绿色照明在变电站应用

<正>本专题旨在探讨变电站绿色照明应用。定义变电站绿色照明设计原则。以高效节能、经济性、实用性和美观性为目地,提出高效光源是照明节能的首要因素。论证使用高光效新型光源及灯具、采用智能照明控制系统、应用全寿命周期理论、选择专业照度计算软件等实现绿色照明的途径。探索太阳能电池板发电、风光互补路灯在变电站的应用。生产运行部门要求(1)变电站内宜选用节能型灯具。灯具要具备防眩光,以降低视觉疲劳、防止误操作,增加安全性并提高工作效率。     

夜间如何在公路上安全行车

一些驾驶人认为夜间公路上的车辆较白天要少,行车比白天容易,因而常常以高速行驶。事实表明,夜间在公路行车较白天是非常危险的。尽管夜间公路车辆总数减少,但载货汽车却增加,这无疑加大了道路的危险性。夜间的高速公路,除服务区、隧道外,几乎没有照明,通常是靠车辆前照明灯的照明,     

冰雪道路环境对驾驶人视觉感知特性的影响

为预防冰雪道路环境中驾驶人因视觉感知错误引发交通事故,研究了冰雪道路环境对驾驶人视觉感知特性的影响,选择8名熟练驾驶人作为试验样本,且每2人一组,采用跟车调查的方法采集驾驶人对于自身感知车速和前导车车距的视觉感知信息,并利用非接触车速仪检测2辆跟驰行驶试验车的实际车速与车距,对冰雪条件与非冰雪条件下驾驶人的视觉感知信息进行分析对比。研究结果表明,在冰雪环境中驾驶人视觉感知车速比非冰雪环境中低5%～14%;但当2辆跟驰车辆前后车间距在50 m内时,驾驶人在冰雪环境与在非冰雪环境中行驶时,其视觉感知的车距无显著性差异。     

谨防“夜停车”引发交通事故

编辑同志:每到夜间,不管在乡下还是在城区公路的两旁或多或少乱停靠着很多车辆,这些看似遵规守纪的“夜停车”,其实对道路造成一定的安全隐患。“夜停车”停在路旁后,没有路灯照明也没有警示标志,一旦个别驾驶员驾驶摩托车等机     

不同时段特长隧道入口区域视觉负荷研究

为探究不同时段驾驶人在隧道入口行驶时的视觉负荷情况,分别在正午、傍晚和夜晚时段在贵州省内特长隧道进行实车试验,选取瞳孔面积变化率和瞬时瞳孔面积频率加权速度作为瞳孔面积变化评价指标,分析入口区域的接近段、入口段和过渡段的视觉负荷情况。结果表明:在正午和傍晚,驾驶人瞳孔面积在接近段无显著变化,在入口段内急速增大,在过渡段趋于稳定,其中瞳孔面积稳定点离洞门距离在正午时段远于傍晚时段;通过瞬时瞳孔面积频率加权速度评价隧道入口区域的视觉负荷,大小排序为:正午过渡段正午入口段夜间接近段≈夜间入口段≈夜间过渡段正午接近段傍晚过渡段傍晚入口段傍晚接近段;在隧道入口区域,驾驶人视觉负荷时段变动比区段变动更为显著。     

基于DIALux的煤矿巷道照明模拟及照度分析

为了深入分析煤矿井下巷道不同灯具布置方式下的照度水平,为巷道灯具布置和优化提供科学的比较方法,结合山西长治某矿巷道及其灯具布置参数,使用照明计算软件DIALux对其巷道照明进行模拟计算,提出了11种改进方案并进行分析比较。结果表明:1)在灯具安装高度一定的情况下,平均照度随安装角度的增加先增大后减小;2)平均照度和最大照度随灯具安装高度的降低而增大,照度均匀度和最小照度随安装高度降低呈先增加后减小的趋势;3)灯具总光通量一定时,使用小功率灯具分散照明比使用大功率灯具集中照明能获得更好的照明效果。首次将DIALux用于煤矿井下照明模拟,论证其适用性,并给出实现煤矿巷道照明模拟的建模方法。     

