气相色谱法测定环境空气中1,2-环氧丙烷

以活性炭吸附环境空气中 1,2 -环氧丙烷 ,用二硫化碳洗脱 ,OV - 10 1:30m× 0 32mm× 0 2 5 μm毛细管柱低温分流进样分离 ,氢火焰离子化检测器测定 ,保留时间定性 ,峰高定量 ,采样吸附率达 99%。方法有较宽的线性范围 ,较高的灵敏度和精密度。当采样体积为 30L时 ,1,2 -环氧丙烷的检测限为 0 0 0 5mg/m3     

全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用监测环境空气中VOCs

采用全采样系统-全二维气相色谱/飞行时间质谱联用技术监测环境空气中的VOCs,优化了调制周期、升温程序、进样体积等分析条件.39种目标化合物在0 μg/m3～10.0 μg/m3范围内线性良好,检出限范围为0.03 μg/m3～0.09 μg/m3,标准气体平行测定的RSD为1.1％ ～5.3％.应用于化工园区环境空气样品测定,与热脱附-气相色谱/质谱法相比,目标物的分离效果更佳.     

GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱法测定气中的吡啶

建立了GDX 502管吸附-二氯甲烷解吸-气相色谱测定气中吡啶的方法,考察吸附管类型、解吸溶剂、解吸溶剂体积、采样时间和采样流量对测定结果的影响。结果表明,气中吡啶用GDX 502吸附管以0. 5 L/min的流量采样20 min,二氯甲烷解吸至1 m L,DB-1 (30 m×250μm×0. 25μm)柱分离,空白样品低、中、高3种加标量回收率为90. 8%～108%(n=6),相对标准偏差为2. 9%～4. 4%,方法在0～19. 6 mg/L线性范围内响应良好,相关系数(r)=0. 999 9。当采样体积为10 L时,检出限为0. 01 mg/m~3。该方法重复性好、回收率高、干扰较小,能够满足空气和废气中吡啶分析的要求。     

DNPH衍生化采样-溶剂解析-高效液相色谱法同时测定木制品中25种醛酮化合物

建立了DNPH衍生化采样-溶剂解析-高效液相色谱测定木制品中醛酮化合物的方法。采样时需在2,4-二硝基苯肼吸附管前串联一只SEP-PAK脱臭氧小柱;采样体积应≤10 L,流量≤400 m L/min。该法对25种醛(酮)化合物对应的衍生物分离效果良好,在0.005~3 mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数R2≥0.999 6,回收率为85.3%~113.5%,精密度为2.67%~4.56%。采样量为10 L时,25种醛(酮)化合物的检出限和定量限分别≤0.16和0.50μg/m3。     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定环境空气中1,2-二氯乙烷

采用毛细管柱气相色谱法测定环境空气中的1,2-二氯乙烷,用活性碳吸附,二硫化碳解析,FID检测器分析.方法在0 mg/L～311mg/L范围内线性良好,当采样体积为20 L时,最低检出质量浓度为0.006 mg/m3,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤2.2%,加标回收率为98.4%～101%.     

环境空气中丙烯酸乙酯的气相色谱法测定

建立了环境空气中丙烯酸乙酯的TenaxGC吸附 -热解吸气相色谱测定方法。方法回收率为 87 3%～1 0 7 1 % ,变异系数为 5 3%～ 7 2 %。当采样体积为 2L时 ,检测限为 0 0 2mg/m3,具有采样时间短 ,不用任何溶剂等特点。     

离子色谱法同时测定大气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物

建立以2.2mmol/L的Na2CO3和2.7mmol/L的NaHCO3的混合溶液为吸收液,同时串联两个大气采样瓶采样,第一个采样瓶的吸收液内含质量体积比为0.05%的乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA)吸收大气中SO2和NO2,第二个采样瓶的吸收液中内舍质量体积比为0.9%的过氧化氢采集大气中的NO,采样后用离子色谱法测定,若用10ml吸收液,采样体积为30L时,SO2的检出限为0.004mg/m3,可测浓度范围为0.03～26.7mg/m3;NO2的检出限为6.7×10-4mg/m3,可测浓度范围为0.03～20mg/m3.方法简便快速、准确、选择性好,完全满足环境监测对大气中二氧化硫和氮氧化物的同时测定.     

毛细管柱气相色谱法测定环境空气中的樟脑

采用毛细管柱气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器测定环境空气中的樟脑,选择硅胶为吸附剂,甲醇/丙酮混合溶剂(体积比90∶10)为解析剂.方法在0.544 mg/L～109 mg/L范围内线性良好,检出限为0.06 mg/L,当采样体积为20 L时,最低检出质量浓度为0.003 mg/m3,标准溶液平行测定的RSD≤3.8％,空白...     

加速溶剂萃取-高效液相色谱法测定环境空气中的苯并(a)芘

采用加速溶剂萃取一高效液相色谱法荧光检测器测定环境空气中的苯并（a）芘，以乙腈／水为流动相，检测器激发波长为290nm，发射波长为430nm。方法线性良好，检出限为0．08μg／L，当采样体积为1080m。时，最低检测质量浓度为3×10^-7μg／m^3（标准状态下），实际样品加标回收率为87．2％～109％。与超声波萃取法相比，两种方法回收率相近，而加速溶剂萃取法乙腈用量更少。     

微波消解ICP-AES法测定废气中铅镉砷

采用微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定废气中的铅、镉、砷,在优化的试验条件下,方法在0 mg/L～5.00 mg/L范围内线性良好,铅、镉、砷的检出限分别为0.250 μg/m3、0.125 μg/m3、0.375 μg/m3(按采样体积400 L、定容体积50 mL计),空白滤筒平行测定6次的RSD为2.3％～10.5％,加标回收率为83％ ～ 112％,与标准方法的测定结果无显著差异.     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.