreover, the effect of the location and growing season was more decisive for the differences in soil and plant element contents than for the individual treatments. Thus, the long-term application of farmyard manure did not result in any substantial change in risk element contents in both soils and winter wheat plants.     

The abundances of rarer trace elements in paddy (rice) soils of Sri Lanka

Concentrations of Ti, Ga, As, Sc, Zr, Sn, Hf, Th, U and Y have been determined for 70 paddy soils from 14 villages, selected throughout Sri Lanka by means of ICP-MS. The mean elemental contents of all paddy soil samples were 6120 Ti, 14.1 Ga, 0.84 As, 7.26 Sc, 129 Zr, 2.27 Sn, 3.64 Hf, 12.71 Th, 1.53 U, and 13.35 Y (all data in microg/g). Paddy soils were classified into groups based on morphology and climate. Higher contents of Th and U were found in the wet zone lowland soils whereas the higher Ti contents were observed in dry zone soils. Arsenic, Zr and Hf contents were comparatively similar in all regions. Factor analysis was used to identify the relationships between the contents of elements.     

某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染调查与评价

为了解湘南某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染状况，对该矿区东河流域附近重金属污染源进行了调查，同时，对地下水和土壤样品进行了采样分析，结果表明：（1）该矿区东河流域附近的主要污染源有18个，其中有色金属选厂、尾矿库、采矿场和冶炼厂是排放重金属较多的污染源；（2）20个采样点中土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg大部分超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995），综合污染指数P综〉1，该矿区主要的重金属污染元素为Cd、As和Hg，且土壤中Cd、Zn和As的含量两两之间存在着极显著的正线性相关关系；（3）重金属元素在土壤中的纵向迁移不明显，该矿区附近20个采样点的地下水并未受到污染，综合污染指数P综〈1。20个采样点地下水Pb、Cd、Zn、As、Hg浓度均能达到地下水质量标准（GB／T14848．9）中的Ⅲ类标准。     

Effects of biochar and greenwaste compost amendments on mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of inorganic and organic contaminants in a multi-element polluted soil

Applying amendments to multi-element contaminated soils can have contradictory effects on the mobility, bioavailability and toxicity of specific elements, depending on the amendment. Trace elements and PAHs were monitored in a contaminated soil amended with biochar and greenwaste compost over 60 days field exposure, after which phytotoxicity was assessed by a simple bio-indicator test. Copper and As concentrations in soil pore water increased more than 30 fold after adding both amendments, associated with significant increases in dissolved organic carbon and pH, whereas Zn and Cd significantly decreased. Biochar was most effective, resulting in a 10 fold decrease of Cd in pore water and a resultant reduction in phytotoxicity. Concentrations of PAHs were also reduced by biochar, with greater than 50% decreases of the heavier, more toxicologically relevant PAHs. The results highlight the potential of biochar for contaminated land remediation.