天然沸石除工业含铅废水应用条件的选择

沸石独特的结构使其对铅离子有良好的吸附作用,尤其可以应用在处理工业含铅废水方面。本次试验系统考察了潍坊某地天然沸石吸附废水中重金属离子铅的应用条件。验证静态吸附最佳条件,确定在滤速为0.5m/h(4.77ml/min)的时,沸石动态试验对铅离子去除最有利,此时沸石柱的穿透时间为4.0h。     

二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb2+的吸附性能及其影响因素研究

改性后的沸石材料,可大幅度提高其对金属离子的吸附量,在治理环境污染方面具有巨大的潜力。高锰酸钾和硫酸锰反应生成的二氧化锰包裹在沸石表面,可大大提高其吸附性能,最终达到吸附废水中重金属的目的。研究了二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb²⁺吸附性能的影响因素,如沸石与二氧化锰投料比、反应时间、溶液pH值、反应温度、Pb²⁺初始浓度等,并探讨了其吸附机理。试验结果表明:二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb²⁺的吸附效果随着沸石与二氧化锰投料比的增加而提高,平衡吸附时间为12 h,吸附反应的最佳溶液pH值为5~6;二氧化锰改性沸石对废水中Pb²⁺的吸附为自发的吸热反应,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明为单配体吸附模式;红外光谱分析发现,-OH是影响二氧化锰改性沸石吸附废水中Pb²⁺的主要官能团;低浓度腐殖酸对二氧化锰改性沸石吸附废水中Pb²⁺的影响较小,不产生竞争吸附。     

沸石的活化及其对水中氨氮的吸附

对天然沸石进行了盐活化、盐加酸活化、盐加碱活化、热活化和热活化后加盐二次活化的处理,分别考察了活化后沸石对氨氮的吸附性能,并进行了等温吸附、解吸试验以及对经SBR-氧化处理后焦化废水的吸附试验.结果表明,沸石在100℃下经0.3 mol·L-1NaCl活化后,对氨氮的吸附效果最佳;当活化沸石投加量为10 g·L-1、接触时间为40 min时,氨氮去除率可达88.08%,比未活化条件下的47.35%提高了40.73%.沸石投加量、废水的pH和接触时间对活化沸石吸附氨氮都存在一定的影响.活化沸石对氨氯废水的吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程拟合.吸附氨氮后的沸石经1.5 mol·L-1的NaCl溶液再生4 h,解吸率可达到89.30%.活化沸石用于经SBR-氯化处理后焦化废水的吸附试验,当活化沸石投加量为120 g·L-1时,其氨氮可从219.18 mg·L-1降到4.8 mg·L-1去除率达到97.81%;活化沸石吸附焦化废水的吸附等温线可用Freundlich方程和Langmuir方程来描述.     

利用粉煤灰合成沸石处理重金属污水研究

本研究中利用粉煤灰合成沸石对含有Cu^2 、Pb^2 、Cd^2 的制备水样进行批处理振荡实验，其吸附容量分别为9．56、0．89和0．25mg／l。实验证明，用合成沸石处理含重金属离子污水达到平衡所需的时间约为3h。对污水中重金属离子的去除率随pH值降低而降低，随沸石用量增加而增加。同等条件下，利用粉煤灰处理含Cu^2 的污水，其吸附容量仅为6．49mg／l，低于合成沸石。     

铁氧体法处理含Zn~(2+)、Ni~(2+)废水研究

实验研究了铁氧体法处理含锌、镍混合废水的工艺条件。在 p H=8.0～ 1 0 .0 ,2≤ Fe2 + :M2 +≤ 8(M2 +以废水中总离子含量计 ) ,外加磁场强度为 2 0 0 T的条件下 ,锌、镍离子能够同时去除 ,其去除率可达 99%以上 ,沉渣沉降时间可缩短为1 0 mi     

丝光沸石去除生活污水中氨氮的实验研究

实验研究了丝光沸石对生活污水中氨氮的吸附行为。结果表明,在投加25g/L丝光沸石,吸附时间40min,pH=6.2的条件下,丝光沸石对浓度为50mg/L的氨氮模拟废水其去除率可达80%以上。Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)竞争阳离子在一定程度上抑制丝光沸石对氨氮的吸附。丝光沸石对氨氮的吸附符合朗格缪尔吸附等温线。同时,可用饱和氯化钠溶液对沸石进行再生,此解吸液可重复利用。将丝光沸石用于实际生活污水中氨氮的处理,其去除率达到80%以上。     

沸石吸附焦化废水中氨氮的研究

利用沸石对氨氮的选择性吸附去除焦化废水中的氨氮,对不同粒度沸石、不同沸石投加量去除模拟废水和焦化废水进行了研究,结果表明,沸石对焦化废水中的氨氮有很强的选择吸附性;焦化废水中其它离子会降低沸石吸附氨氮的能力;粒度越细,沸石对焦化废水氨氮的去除速度越快;沸石吸附焦化废水等温线可用朗谬尔公式和费兰德利希公式来描述.     