眼疾,驾车的大忌

驾驶员驾车在路上行驶,要通过视觉获得信息情报,处理各种情况,所以视觉机能的好坏及其变化直接影响到驾驶员发现和辨认障碍物的能力,对交通安全有着决定性的影响。 近视:汽车行驶时,驾驶员观察道路环境中的物体是相对运动的,这时驾驶员的视力叫作动视力,动视力与汽车的行驶速度、交通环境及驾驶员的年龄     

塔机起重作业夜间照明工效的BIM辅助优化研究*

为提升塔式起重机施工作业的夜间照明工效水平,采用数学模型和BIM技术相结合的方法,以灯源的光通量及入射角为光学驱动参数,模拟眩光值、照度及其均匀度等光学变量,建立照明工效的光度学BIM辅助优化模型,优化起重作业照明灯源光学参数。研究结果表明:对塔式起重机施工作业区照明灯源光学参数进行组合优化后,夜间起重作业面照度及其均匀度显著提升,眩光值满足起重作业视觉环境条件。研究结果可为塔式起重机夜间起重作业照明方案设计提供科学依据。     

高速公路上为什么连个路灯都没有?

道路照明对于夜晚行车非常重要,那么为什么城市道路有照明,而高速公路却没有路灯呢?高速公路上车速那么快,没有照明岂不是一件很恐怖的事?接下来就跟大家聊聊,为什么高速公路上没有路灯?成本原因我国高速公路总里程已经超过10万公里,如果按照城市道路每50米安装一个路灯的话,从安装成本到使用和维护成本将是一个天文数字。     

安全驾驶汽车经验谈(公路会车)

开车上路最频繁的驾驶行为就是交会车。人说大路朝天各走一边,除公路中央有隔离栏外,交会车是有风险的,因为许多事故是由于交会车操作不当而引发的。交会车从道路条件上,分为直线交会、交叉路口交会,弯道交会、坡道交会、特殊路段如隧道内交会、泥泞路段交会、路面有积水或漫水路段交会等。从道路交通环境分,有白天、夜间、有无路灯照明路面和雨、雾、雪、风不良气候条件下的交会等。     

疲劳驾驶交通事故的严重程度影响因素分析

为探究和定量分析疲劳驾驶交通事故严重程度的影响因素,以广东省1370条疲劳驾驶事故数据为基础,对比分析不同年份、时间段以及年龄段的疲劳驾驶交通事故特征;以交通事故严重程度为因变量,将其分为严重事故和非严重事故,从驾驶员年龄、驾龄、车辆类型等17个初步选择的自变量中筛选对疲劳驾驶交通事故严重程度具有显著影响的因素;采用二...     

Urban street structure and traffic safety

IntroductionThis paper reports the influence of road type and junction density on road traffic fatality rates in U.S. cities.MethodThe Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) files were used to obtain fatality rates for all cities for the years 2005–2010. A stratified random sample of 16 U.S. cities was taken, and cities with high and low road traffic fatality rates were compared on their road layout details (TIGER maps were used). Statistical analysis was done to determine the effect of junction density and road type on road traffic fatality rates.ResultsThe analysis of road network and road traffic crash fatality rates in these randomly selected U.S. cities shows that, (a) higher number of junctions per road length was significantly associated with a lower motor- vehicle crash and pedestrian mortality rates, and, (b) increased number of kilometers of roads of any kind was associated with higher fatality rates, but an additional kilometer of main arterial road was associated with a significantly higher increase in total fatalities. When compared to non-arterial roads, the higher the ratio of highways and main arterial roads, there was an association with higher fatality rates.ConclusionsThese results have important implications for road safety professionals. They suggest that once the road and street structure is put in place, that will influence whether a city has low or high traffic fatality rates. A city with higher proportion of wider roads and large city blocks will tend to have higher traffic fatality rates, and therefore in turn require much more efforts in police enforcement and other road safety measures.Practical applicationsUrban planners need to know that smaller block size with relatively less wide roads will result in lower traffic fatality rates and this needs to be incorporated at the planning stage.     

