Can polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and enantiomer fractions be used for source identification and to age date occupational exposure?

Detailed polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) signatures and chiral Enantiomer Fractions (EFs) of CB-95, CB-136 and CB-149 were measured for 30 workers at a transformer dismantling plant. This was undertaken to identify sources of exposure and investigate changes to the PCB signature and EFs over different exposure periods. Approximately 1.5 g of serum was extracted and PCB signatures were created through analysis by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–TOFMS) and EFs calculated following analysis by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC–HRMS). A total of 84 PCBs were identified in the serum samples with concentrations of the 7 indicator PCBs ranging from 11–350 ng g^− 1 of serum (1.2–39 μg g^− 1 lipid). The PCB signatures were interpreted using principal component analysis (PCA) which was able to distinguish workers with background or recent minimal exposure from those with prolonged occupational exposure. Occupationally exposed individuals had a similar PCB profile to Aroclor A1260. However, individuals with prolonged exposure had depleted proportions of several PCB congeners that are susceptible to metabolism (CB-95, CB-101 and CB-151) and elevated proportions of PCBs that are resistant to metabolism (CB-74, CB-153, CB-138 and CB-180). The results also identified a third group of workers with elevated proportions of CB-28, CB-60, CB-66, CB-74, CB-105 and CB-118 who appeared to have been exposed to an additional source of PCBs. The results show near complete removal of the CB-95 E2 enantiomer in some samples, indicating that bioselective metabolism or preferential excretion of one enantiomer occurs in humans. By considering PCB concentrations along with detailed congener specific signatures it was possible to identify different exposure sources, and gain an insight into both the magnitude and duration of exposure.     

Minor and trace elements in the shell of Patella aspera (Röding 1798)

Specimens of the limpet Patella aspera were collected from a clean, coastal marine site and a contaminated estuary on the south coast of Portugal. The shells were analysed individually for their minor (Mg, Sr) and trace element (Fe, Mn, Zn) content. Mean concentrations of these elements in the shell of P. aspera were 4651, 1318, 35.8, 29.9 and 5.5 microg g(-1), respectively. The elemental concentrations exhibited both a marked intra- and inter-population variability. Despite the variability within individual populations, significant differences in the trace element composition were apparent between the shells taken from the two sites. Small shells (< 2 g) provided the best resolution between sites for both manganese and iron. Differences in zinc were best resolved for larger shells. The shell of P. aspera has an extraordinarily high magnesium concentration, which is insensitive to gross salinity differences, and a trace metal assemblage that can be interpreted in terms of environmental exposure. On these grounds, it is recommended that the shell of P. aspera is a tissue for potential use in environmental trace metal monitoring.     

Distribution and inventories of fallout radionuclides (239+240Pu, 137Cs) and 210Pb to study the filling velocity of salt marshes in Doñana National Park (Spain)

Within an extensive multinational and multidisciplinary project carried out in Do?ana National Park (Spain) to investigate its preservation and regeneration, the filling velocity of the salt marshes has been evaluated through the calculation of their average sediment accumulation rates. (239+240)Pu and (137)Cs from weapons testing fallout and total (210)Pb distribution profiles and inventories have been determined in some of the most characteristic zones of the park, namely, the ponds (or "lucios") and the waterjets (or "ca?os"). Plutonium inventories range from 16 to 101 Bq m(-2), (137)Cs values fluctuate between 514 and 3,758 Bq m(-2) and unsupported (210)Pb values comprise between 124 and 9398 Bq m(-2). Average sedimentation rates range from 3 to 5 mm y(-1) (1952-2002). These data are higher than those obtained by carbon dating for the period 6,500 AD-present, estimated as 1.5-2 mm y(-1), suggesting an increase in the accumulation of sediments and the alteration of the park's hydrodynamics caused by the re-channeling of the major rivers feeding the salt marshes.     