用钢渣处理含镍废水

对钢渣处理含镍废水进行了试验研究 ,探讨了钢渣用量、废水酸度、接触时间等因素对除镍效果的影响 ,结果表明 :在废水 p H值≥ 3、Ni2 +≤ 3 0 0 mg/ L 范围内 ,按镍与钢渣重量比为 1 / 1 5投加钢渣进行处理 ,镍去除率大于 99%,废水经处理后可达排放标准。     

天然活化沸石负载壳聚糖对高氟水的处理

为提高天然沸石对氟的吸附能力,采用活化天然沸石负载壳聚糖改性处理,研究了除氟剂的性能,确定了除氟剂的最佳改性条件:2.0%冰醋酸溶液,壳聚糖浓度为0.05 g/mL,壳聚糖:沸石(质量比)=0.07,室温下改性5 min。最适除氟条件:pH=6.0,粒径1~2 mm,100 r/min的速度搅拌反应50 min,静置0 min。吸附剂对F-的吸附过程符合Langmuir吸附等温线,对氟离子的饱和吸附容量为10.63 mg/g。     

沸石及其改性材料硅炭素处理含铅废水

对沸石及其改性材料硅炭素(ANJ.SiC)处理含铅废水进行优化研究,结果表明,当废水中ρ(Pb)为10 mg/L,pH>4.62,吸附剂投加量为5 g/L,25 ℃处理30 min时,沸石及硅炭素对铅的去除率均可达到90%以上,且硅炭素的处理效果优于沸石.分别采用5种再生剂对饱和的沸石和硅炭素进行再生,NaOH再生效果最佳;经过5次再生,2种吸附剂的饱和容量呈现不同的衰减,硅炭素的再生效果较好,饱和容量从33.9 mg/L衰减到20.5 mg/L.通过扫描电镜(SEM)对沸石和硅炭素吸附前后的表面形貌进行观察发现,二者的除铅机理不尽相同,沸石主要是通过离子交换作用,使铅进入其结构内部;沸石经过改性,表面发生变化,硅炭素主要是通过材料表面与铅离子的反应达到除铅目的.      

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Sensitivity of key factors and uncertainties in health risk assessment of benzene pollutant

Predicting long-term potential human health risks from contaminants in the multimedia environment requires the use of models. However,there is uncertainty associated with these predictions of many parameters which can be represented by ranges or probability distributions rather than single value.Based on a case study with information from an actual site contaminated with benzene,this study describes the application of MMSOILS model to predict health risk and distributions of those predictions generated using Monte Carlo techniques.A sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate which of the random variables are most important in producing the predicted distributions of health risks.The sensitivity analysis shows that the predicted distributions can be accurately reproduced using a small subset of the random variables.The practical implication of this analysis is the ability to distinguish between important versus unimportant random variables in terms of their sensitivity to selected endpoints.This directly translates into a reduction in data collection and modeling effort.It was demonstrated that how correlation coefficient could be used to evaluate contributions to overall uncertainty from each parameter.The integrated uncertainty analysis shows that although drinking groundwater risk is similar with inhalation air risk,uncertainties of total risk come dominantly from drinking groundwater route.Most percent of the variance of total risk comes from four random variables.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

Formaldehyde degradation by UV/TiO2/O3process using continuous flow mode

The degradation of formaldehyde gas was studied using UV/TiO2/O3 process under the condition of continuous flow mode. The effects of humidity, initial formaldehyde concentration, residence time and ozone adding amount on degradation of formaldehyde gas were investigated. The experimental results indicated that the combination of ozonation with photocatalytic oxidation on the degradation of formaldehyde showed a synergetic action, e.g,, it could considerably increase decomposing of formaldehyde. The degradation efficiency of formaldehyde was between 73.6% and 79.4% while the initial concentration in the range of 1.84--24 mg/m^3 by O3/TiO2flJV process. The optimal humidity was about 50% in UV/TiO2/O3 processs and degradation of formaldehyde increases from 39.0% to 94.1% when the ozone content increased from 0 to 141 mg/m^3. Furthermore, the kinetics of formaldehyde degradation reaction could be described by Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The rate constant k of 46.72 mg/（m^3.min） and Langmuir adsorption coefficient K of 0.0268 m^3/mg were obtained.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.