冬小麦抗霜性与抗冻性的关系

拔节期霜冻害是制约冬小麦生产的主要因素之一。然而关于冬小麦拔节期抗霜性的鉴定工作,国内外的研究报导还很少。选取了13个起源地和春化特性不同的小麦品种,通过利用人工霜箱模拟田间自然霜冻发生过程的试验方法,在小麦幼穗分化进程中的低温敏感期——药隔期进行抗霜性鉴定。同时,对这13个小麦品种越冬期间的抗冻性进行了鉴定。最后对冬小麦品种的抗冻性与抗霜性之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:抗霜性与抗冻性之间不存在显著的相关关系。抗冻力较强的冬性品种,抗春霜冻的能力不一定就强;相反,抗冻力较低、发育进程快的早熟品种也可能具有较强的抗霜性。     

云南极端霜冻气候事件的气候特征及环流背景分析

利用云南124个气象站逐日最低气温和天气现象(霜)资料,计算最低气温低于-5℃的站点数占全省总站数的比例,定义站点比例超出25%的霜冻事件为云南极端霜冻气候事件。分析了云南极端霜冻气候事件的气候特征及环流背景。结果表明,云南极端霜冻事件发生前气温偏低,云量偏多;霜冻发生时夜间晴朗,辐射散热强烈,气温再度下降。这种霜冻属于混合霜冻或称为平流辐射霜冻。极端霜冻气候事件发生的主要原因之一是高空冷平流与底层冷高压控制下夜间晴空辐射冷却降温。发生时空气湿度较发生前小,空气相对干燥。     

地膜覆盖栽培防御东北玉米冷害和霜冻试验

为防御东北玉米低温冷害和霜冻害,在吉林东部开展了玉米地膜覆盖栽培试验,进行了农田小气候、玉米生长发育和产量对比观测.结果表明,地膜覆盖是防御冷害、霜冻的高效实用技术;该项技术使播种至营养生长期内耕层地温晴天提升3～5℃,阴、雨天气提升1～2℃;可增加积温180℃*d以上,从而使成熟期较相同品种的对照组提早半个月左右.使用该技术,能使作物提早成熟,防御冷害和霜害,可采用较常规播种的生育期长15d、所需积温多200℃*d左右的偏晚熟品种;产量和经济效益分别提高45%和40%左右,并可以提高玉米品质.     

不同程度的干旱对华北夏玉米生物量的影响

出苗-拔节期是玉米营养生长的主要阶段,研究出苗-拔节期干旱对玉米生物量的影响至关重要。利用2013-2015年山东夏津、河北固城和山西运城三个试验点夏玉米大田控水试验资料,研究了华北夏玉米出苗-拔节期重度干旱(T1,土壤湿度40%),轻度干旱(T2,土壤湿度40~60%)及正常状态(CK,土壤湿度60%)对玉米生物量的影响。结果表明:(1)出苗-拔节期不同程度的干旱对于夏玉米各生物量指标具有不同程度的影响,总体表现为重度干旱(T1)轻度干旱(T2)正常状态(CK);(2)叶、茎、根对出苗-拔节期干旱的响应不同,叶、茎、根的鲜重的敏感性高于干重;茎对干旱的敏感性最大,其次为叶,根最小;(3)出苗-拔节期不同程度干旱使生物量指标损失率不同。T1与CK相比,损失率平均为60%,T2与CK相比,损失率平均为46%。     

气象灾害对粮食生产的影响研究——以福建省为例

利用1984-2013年统计数据,分析福建省粮食产量和气象灾害的变化趋势。运用相关分析和敏感性分析,分别研究了5种气象灾害对5种粮食作物的影响程度,并在此基础上提出政策建议,为福建省粮食生产的持续发展和科学决策提供借鉴。结果表明:1气象灾害对福建省粮食生产具有负面影响;2对福建省粮食生产影响最大的气象灾害是台风,其次是风雹,受一般强度和高强度台风影响最大的分别是稻谷和小麦,而受一般强度和高强度风雹影响最大的分别是玉米和小麦;3气象灾害受灾率和成灾率每变动1%,福建省粮食单产分别变动6.35%和21.56%。稻谷、玉米、薯类、大豆均对一般强度旱灾和高强度风雹最为敏感,其中又分别以薯类和玉米为最,仅有小麦对一般强度和高强度的霜冻最为敏感。     

贺兰山东麓春季最低气温和霜冻精细化格点预报产品的检验

为了满足本地实际业务和服务需求,利用0.125°×0.125°欧洲中期天气预报中心ECMWF模式逐3 h最低气温预报产品和1 km×1 km逐时气温格点实况场资料,使用三种Kalman滤波方法订正贺兰山东麓144 h内逐3 h最低气温和霜冻1 km×1 km的格点预报,并对比检验订正前后四种产品的预报效果,检验结果表明:经过Kalman滤波方法订正后,贺兰山东麓最低气温预报误差和霜冻预报准确率及稳定性明显提高,三种Kalman滤波方法的平均绝对误差分别较ECMWF降低了0.76℃、1.04℃和1.12℃,霜冻预报准确率提高了3.2%、3.9%和5.3%;三种Kalman滤波方法对于1 400 m以上的高海拔山区订正效果显著,误差降低了2～5℃,霜冻预报准确率提高了10%～30%,且海拔越高,订正效果越明显,而对于1 200 m以下的低海拔平原地区,由于ECMWF模式预报效果较好,订正能力有限;相较而言,最优集成Kalman方法的订正效果最好。     