Evolution and frequency (1970–2007) of combined temperature–precipitation modes in the Spanish mountains and sensitivity of snow cover

Snow cover in Spanish mountains is crucial for ensuring water availability in spring and summer months, for the success of winter tourism or for the maintenance of biodiversity in mountain ecosystems. A changing climate may affect the volume of snow cover even in high mountains, where weather conditions are usually favorable for snow accumulation. In this paper, we aim to investigate the evolution (1970–2007) of combined precipitation–temperature modes in the Spanish mountains, and the sensitivity of the snowpack to their occurrence. The climatic database “Spain02” and snow thickness data for Spanish mountains were used for this purpose. Results showed that the frequency of dry-warm and wet-warm days has increased over time in all mountain ranges, while the frequency of the “cold” modes has decreased. The thickness of the snowpack in the Pyrenees has also decreased and its evolution is negatively correlated with the frequency of dry-warm days, and positively correlated with the frequency of dry-cold and wet-cold days. This work constitutes the first approach that relates the evolution of climatic conditions favorable or unfavorable for snow accumulation and the evolution of the snowpack in Spanish mountains.     

神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地对镉(Ⅱ)、铜(Ⅱ)、铅(Ⅱ)、锌(Ⅱ)的净化模拟

在2007年8月研究的基础上，于2008年7月在神农架大九湖泥炭藓沼泽湿地采用自制简易模拟装置进行现场模拟实验，深入研究了泥炭藓沼泽湿地对不同浓度的金属污染物镉（Ⅱ）、铜（Ⅱ）、铅（Ⅱ）、锌（Ⅱ）的净化作用。研究表明：泥炭藓沼泽湿地对各种金属污染物都有很强的去除能力，2小时后的去除效果强弱顺序为Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn；4种金属任一时刻的去除速率都随初始浓度的增加而增大，低初始浓度先于高初始浓度达到平衡；泥炭藓沼泽湿地的稀释功能在污染物去除中起着重要作用。通过双常数速率模型得到了去除速率与实验时间的关系；拟二级动力学模型和修改后的拟一级动力学模型能够很好地描述泥炭藓沼泽湿地去除金属污染物的动态过程，拟二级动力学模型的拟合效果更佳，通过修改后的拟一级动力学模型可以计算出稀释作用对湿地净化的贡献率。为评估泥炭藓沼泽湿地净水价值、保护和合理利用泥炭藓沼泽湿地提供科学依据。     

儿童血铅(BL)与土壤含铅量(SL)关系的研究

本文比较了美国和中国的一些地区儿童血铅调查和研究成果,证明儿童血铅(BL)与土壤含铅量(SL)直接相关,土壤铅已经成为儿童铅暴露的主要来源。当土壤含铅量超过500–600 mg/kg时,长期暴露在这种土壤环境下的儿童血铅浓度超过10μg/dL是可以预期的。中美儿童血铅模型(IEUBK模型)的实际计算结果也表明,当表层土壤含铅量超过600 mg/kg时,其土地利用不适合任何儿童活动。为了更好地预防儿童高血铅,我国土壤修复的标准可定为居住用地Pb≤250 mg/kg,非居住用地Pb≤600 mg/kg。     

Sustainable Cities Programme(SCP)

Introduction The Sustainable Cities Programme (SCP) is a joint UN-HABITAT/UNEP facility established in the early 1990s to build capacities in urban environmental planning and management. The programme targets urban local authorities and their partners. It is founded on broad-based stakeholder participatory approaches.     

Transuranic and fission product contamination in lake sediments from an alpine wetland, Boréon (France)

Transuranics and fission products have been measured in lake sediment samples, collected in an alpine wetland, to determine their vertical distribution and calculate inventories. The radionuclides considered are 90Sr, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239/240Pu and 241Am. From the results, a better knowledge of radionuclide accumulation mode and behaviour was obtained. In addition, the origins of the individual pollutants could be deduced from activity ratios. Analyses were made on different sediment cores. The sampling sites were chosen to enable future determination of the mass balances of the radiopollutants. As the selected study area is in a recreational area used by urban populations, a rough estimate was made of the mean external dose from 137Cs for comparison with the French regulation.     

