农村生活污水处理技术的探讨

农村的生活污水,是造成农村水环境污染的原因之一,也是造成湖泊富营养化的重要因素。针对中国农村生活污水排放分散、污染物浓度低的特点,介绍了生活污水净化沼气池技术、稳定塘生活污水处理技术、人工湿地处理技术、土地处理技术和生活污水地下自动连续处理技术等,以及几种工艺先进、具有推广价值的生活污水处理技术的原理、技术特点、适用条件以及工程应用实例,为农村地区污水治理提供参考。     

运用无动力人工湿地分散式处理农村生活污水的研究

针对农村生活污水排放分散、难以集中处理等特点,以长沙市望城区光明村3户典型家庭为例,采用无动力人工湿地系统分散式处理农村生活污水,并比较冬、夏两季人工湿地对居民生活污水的净化效果。结果表明,构建的无动力人工湿地对农村生活污水净化效果明显,冬季生活污水COD、TP、TN、氨氮、SS的平均去除率分别达71.83%、97.20%、83.52%、55.34%、71.79%;夏季COD、TP、TN、氨氮、SS平均去除率分别达91.52%、93.99%、83.22%、75.15%、65.04%。经人工湿地净化处理后,TP、TN、氨氮可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A或一级B标准,COD可以达到GB 18918—2002二级标准,但人工湿地对COD及氨氮的去除受冬季低温影响十分显著,且出水SS不能达到GB 18918—2002相关标准,建议增加拦截设施或在冬季设置保温措施以提高人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果。     

Fenton氧化联合人工湿地处理污泥中的重金属

针对单独应用Fenton氧化技术处理污泥的不足以及人工湿地在处理污水污泥方面的优势,以污水处理厂污泥浓缩池中含重金属污泥为对象,研究其依次经过Fenton氧化和人工湿地处理后重金属的去除效果及形态变化,以及污泥pH、TN和TP的变化情况。结果表明,Fenton氧化提高了污泥重金属的生物有效性,并促进了人工湿地对重金属的去除。Fenton氧化污泥经人工湿地处理后,Cu、Zn、Ni和Mn的去除率分别为67.2%、79.7%、37.0%和17.0%,与对照相比重金属的平均去除率提高了27.5%。经人工湿地处理后Fenton氧化污泥和原污泥重金属的生物有效性均降低。Fenton氧化污泥pH为4.4~4.6,经人工湿地处理后为6.2~7.1。人工湿地对Fenton氧化污泥和原污泥中TN的影响较小,而对TP表现出较高的去除率,2系统TP的去除率分别为51.1%和45.5%。     

农业源水污染物削减技术探讨

农业面源污染是水体中COD、氮、磷等指标的主要来源。它包括农药化肥施用、畜禽养殖和农村生活污水排放。对农业源水污染物进行削减是实现污染物总量控制的重要手段。通过详细总结国内外现有农业源水污染物削减技术方法,分析对比其优缺点和实用性,筛选出适用于不同农业污染来源的污水处理技术。结果表明,畜禽养殖废水的适宜处理技术有厌氧/缺氧/好氧(A/A/O)、序批式活性污泥法(SBR)、膜生物反应器(MBR)、升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)、厌氧沼气池;农地施肥污水的适宜处理技术有SBR、MBR、UASB;农村生活污水的适宜处理技术有厌氧沼气池、生物滴滤池、人工湿地、稳定塘。     

菖蒲人工湿地对城市生活污水的净化研究

分别研究了土壤、粉煤灰和土壤及粉煤灰3种基质构建的菖蒲模拟人工湿地系统对城市生活污水的净化效果,并探讨了进水流量对城市生活污水净化效果的影响。结果表明,用粉煤灰基质构建的菖蒲模拟人工湿地系统的TP、TN、NH4+-N、浊度净化效果最佳,去除率最高,分别可达99.7%、85.8%、99.5%、99.3%;用粉煤灰和土壤基质构建的菖蒲模拟人工湿地系统的COD净化效果最佳,去除率最高,可达83.2%。因此,菖蒲人工湿地系统对城市生活污水的净化能力强,尤其适合广大中小城市生活污水的处理,具有极其广阔的应用与推广前景。     

