白醋废水制备微生物絮凝剂的响应面法优化及其对造纸废水的处理

以选取微生物絮凝剂的廉价培养基为研究目的,从活性污泥中筛选微生物絮凝剂产生菌,选取白醋废水为廉价培养基代替发酵培养基对菌种进行培养,通过单因素培养条件优化,考察了不同体积分数废水、外加碳源、外加氮源、培养时间和pH值对微生物絮凝剂产生菌的絮凝率的影响,通过P-B筛选与响应面分析相结合用于优化白醋培养基培养条件,并对实际造纸废水进行处理研究。实验结果表明,经过预处理灭菌后,单独以白醋废水作为廉价培养基,最适条件为体积分数80%、转速140 r·min~(-1)、培养时间48 h、温度32℃、pH 6.88、磷酸氢二钾4.08 g·L~(-1)、氯化铵2.39 g·L~(-1),并对造纸废水加以处理,絮凝率达96.77%,COD去除率56.13%,色度去除率95.60%。因此,利用白醋废水作为微生物絮凝剂的替代培养基是完全可行的,并且可以用于实际废水的处理,达到以废治废的目的。     

一株产絮凝剂的黑曲霉的分离及培养条件优化

从活性污泥中筛选出一株产絮凝剂的霉菌,初步鉴定为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger).其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液具有良好的絮凝作用.通过培养条件优化,其所产生的微生物絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝率从85.6%提高到98.7%,实验结果表明,(1)黑曲霉孢子最佳接种量为9.33×108 个/L;(2)产絮凝剂适宜的碳源为蔗糖,氮源为尿素,用量分别为30.00、1.600 g/L;(3)最佳培养条件为:查氏液体培养基初始pH 7.0,培养温度30℃,摇床转速180 r/min,培养时间120 h;(4)在最佳培养条件下微生物絮凝剂的产量为1.805 g/L;(5)絮凝性能比较结果表明,微生物絮凝剂的絮凝性能优于传统絮凝剂.     

活性污泥洗涤净化餐饮油烟VOCs及其生物降解过程

将活性污泥驯化25d后,考察了其性能及其在洗涤净化餐饮油烟VOCs过程中气液组成与微生物群落的变化.结果表明:驯化后活性污泥的MLSS稳定在3.10g·L-1,MLVSS稳定在1.60～1.90g·L-1,SV、SVI分别稳定在35％和120 mL·g-1;在此条件下,洗涤净化系统对油烟的洗涤效率稳定在85％;系统对油...     

青霉菌HHE-P7利用酱油废水产生微生物絮凝剂的研究

研究了微生物絮凝剂产生菌HHE-P7在酱油废水中产生微生物絮凝剂的絮凝特性.实验表明,酱油废水由于碳源丰富,是一种良好的培养基.HHE-P7菌最佳培养条件为:COD 20 000 mg/L,K2HPO41.0 g/L,培养3 d.最佳絮凝条件为在1 L高岭土水中投加10～15 mL微生物絮凝剂(MBF7),pH调至9,则絮凝率为90%以上;微生物絮凝剂在水系中主要起吸附架桥的作用.     

MBFX-8/磁性Fe_3O_4@CMC复合絮凝剂的制备及对Cu~(2+)的去除

以微生物絮凝剂MBFX-8、羧甲基壳聚糖CMC和磁性Fe_3O_4为原料,制备了新型MBFX-8/磁性Fe_3O_4@CMC复合絮凝剂。采用FTIR和XRD对新型复合絮凝剂进行表征。结果表明,羧甲基壳聚糖(CMC)已成功接枝在Fe_3O_4纳米粒子表面,而且MBFX-8也顺利掺入复合絮凝剂中。考察了MBFX-8与Fe_3O_4@CMC的质量比、p H、絮凝剂投加量和静置反应时间对Cu~(2+)去除性能的影响。MBFX-8与Fe_3O_4@CMC的质量比为1∶5时,复合絮凝剂对Cu~(2+)的去除率最好。复合絮凝剂对Cu~(2+)的去除效果与溶液初始p H以及静置反应时间正相关,而与其投加量的增加呈先提高后降低的趋势。当溶液初始p H值为6.5,复合絮凝剂投加量为5 g·L-1,静置反应时间为3 h时,得到最优的Cu~(2+)去除效果,达98.9%。     

微生物絮凝剂的应用

介绍了微生物絮凝剂的优点及絮凝剂产生菌，并从其絮凝机理与实际应用情况阐述了微生物絮凝剂的未来发展前景。     

微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝复配处理污水厂二级出水

探讨了微生物絮凝剂处理二级出水过程中投加量和pH值对溶解性有机碳和浊度处理效果的影响,及将微生物絮凝剂与聚合氯化铝按不同比例复配后的去除效果及pH值对最佳投药量下去除效果的影响。并使用三维荧光光谱(3DEEM)分析了不同种类的絮凝剂在去除水中溶解性有机物(DOM)时的差别。实验结果表明:微生物絮凝剂的最佳投药量为20 mg·L~(-1),最适pH值为7.5,此时TOC去除率为17%,浊度去除率为45%。最佳复配投药量为微生物絮凝剂10mg·L~(-1)聚合氯化铝20 mg·L~(-1),最适pH值为7,此时TOC去除率为33%,浊度去除率为51%。复配使用对腐殖质有很好的去除效果。     

微生物絮凝剂研究与应用进展

本文论述了微生物絮凝剂开发应用的必要性,介绍了微生物絮凝剂的种类和研究概况,分析了微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理及其影响因素,列举了微生物絮凝剂的应用实例,认为今后微生物絮凝剂在环境污染治理中、特别是在回收废水中有益物质的过程中将占据重要地位。     

中国微生物絮凝剂的生产研究现状

微生物絮凝剂具有降解性能好、应用广泛、成本低、操作简单及不会导致二次污染等优点,正日益引起人们的广泛重视.综述了微生物絮凝剂的开发研究状况,系统介绍了微生物絮凝剂的培养条件、产絮凝微生物生长的影响因素以及中国目前利用废水生产微生物絮凝剂的现状,并指出了微生物絮凝剂生产的现存问题和发展方向.     