Estimates of (239+240)Pu inventories in Gdańsk Bay and Gdańsk basin

This paper presents and discusses the results of (239+240)Pu determinations in different components of Gdańsk bay and Gdańsk basin ecosystem, as well as estimated sources and inventories of plutonium in these basins. The total plutonium (239+240)Pu activities deposited in Gdańsk bay and Gdańsk basin sediments are 1.18 TBq and 3.77 TBq, respectively. Two rivers, the Vistula and Neman rivers, and atmospheric fallout were distinguished as the main sources of plutonium in these basins. In seawater (with suspended matter included) there is about 2.33 GBq (239+240)Pu (0.2% of total activity) in Gdańsk bay and 9.92 GBq (239+240)Pu (0.3% of total activity) in Gdańsk basin. In both cases, 56% of (239+240)Pu is associated with suspended matter. Organisms contain 3.81 MBq in Gdańsk bay and 7.45 MBq (239+240)Pu in Gdańsk basin. From this value in Gdańsk bay 82.1% of plutonium is associated with zoobenthos, 13.6% with phytobenthos, 1.6% with phytoplankton, 1.5% with zooplankton and 1.2% with fish. In Gdańsk basin, 83.2% is associated with zoobenthos, 7.5% with phytobenthos, 3.6% with phytoplankton, 3.2% with zooplankton and 2.5% with fish.     

Uses of Fish and Game by Inhabitants of an Extractive Reserve (Upper Juruá, Acre, Brazil)

The fishing and hunting performed by inhabitants of the Extractive Reserve of the Upper Juruá, Acre, Brazil was studied, and an ecological analysis on the use of fish and game, including preferences, taboos and medicinal uses, and of fish abundance was made. Research was carried out at the Upper Juruá Extractive Reserve in three visits (1993 and 1994). A total of 143 individuals (101 families) living along the banks of the rivers Juruá, Tejo, Bagé, S. João and Breu were interviewed, and 115 species of fish with set gillnets were collected. Local economic activities included rubber-tapping and small-scale agriculture. Fishing was especially important in the dry season, when cast net and hook and line were used. Hunting and game consumption were intensive in the wet season. Some local rules may be useful as starting points for local management, such as the use of fish diversity through lake management, the use of water level seasonality, hunting periods or quotas, and food taboos. The integration of academic research with indigenous knowledge and demands is important to develop management plans which protect both biological and cultural diversity.     

中外社会发展指标体系比较(下)

56 250 2.7 32 3780 1560 2.910、男女睡异(X 100%)13、食物保障 8劳动力” .土识字率197011985平均 受教育年限1980撬196D中学、学闯987尸1988大学、孕减1987~88,轰:t物进口依搜率(%) 82中国123印度所有发展 中国家西方国家1046人均t物生产指数〔1979 81哭IDO)农业生产‘占DP%l公召吕人均每日热供给t(卡)1986196斗11匀86谷钧进口(1000公吨)1988食物援助(百万美元〕198公︸一二划幻1006 43 50 32 50 97 56 47 34~71谷物实物扭助(占谷物进口之 比)l匀87~88155172嘿杰戮ID凌。4 546口53已2 91 7D 54砂l7621702240每日热供给,(占必须的百分…     

中外社会发展指标体系比较(上)

l、人文发展指数┌────┬─────┬────┬────┬───┬──────┬───┬──┬─────┐│ │平均 │成入 │乍熏冷 │教育 │ 实际 │调整 │人文│口戈P ││ │寿命 │识字 ├────┤获相翻│ 入均 │后的 │发展│排位 ││ │了l,q八、│率(%) │教育 │率 │ 召川〕│实际 │指教│ 一,r ││ │ │(1 985) │年故 │ │匕 │拐阴钾│ ├─────┤│ ├─────┤ │t 19日O)│ │ (尸尸尸$) │ │ │排枯 ││ │ │ │ │ │ 19吕5~ │ │ │ ││ │ │ │ │ │ 1勺3协 │ │ │ │├────…     