人工湿地在河道生态修复应用中的进展及优化

认为人工湿地是河道生态修复的优选工艺,据此介绍了人工湿地在河道生态修复中的应用进展,并从构型、工艺组合、基质和植物四个方面进行了优化研究,结果表明：I-VFCW是构建人工湿地的优选构型;人工湿地与氧化塘、砂滤、接触氧化、絮凝沉淀等工艺组合,能够降低湿地堵塞的危险,提高处理能力;钢渣是除磷的优选基质,沸石是脱氮的优选基质;芦苇、香蒲、美人蕉等是优选植物。     

人工湿地组合工艺对太湖三山岛农村生活污水的脱氮效果

针对太湖三山岛农村生活污水分布面广而分散和水质水量不稳定,以及三级处理费用高等问题,提出了人工湿地组合工艺。以设计规模为1 000 m3/d、处理生活污水的工艺系统为对象,探讨了氮元素在系统中的去除效果、途径及其一级去除速率常数。结果表明,该工艺对NH+4-N去除效果较好,出水NH+4-N平均达到地表水Ⅲ类,TN平均接近地表水Ⅴ类;潜流人工湿地、好氧生态塘C、兼性生态塘A和表流人工湿地D对氮的去除量分别占组合工艺去除总量的52.05%、18.65%、16.65%和12.65%;组合工艺对NH+4-N和TN的平均一级去除速率常数分比别为(14.47±2.01)和(25.91±4.99)m/a。     

新型多级复合人工湿地的应用与除磷效果

为了研究新型多级复合人工湿地系统处理生活污水的除磷效果,分别对系统中COD、NH_4~+-N、TP的浓度和去除率进行分析。结果表明,最终出水COD、NH_4~+-N、TP浓度分别低于30、4.1和0.17 mg·L~(-1),去除率最高达到70.40%、71.0%和95.5%。工艺由前置系统、多级复合流湿地系统、后置氧化塘系统组成,每部分TP的去除率约占系统总去除率的6%、79%和15%,多级复合流湿地系统每级TP的去除率在15%~20%。出水中各类污染指标长期达到GB18918—2002一级A标准,TP最低出水浓度为0.075 mg·L~(-1),工艺除磷效果好。新型多级复合人工湿地布水均匀、不易堵塞,灵活度高,投资少,运行稳定、管理简单,可作为农村生活污水除磷的有效方法。     

表面水力负荷对锰渣陶瓷球填料人工湿地的影响研究

云贵高原地区农村面源污染严重。参照贵州铜仁农村面源污水配制模拟污水,研究了表面水力负荷对锰渣陶瓷球填料人工湿地的影响。结果表明,该人工湿地的最佳表面水力负荷为0.55m~3/(m~2·d),此时COD、氨氮、硝态氮和TP去除率分别为90.12%、76.45%、70.04%、87.48%。以锰渣陶瓷球代替砾石作为人工湿地填料能显著提高人工湿地对污染物的去除能力。     

污水处理中的人工湿地强化技术研究

人工湿地作为一种新型污水生态处理工艺受到越来越广泛的重视,在生活污水、特种工业废水、采矿污水、农业和畜牧业污水以及水产养殖废水等处理中得到了广泛的应用.但是其本身的局限却限制了它在高浓度废水、某些工业废水处理等方面的应用,在寒冷地区的应用也受到限制.本研究分析了一些强化技术(如湿地内部要素强化、工艺强化和工程强化等)在提高人工湿地的净化效能以及扩大其应用范围的可能性.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.     

Biochemical interaction of six op delayed neurotoxicants with several neurotargets

Abstract

Five organophosphorous insecticides: Leptophos, EPN, Cyano‐fenphos, trichloronate and salithion proved to cause irreversible ataxia not only to chicken but also to mice and sheep. TOCP was included as a reference. Cyanofenphos blocked the catecholamine B‐receptor binding activity with ³H‐norepinephrine at a level similar to that of the specific inhibitor propranolol in the mouse heart preparation. In the lamb heart preparation, the B‐receptor was more sensitive to Leptophos, salithion and TOCP than to propranolol. The six compounds and their oxons were screened for their in‐vitro inhibition to monamine oxidase (MAO), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and neurotoxic esterase (NTE) in the brain of either mouse, lamb or chicken. It is believed that their AChE inhibition stands for their acute toxicity, while NTE inhibition is responsible for their paralytic ataxia.