雾霾时车辆尾气排放对驾驶员能见度的影响

针对北京道路车辆尾气排放对雾霾时驾驶员道路能见度的影响问题,建立了雾霾时车辆尾气排放与驾驶员道路能见度关系模型。该模型以车辆为单元建立车辆尾气排放元胞,考虑了车辆尾气排放后的污染物物理和化学变化,并以车道中的尾气排放位置截面及截面单元、交叉口处的尾气排放位置区间为模型单元。为验证该模型,于2016年10月-2017年2月和2017年10月-2018年2月,在北京地区部分路网检测了驾驶员道路能见度等数据,并统计了各时段驾驶员道路能见度的分布情况。对建立的关系模型进行仿真,结果表明,该关系模型的仿真结果与实际检测数据的误差占比平均值小于4. 98%,验证了该关系模型用于描述北京市道路车辆尾气排放对雾霾时驾驶员道路能见度影响的有效性。     

Risk factors in urban road traffic accidents

INTRODUCTION: The urban road traffic accident (RTA) risks for the city of Zagreb, Croatia, from 1999 through 2000 were analyzed with the aim of reducing the increasing injury incidence. METHOD: Simple and bivariate analysis using chi(2), odds ratio, and confidence interval of 95% was used to determine risks in three outcome groups: killed, severely, and mildly injured. RESULTS: There were 528 RTA victims consisting of 260 severely, 213 mildly injured, and 55 killed at the scene of an accident and during transportation. More fatal accidents occurred during night hours (OR=3.78; 95% CI, 2.08-6.85), on urban road links (OR=2.33; 95% CI, 1.30-4.19), and at exceeding speed limit (OR=2.56; 95% CI, 1.43-4.61). More people were injured than killed on urban junctions (OR=5.27; 95% CI, 2.21-12.57). The highest combined risk of dying or being severely injured was found in males, driving at excessive speed, on urban links, and during bad visibility (OR=16.15; 95% CI, 3.901-66.881). CONCLUSION: These results will influence the urban traffic police enforcement measures, which will change inappropriate behavior of drivers and protect the least experienced road users.     

Sight obstruction at at-grade pedestrian crossings: A review of the understanding of the meaning of zigzag lines

Parked and stopped vehicles in the vicinity of an at-grade pedestrian crossing obstruct visibility between pedestrians crossing the roadway and approaching vehicles, leading into vehicle–pedestrian crashes. Pavement zigzag line markings at at-grade pedestrian crossings, mostly at mid-block locations are used to restrict parking, stopping, and overtaking within the crossing, to enhance driver–pedestrian visibility. Yet, in some countries zigzag lines are used as advance markings to the crossing. Like any other traffic control device, zigzag lines’ effectiveness hinges on road user’s understanding of their meanings.This paper reviews the literature on the applications and understanding of these lines at pedestrian crossings. The meaning of zigzag line pavement markings at pedestrian crossings has not been well understood to some road users and road safety stakeholders worldwide. This dilemma may suggest that educating road users, especially drivers, may be necessary in order to improve pedestrian safety. Documented literature such as this one may also improve the understanding of these lines to road safety stakeholders. Despite of the importance of unobstructed sight between the pedestrian and the driver, treatments in the forms of signs and pavement markings require continuous education and enforcement. Practicing traffic engineers may want to place more emphasis on engineering treatments that are more effective in improving pedestrian safety, such as those that manages vehicle speeds, than relying heavily on traffic control devices that are often misunderstood and lesser effective such as zigzag lines.     