中国动植物主要门类已知种(或属)和特有种(或属)的状况

我国生态系统类型多 ,物种多 ,遗传资源丰富 ,生物多样性保护任务十分繁重。哺乳类的已知种有 581种 ,特有种有 1 1 0种 ,占总种数的 1 8.93% ;鸟类的已知种有 1 2 4 4种 ,特有种有 98种 ,占总种数的 7.88% ;爬行类的已知种有 376种 ,特有种有 2 5种 ,占总种数的 6.65% ;两栖类的已知种有 2 84种 ,特有种有 30种 ,占总种数的 1 0 .56% ;鱼类的已知种有 3862种 ,特有种有 40 4种 ,占总种数的 1 0 .46% ;被子植物的已知属有 31 2 3属 ;特有属有 2 4 6属 ,占总属数的 7.5% ;裸子植物的已知属有 34属 ,特有属有 1 0属 ,占总属数的 2 9.4% ;蕨类…     

Distribution of organic carbon, selected stable elements and artificial radionuclides among dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases in the Rhône River (France): preliminary results

The behaviour of radionuclides discharged from nuclear facilities in the Rh?ne River depends on their distribution among the dissolved, colloidal and particulate phases. A large water sample was fractionated using sequential ultrafiltration. Size distributions of organic carbon, Fe, Al, Si, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, 137Cs, 60Co and 106Ru were obtained. Our results show that organic colloids account for 11% of the total organic carbon content. Approximately 20% of the dissolved (< 450 nm) Fe and Al are in colloidal classes. 137Cs is not significantly transferred by the colloidal phase while 25% of 60Co or 106Ru is associated with organic and inorganic colloids.     

Relationships between intertidal clam population and health status of the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord (Québec, Canada)

The purpose of this study was to examine the impacts of anthropogenic activity on the health status of intertidal clam populations of the Saguenay Fjord and the St. Lawrence Estuary (Québec, Canada). Clams were collected during low tide at sites subject to direct contamination and at sites far from human activity. Clams were analyzed for tributyltin and dibutyltin total levels and toxic stress (glutathione S-transferase, gonadal lipid peroxidation and DNA strand breaks), immunocompetence (phagocytic activity, hemocyte count and viability), reproduction (gonado-somatic index, gamete maturation, and vitellogenin-like proteins), energy status (temperature-dependent mitochondrial electron transport, and gonad lipids), and individual status (age, condition factor, and growth index). These responses were compared against population characteristics such as live clam density, number of empty shells, and sex ratio. The results show that clam density decreased with distance from the estuary (high salinity level) to upstream of the fjord (low salinity). There was no clear relationship between the number of empty shells and distance or site quality. Clam density values corrected against distance were significantly correlated with hemocyte viability, phagocytic activity, mitochondrial electron transport (MET), DNA damage in gonad, and temperature-dependent mitochondrial electron transport activity. A canonical analysis of the various groups of biomarkers revealed that population metrics were more strongly related with immunocompetence, followed by energy status and temperature-dependent mitochondrial electron transport activity. However, toxic stress biomarkers were strongly associated with energy status and reproduction. This was further confirmed by non-linear modeling using adaptive artificial neural networks (genetic selection and back propagation learning paradigms), where the following parameters were able to predict population parameters with <20% error: gonad maturation and somatic index, MET (at 4 degrees C), gonad LPO, DNA damage, and phagocytic capacity. Intertidal clam populations were influenced by a distance gradient effect (salinity), where immunocompetence, in addition to energy status, was the strongest physiological parameter related to clam population metrics.     

三峡工程与长江中游湿地(文摘)

