太阳黑子活动对武汉交通事故的影响

本文运用医学地理学、医学气象学及医学磁学等新兴交叉学科的基本原理,分析武汉市36a来机动车辆交通事故与太阳黑子相对数的相关关系。结果表明:二者之间既有11a周期的正相关变化规律,又有22a周期的负相关变化规律。并对太阳黑子活动影响交通事故发生的可能机理进行了初讨。     

中国交通事故与太阳黑子周期关系浅析

近年来,随着经济和交通运输业的发展,交通事故也越来越多。交通事故固然与人类的活动密切相关,但同时也受到太阳活动的影响。根据1955-2008年50多年间的太阳黑子数和中国交通事故的有关资料,用动态变化和相关系数r比较等方法对二者之间的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明:中国交通事故的发生及死亡人数与太阳黑子活动的11年周期和22年周期之间存在明显的相关关系。     

太阳黑子与气象灾害

众所周知,地球的最外层是大气层,人类和地球上其他生命体都依赖着这个大气层生存。由于大气层正常或异常的活动而对人类的生命财产和国民经济建设造成直接或简接的危害,我们称之为气象灾害。地球大气活动并非是造成气象灾害的唯一原因。在远离我们地球14960万公里的太阳上,太阳黑子的活动也是地球气象灾害的成因之一。目前人类还没有能力防御太阳黑子的异常活动所造成的气象灾害,然而,人类可以研究太阳黑子活动与气象灾害的内在联系,掌握其中的规律。什么是太阳黑子呢?所谓太阳黑子实际上是在地球上通过仪器观察到的,     

1951-2012年西安地区旱涝灾害演变特征及其与多事件的相关性研究

旱涝灾害演变规律的研究对区域灾害预警与应对意义重大。基于西安地区1951-2012年近62年的实测降雨量资料,用Z指数法判定其旱涝等级,结合频率分析法、滑动平均法、小波分析法研究了旱涝灾害的演变规律,在此基础上探讨了气温变化、太阳黑子数与ENSO事件对西安地区旱涝灾害的影响。结果表明:62年来西安地区旱涝灾害发生频繁,"旱涝并存、旱涝急转"现象明显,且旱涝灾害往往交替发生。旱涝灾害演变在全时间尺度上存在5~7年和53年的显著周期,且呈暖湿化的趋势。旱涝灾害的演变与太阳黑子数目、ENSO事件强度均呈正相关关系,且太阳黑子的极大、极小值年份前后和ENSO事件发生年份是旱涝灾害多发年份。     

青藏高原强震活动诱发因素研究

印度板块-欧亚板块碰撞导致的构造应力累积是引发青藏高原地震的动力机制,但地震是开放系统的产物,通过对青藏高原强震发震时间与太阳黑子活动周期、白赤交角变化周期、高原冰川消融时间呼应关系的分析,探讨了青藏高原近期的强震活动幕和特大地震活动趋势。研究结果表明,强震的发震时间大多处于太阳黑子数量由峰值到谷值的转化阶段和白赤交角由极大值至极小值的相位时段;冰川消融对地壳表层负载平衡的破坏作用导致青藏高原最近5次8.0级以上强震中除1950年察隅地震之外其余的4次特大地震均发生于春夏之交和秋冬之交的冰雪冻融过渡时期。结合青藏高原地震的天文背景、地文因素及地震的空间位置迁移规律,预测2025-2032年青藏高原巴颜喀喇断块可能迎来一次地震活动丛集期,2025年前后在该次级断块偏西区域可能发生8.0级左右的特大地震。     

松花江干流洪水预测和影响评估及对策建议

根据历史数据,分析了松花江干流(哈尔滨段)水位变化的历史规律和典型洪水年洪水的成因,计算和分析了其与松花江、嫩江、二松流域面雨量的相关性,统计和分析了其与拉尼娜、厄尔尼诺、太阳黑子等的关系.利用方差周期和均生函数方法,建立了2004-2013年拉尼娜、厄尔尼诺、太阳黑子及松花江、嫩江、二松流域面雨量的预测方法,并进行了预测,建立了松花江干流(哈尔滨段)最高水位趋势的综合预测方法,得出了2004-2013年的预测值.提出了相应治理的对策建议.     