防屈曲支撑钢框架模块装配式结构及其抗震性能分析∗

防屈曲支撑是一种兼具承载和耗能的抗侧力构件,相比于普通支撑,具有耗能稳定且延性好的优点,在模块化结构中,防屈曲支撑可作为模块内单元,通过带防屈曲支撑模块单元装配的方式形成防屈曲支撑钢框架模块结构。提出了防屈曲支撑钢框架模块装配结构体系、防屈曲支撑在模块化结构中的设计要求以及结构体系设计方法,并以 20 层住宅楼为例进行设计,包括典型高层住宅及其模块划分及结构在小震和大震下的抗震性能进行分析。 反应谱分析结果表明：设计的模块化结构能满足规范对结构的各项要求。对布置了普通支撑与等刚度防屈曲支撑的模块化结构进行了静力弹塑性分析,静力弹塑性分析结果表明：在 8 度罕遇地震下,普通支撑结构部分支撑发生屈曲破环,布置等刚度的防屈曲支撑框架只有第二层出现塑性铰,结构能够经受 8 度罕遇地震的考验,防屈曲框架结构的初始刚度与普通框架结构一致,但极限承载力明显大于普通支撑框架结构;防屈曲支撑较普通支撑能显著提高模块化结构的承载力,且能率先屈服发挥耗能作用,保护主体结构安全,符合双重抗侧力体系的原则,防屈曲支撑钢框架模块装配式结构体系具有优越的抗震性能,有很好的应用前景。     

30年来我国农业气象灾害变化趋势和分布特征

利用1979-2008年的统计数据分析了我国近30年来农业气象灾害的时间变化趋势和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)1979-2008期间,我国农业气象灾害的灾情日趋严重,农业气象灾害总成灾面积和成灾比率都呈增加趋势;各类灾害中,旱灾和霜冻成灾面积和成灾比率呈增加趋势,风雹成灾面积和成灾比率变化不大呈略微下降趋势,而1989-1998年段水灾严重。(2)旱灾成灾面积在总成灾面积中所占比例最大(约占总成灾面积的1/2),其次是水灾(约占总成灾面积的1/4),再次是风雹,而霜冻成灾面积最小。(3)在区域分布方面,旱灾灾情华北地区最为严重,其次是东北,再次是西北;水灾和旱灾的轻重程度往往是一个此消彼长的关系,华中的水灾最严重,其次为华东、华南和西南;风雹灾情的轻重程度在我国的分布也有较强的区域性,华北、西北和东北是风雹的重灾区;霜冻分布各区域差异较小,西北和华中的灾情相对较重。     

对防电磁脉冲屏蔽室与隔震地板关系的看法

一、防电磁脉冲和隔震设计的要求:(一)、防电磁脉冲设计的要求:根据有关要求:所有防护工程中的指挥所工程都必须考虑防电磁脉冲。依据各种不同类型的设备对电磁脉冲的敏感程度,防护工程的指挥所工程内的敏感设备房间按要求分为:抗干扰的I级屏蔽房间和抗毁伤的II级屏蔽房间。I级屏蔽房间采用2mm的厚屏蔽钢板制作的焊接钢板屏蔽室(一般由专业厂家生产);II级屏蔽房间为简易屏蔽室,采用内贴镀锌钢板(厚0.75mm),进行屏蔽。(二)、隔震设计的要求:根据有关规定:当人员、设备、仪器等在遭受核武器空中爆炸袭击时,承受的爆炸震动加速度超过其容许值时,应采取隔震措施。     

钢铅组合防屈曲支撑的滞回性能与参数研究

为简化防屈曲支撑的加工工艺,提高防屈曲支撑的初始刚度和在小变形下的耗能能力,基于现有防屈曲支撑在截面形式与构造方式上的特点,提出了一种新型钢铅组合防屈曲支撑并进行了构造设计。通过有限元数值模拟,分析了钢铅组合防屈曲支撑的耗能特性与效果,建立了恢复力简化模型,并根据理想弹塑性材料本构关系推导出滞回规则。通过对不同设计参数的理论分析和数值模拟,分析了钢铅屈服力比、铅剪切面长宽比、核心段宽厚比和耗能段长度等参数对防屈曲支撑滞回性能的影响。研究结果表明,钢铅组合防屈曲支撑能够提供较大的抗侧刚度,耗能效果良好,加工工艺简单,适合工程应用。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.