长江从宜昌至湖口为中游，全长900 km，其间有四湖地区、洞庭湖区和鄱阳湖区，为湿地集中地带。 
（1） 四湖地区〓位于荆江北岸，属江汉平原，是长江出三峡后第一个大平原湖区，包括长湖、三湖、白露湖和洪湖，总面积原有11000 km2，现有1793 km2，耕地面积约454万hm2，人口450万。荆江河水通过新滩口排水闸汇入长江，汛期关闸，靠电力抽排渍涝，枯季开闸自流排水。长江对地下水侧向补给是地下水主要来源。
四湖地区是湖北的“水袋子”，历史上长江、汉江洪水多次在此决堤泛滥。四湖下游江湖相通，每到汛期，长江、汉江洪水倒灌，形成洪泛区。湖区围垦耕地约7万hm2，地势低洼，多为湖积淤泥，排水不畅，存在潜育型、沼泽型渍害。
（2） 洞庭湖区〓位于荆江南岸，总面积原有18730 km2，1950年时有4350 km2，由于不断围湖垦殖，现仅有2691 km2，耕地面积533万hm2，高程在43~26 m。湖区水网密布，土地肥沃，历来为鱼米之乡。洞庭湖为过水性湖泊，接纳湘、资、沅、澧四水和长江松滋、太平、藕池三口来水，由城陵矶注入长江。近百年来，由于长江泥沙沉积湖内，加之围湖垦殖，湖泊容积显著减少，洪涝灾害日趋严重。
（3） 鄱阳湖区〓位于长江南岸，鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊，总面积3900 km2，耕地面积约37万hm2，高程在16 m以上。接纳赣、抚、信、饶、修五河来水，经湖口注入长江。湖区16 m以下大多为湖草滩地，已垦耕地一般在湖水退落后种植，汛期湖水涨落频繁，汛后淤积，土质粘性较重，有机物含量高，地势低洼，排水不畅，耕地土壤脱潜过程缓慢。
人类历史活动，从原始游牧狩猎部落演进为农业定居聚落。江汉平原的湿地主体是“云梦泽”，洞庭湖平原的湿地主体是“江南之梦”，春秋战国时期均为楚国皇家猎区。两个湿地生物多样性丰富，生活着大象、犀牛、麋鹿、扬子鳄等。随着历史变迁，水陆交错型湿地逐渐转化为农业用地和聚落用地，最终成为人工湿地和水体湿地。13世纪后，人类开始围湖造田，与水争地。汉朝时代的大象、犀牛灭绝，宋代后成为老虎栖息地，湿地生态结构转为以湖泊湿地为主，成为水禽栖息地和越冬地，生活着天鹅、野鹤、鸳鸯、家雁等，17～18世纪时老虎绝迹，水禽亦成为濒危物种。由于围湖垦殖，人水争地，自然湿地中70%转化为耕地，多样性损失严重，洪涝灾害不断。1998年长江大洪灾后，中央提出 “封山育林、退耕还林、退田还湖、平垸行洪、以工代赈、移民建镇、加固干堤、疏浚河道” 32字方针，其关键是退耕还林、退田还湖，旨在恢复生态。 
　　根据历史记载，堤垸始于春秋，南宋时形成围垦高潮，围湖造田普遍。20世纪50年代以来，人口剧增，“以粮为纲” 驱动围垦新高潮，堤垸经济蓬勃发展，带来生态失衡，人水矛盾。必须协调耕地保护与湿地保护矛盾，推行科学耕种和农、牧、渔协调发展，确保湿地总量动态平衡。长江中游江汉平原及两湖地区，河网交错，湖泊密布，应多建国家级自然保护区，争列《国际重要湿地名录》，逐步扩大湿地保护范围，滋润地球之“肾”；发展生态旅游，保护生态环境，重建湿地生物、景观和文化多样性，促进湿地可持续发展。
三峡建库后，长江枯季1～5月份下泄流量有所增加，水位将略有抬高，但仍在建库前天然水位变幅范围内；10月份水库蓄水，下泄流量减少，但三峡水库将实施人工实时调度，确保中下游生产、生活及航运用水需求。四湖地区潜育型、沼泽型渍害农田主要在总干渠两侧的湖盆地带，远离长江，地下水位不受长江水位变化影响，排水状况也不会改变，三峡建库后不会加剧这些地区农田潜育化、沼泽化。10月后水库蓄水，长江水位降低，有利于四湖地区汛后排涝排渍，提前降低湖、田水位和农田地下水位。 三峡建库后，洞庭湖泥沙淤积将会减少，可延长湖泊寿命。长江枯季下泄流量有所增加，城陵矶水位略有升高，但湖区水位仍低于圩区地面3～4 m，不会影响湖区农田自排。每年10月水库蓄水，下泄流量减少，城陵矶附近江水位比建库前降低2 m，湖区水位可尽快退落，对洞庭湖汛后排涝排渍有利。三峡建坝后如遇长江干流发生特大洪水，经三峡水库调蓄后，可减少鄱阳湖及中下游平原湖区分洪的负担和损失。遇鄱阳湖水系发生大洪水时，还可减少下泄流量，降低湖口水位，有利鄱阳湖水排入长江。每年10月三峡水库蓄水，鄱阳湖可提前退水，有利于湖区农田排涝排渍。1～4月下泄流量比建库前略有增加，湖口水位抬升不超过0.6 m，湖区农田地面仍高出长江水位3 m以上，既不会影响枯季排水，也不会加重湖区土壤的地下渍害。
由于三峡建库后，水位随洪、枯季节调蓄变化，结合中下游平原湖区排灌抽提，湖水交换相对频繁，促使水生生物生长茂盛，为水体稀释自净，消纳降解污染提供有利条件。三峡工程建成后，防洪、发电、航运等综合效益和有利影响将得到充分发挥，并采取有效措施，使不利影响得到减免。随着时间的推移，水利、水电、航运、农业、水产、湿地及自然资源的逐步开发，环境保护和湿地保护必将统筹安排、综合利用、协调发展。三峡工程将有力地保护湿地、保护环境。     