城市立交桥交通噪声变化规律与影响的研究

针对目前我国城市立交桥交通噪声影响的状况,环评预测结果偏差过大的问题,应用大量的环保验收实测数据,对城市立交桥交通噪声的变化规律与影响进行了分析研究.城市立交桥的交通噪声昼间变化幅度小于夜间变化幅度,一定时期的昼间噪声等效声级Ld与夜间噪声等效声级Ln的变化幅度不大于1.0dB(A),昼间噪声等效声级Ld高于夜间噪声等效声级Ln,其差值(Ld-Ln)多在2.5dB(A)之内.立交桥交通噪声主要是由大型车辆行驶噪声贡献的,车辆的行驶噪声夜间普遍高于昼间,对周围敏感点影响的噪声一楼最低,在桥路面以上六层楼的噪声最高,比桥面平层楼房平均高2.4～3.0dB(A),桥面下的楼房的噪声低于桥面平层楼噪声2～3dB(A).其结果对于城市立交桥交通噪声的管理与治理提供相应的参考.     

道路行车安全性虚拟评价方法研究

针对在道路建成之前很难对设计道路进行有效的安全性评价的问题,在介绍运行车速评价法、速度分布评价法、线形指数评价法和驾驶人工作负荷评价法等国外道路安全评价方法的基础上,提出包括运行车速与设计车速差、相邻路段运行车速差、速度降低因子、横向力系数变化因子以及路段间的加速度值等5个评价因子在内的道路安全评价模型,并确定了相应指标的评价标准.该方法的评价过程包括自行模式和互动模式.自行模式是在驾驶员模糊车速控制模型的基础上预测路段的运行车速,从而进行线形的安全评价;交互模式主要是在虚拟仿真的基础上对道路、隧道、桥梁的交通工程设施、照明等系统进行安全性评价.通过该评价方法可以在道路的设计阶段发现存在的行车安全性问题,通过修改设计或进行安全改善,提高道路的运营安全性.     

Assessing driver behavior using shrp2 adverse weather data

IntroductionThis study explored how drivers adapt to inclement weather in terms of driving speed, situational awareness, and visibility as road surface conditions change from dry to slippery and visibility decreases. The proposed work mined existing data from the SHRP 2 NDS for drivers who were involved in weather-related crash and near-crash events. Baseline events were also mined to create related metadata necessary for behavioral comparisons. Methods: Researchers attempted, to the greatest extent possible, to match non-adverse-weather driving scenarios that are similar to the crash and near-crash event for each driver. The ideal match scenario would be at a day prior to the crash during non-adverse weather conditions having the same driver, at the same time of day, with the same traffic level on the same road on which the crash or near-crash occurred. Once the matched scenarios have been identified, a detailed analysis will be performed to determine how a driver’s behavior changed from normal driving to inclement-weather driving. Results: Data collected indicated that, irrespective of site location (i.e., state), most crashes and near-crashes occurred in rain, with only about 12% occurring in snowy conditions. Also, the number of near-crashes was almost double the number of crashes showing that many drivers were able to avoid a crash by executing an evasive maneuver such as braking or steering. Conclusions: Most types of near crashes were rear-end and sideswipe avoidance epochs, as the drivers may have had a difficult time merging or trying to change lanes due to low visibility or traffic. Hard braking combined with swerving were the most commonly used evasive maneuvers, occurring when drivers did not adjust their speeds accordingly for specific situations. Practical applications: Results from this study are expected to be utilized to educate and guide drivers toward more confident and strategic driving behavior in adverse weather.     

基于熵权-TOPSIS的陕西省各市区道路交通安全评价

为评价陕西省各市区道路交通安全状况,选取了十亿地区生产总值死亡人数、平均每起事故死亡人数、致死率、万车死亡率和十万人口死亡率5个相对评价指标,应用熵权-TOPSIS法对陕西省10个地级市的道路交通安全水平进行了综合评价。结果表明,陕西省各市区道路交通安全水平与地区生产总值、人口数量、机动化水平等社会经济因素具有较强的相关性,不同市区道路交通安全水平存在明显的差异。     

基于最优尺度Logit模型的交通事故形态致因分析

为剖析典型交通事故形态致因,在利用最优尺度分析法诊断交通事故形态致因共线性的基础上,筛选关键影响因素,构建无序多分类Logit交通事故致因模型并对模型进行参数标定,并选择100个交通事故样本对模型进行精度验证,该模型相对误差仅为4.0％,能够较为准确地分析典型交通事故形态致因.研究结果表明:路侧及中央隔离设施、照明是事...