长江三角洲及其附近地区两千年来水灾的研究

通过对长江三角洲及其附近地区两千年来水灾生成频率和强度的分析。认为两晋、南北朝时期和南宋、元、明、清时期是两千年来本区的主要水灾期。对照两千年来中国东部气候变化、海面升降与长江口河道变迁关系,认为在本区水灾生成事件中,气候因素起着主导控制作用。当然,人类活动对本区水灾生成的影响也不容忽视。本地区近百年来的旱涝灾害规律可用非线性科学的方法进行研究,旱涝灾害的准60年、准35年和准11年的长周期变化与地球自转速度、地极移动和太阳黑子活动的3个周期变化基本一致。本地区气候系统的行为具有混沌特征。这是线性逼近和周期叠加预报方法难以得出灾害预报正确结果的原因,但气候系统半个月的确定性预测可以实现。     

陕西省农作物病虫害与气候变化的关系分析

分析了陕西省降水、气温变化以及厄尔尼诺事件、拉尼娜事件、太阳黑子活动与农作物病虫害的关系，认为：陕西省农作物病虫害与气温变化存在显著的正相关关系；气候条件是病虫害发生或流行的主要控制因子；厄尔尼诺事件、拉尼娜事件以及太阳黑子活动与农作物病虫害的发生或流行存在密切的关系。     

基于PDSI的渭河流域干旱变化特征

根据渭河流域的气候特征与地理位置,利用该流域1961-2008年21个气象站的气象资料,重新修正了Palmer干旱指数,并利用Mann-Kendall检验以及Morlet小波分析方法计算分析了PDSI的变化特征。结果表明:渭河流域有较显著的变干趋势;有北部较南部干旱,西部较东部干旱的空间变化特征;泾河是最容易发生干旱的地区,且干旱的程度最为严重;时间上,秋季发生干旱的可能性大;小波分析表明渭河流域大约有22年左右的干湿变换周期,与太阳黑子磁性活动周期一致。     

陕西关中近40年春季旱涝分析

对关中近４０ａ６站３～４月降水量进行了标准旱涝等级分析和谐波分析，得出风调雨顺年份少，旱涝年份多，有２～３ａ及２０ａ的显著周期。研究发现埃尔尼诺、太阳黑子相对数、西太平洋副高综合指数与旱涝变化规律有很好的对应关系，并有很高的相关系数。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

Epidemiology of tornado destruction in rural northern Bangladesh: risk factors for death and injury

The epidemiology of tornado-related disasters in the developing world is poorly understood. An August 2005 post-tornado cohort study in rural Bangladesh identified elevated levels of death and injury among the elderly (≥ 60 years of age) (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 8.9 (95 per cent confidence interval (CI): 3.9-20.2) and AOR = 1.6 (95 per cent CI: 1.4-1.8), respectively), as compared to 15-24 year-olds, and among those outdoors versus indoors during the tornado (AOR = 10.4 (95 per cent CI: 5.5-19.9) and AOR = 6.6 (95 per cent CI: 5.8-7.5), respectively). Females were 1.24 times (95 per cent CI: 1.15-1.33) more likely to be injured than males. Elevated risk of injury was significantly associated with structural damage to the house and tin construction materials. Seeking treatment was protective against death among the injured, odds ratio = 0.08 (95 per cent CI: 0.03-0.21). Further research is needed to develop injury prevention strategies and to address disparities in risk between age groups and between men and women.     

Risk and the neoliberal state: why post-Mitch lessons didn't reduce El Salvador's earthquake losses

Although El Salvador suffered light losses from Hurricane Mitch in 1998, it benefited from the increased international aid and encouragement for advance planning, especially mitigation and prevention interventions. Thus, one would have supposed, El Salvador would have been in a very advantageous position, able more easily than its economically crippled neighbours, Honduras and Nicaragua, to implement the 'lessons of Mitch'. A review of the recovery plan tabled by the El Salvador government following the earthquakes of early 2001 shows that despite the rhetoric in favour of 'learning the lessons of Mitch', very little mitigation and prevention had actually been put in place between the hurricane (1998) and the earthquakes (2001). The recovery plan is analysed in terms of the degree to which it deals with root causes of disaster vulnerability, namely, the economic and political marginality of much of the population and environmental degradation. An explanation for the failure to implement mitigation and preventive actions is traced to the adherence by the government of El Salvador to an extreme form of neoliberal, free market ideology, and the deep fissures and mistrust in a country that follow a long and bloody civil war.