济南市PM_(2.5)时空分布特征

利用2010—2016年济南市环境空气质量监测数据,分析了济南市PM_(2.5)的年变化、月变化、日变化和区域分布特征。结果表明:(1)跑马岭监测点(远离市区的清洁对照点)PM_(2.5)浓度呈逐年下降的趋势,其余监测点PM_(2.5)的浓度均在2013年达到峰值后逐渐下降。(2)济南市冬季污染最重,1月达到最高;夏季污染最轻,8月达到最低。(3)PM_(2.5)平均浓度有两个高值中心,不同季节PM_(2.5)高值中心有所不同。(4)夏季,有无逆温时PM_(2.5)差异较小且日变化不明显;冬季,有无逆温时PM_(2.5)差异最大。     

资源产业群发展对策研究(上)

资源产业群是各种自然资源产业的总称.资源产业群的提出是生产力发展和社会劳动分工深化的必然结果.本文要点是:1.强化资源产业群的基础地位,增加相关政策投放.2.抑制资源需求过旺势头.3.转变资源产业群发展的经济运行机制,纳入计划商品经济轨道.4.加强自然资源及其产业群管理,建立资源资产管理制度.5.确立自然资源价值观,建立自然资源核算制度.     

膏桐(Jatropha curcas)生物学研究进展

膏桐(Jatropha curcas)属大戟科麻疯树属多年生耐旱灌木或小乔木.因其生物柴油用途和生态发展潜力,受到世界各国政府及科学家的高度关注,其研究成为热点.膏桐理化性质、药用价值、致毒机理方面的研究较为完善,而膏桐生物学特别是其生态学研究滞后且较少,对膏桐生态特性开展深入而全面的研究具有重要的科学和现实意义.综述了膏桐生物学领域的研究进展及成果,归纳了膏桐生物学研究中亟待解决的问题:膏桐种子生物学,自然群落膏桐种群建立、更新策略;论述了膏桐对生物多样性、群落稳定性、水土保持、物质循环以及化感作用潜在的影响;并在现有研究和相关理论的基础上展望了今后膏桐相关研究的发展方向:种间杂交、植被恢复、分布预测.     

资源产业群发展对策研究(下)

资源产业群是各种自然资源产业的总称。资源产业群的提出是生产力发展和社会劳动分工深化的必然结果。本文要点是:1.强化资源产业群的基础地位,增加相关政策投放。2.抑制资源需求过旺势头。3.转变资源产业群发展的经济运行机制,纳入计划商品经济轨道。4.加强自然资源及其产业群管理,建立资源资产管理制度。5.确立自然资源价值观,建立自然资源核算制度。