微生物絮凝剂制备的研究新进展

微生物絮凝剂具有高效、无毒、无二次污染等特点,是一种具有良好应用前景的天然有机高分子絮凝剂。然而,微生物絮凝剂的高制备成本限制了其推广应用。降低生产成本已成为微生物絮凝剂工业化制备过程中亟需解决的问题。在分析微生物絮凝剂制备成本偏高原因的基础上,系统介绍了近年来国内外关于微生物絮凝剂制备的最新进展,包括利用复合菌群产微生物絮凝剂、利用廉价替代培养基制备微生物絮凝剂和利用剩余污泥制备微生物絮凝剂等;针对现有研究的不足,展望了微生物絮凝剂制备的发展趋势。     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

How the loss of forest fauna undermines the achievement of the SDGs

The human-driven loss of biodiversity has numerous ecological, social, and economic impacts at the local and global levels, threatening important ecological functions and jeopardizing human well-being. In this perspective, we present an overview of how tropical defaunation—defined as the disappearance of fauna as a result of anthropogenic drivers such as hunting and habitat alteration in tropical forest ecosystems—is interlinked with four selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss tropical defaunation related to nutrition and zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). We propose a range of options on how to study defaunation in future research and how to address the ongoing tropical defaunation crisis, including but not limited to recent insights from policy, conservation management, and development practice.     

The Governance of the Mitigation of the Baltic Sea Eutrophication: Exploring the Challenges of the Formal Governing System

This article focuses on the governing system of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. Policies and measures of the Baltic Sea coastal countries, the macro--regional (HELCOM) level, and the level of the European Union are described and governance challenges explicated. We found that the main challenges at different governance levels include: differences between coastal countries in terms of environmental conditions including environmental awareness, overlaps of policies between different levels, the lack of adequate spatial and temporal specification of policies, and the lack of policy integration. To help to meet these challenges, we suggest closer involvement of stakeholders and the public, the improvement of the interplay of institutions, and the introduction of a “primus motor” for the governance of the mitigation of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.     

Industrial plastic on the southern beaches of the Arabian Gulf and the western beaches of the Gulf of Oman

The increasing production and use of plastic in the Arabian Gulf combined with shipping and waste disposal practices, have increased the concentration of plastic particles on the sea's surface and beaches. The objective of this investigation was to provide an assessment of the abundance, distribution, potential sources and significance of industrial plastic on the western beaches of the United Arab Emirates on the Arabian Gulf and on the eastern beaches on the Gulf of Oman. The abundance of stranded plastic pellets was highly uneven. By early 1992 alarming levels of fresh plastic pellets were noticed on the Arabian Gulf beaches of the UAE. Large numbers of 25 kg sacks of white plastic spherules manufactured by (SABIC) in Jubail, Saudi Arabia were washed ashore. When compared to the west coast on the Arabian Gulf, the east coast on the Gulf of Oman exhibited much lower levels of plastic pellets. When compared to other parts of the world, the beaches of the UAE on the Arabian Gulf are considered to be heavily polluted with industrial plastic.     

Effect of the pesticide lindane on the biomass of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata

This study assesses the growth of the microalgae Nannochloris oculata in the presence of lindane and the ability of N. oculata to remove lindane from media. Algal biomass increased with 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 of lindane, and lindane concentrations in the media decreased. N. oculata removed 73% and 68.2% of lindane in the 0.1 and 0.5 mg L^?1 media concentrations, respectively. Algal biomass decreased to the level of the control at lindane concentrations greater than 2.5 mg L^?1, probably due to toxicity. N. oculata removed lindane from the media at concentrations lower than 1.0 mg L^?1. Thus, N. oculata may be useful for lindane bioremediation in contaminated aquatic systems.     

Assessment of the effects of the carbamazepine on the endogenous endocrine system of Daphnia magna

In the present study, the endocrine activity of the antiepileptic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) in the crustacean Daphnia magna was assessed. To assess the hormonal activity of the drug, we exposed maternal daphnids and embryos to environmental relevant concentrations of CBZ (ranging from 10 to 200 μg/L) and to mixtures of CBZ with fenoxycarb (FEN; 1 μg/L). Chronic exposure to CBZ significantly decreased the reproductive output and the number of molts of D. magna at 200 μg/L. This compound induced the production of male offspring (12?±?1.7 %), in a non-concentration-dependent manner, acting as a weak juvenile hormone analog. Results showed that this substance, at tested concentrations, did not antagonize the juvenoid action of FEN. Further, CBZ has shown to be toxic to daphnid embryos through maternal exposure interfering with their normal gastrulation and organogenesis stages but not producing direct embryo toxicity. These findings suggest that CBZ could act as an endocrine disruptor in D. magna as it decreases the reproductive output, interferes with sex determination, and causes development abnormality in offspring. Therefore, CBZ could directly affect the population sustainability.

     

Influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil

A study was made of the influence of the application of sewage sludge on the degradation of pesticides in the soil. Two kinds of sludge were used, with different characteristics, one from an urban treatment plant and one from a food processing plant. Three organophosphorus insecticides, fenitrothion, diazinon and dimethoate, were studied. The relative importance was determined of the chemical and biological degradation processes, which involved experiments on soil and sterile soil samples. A comparative study was also made of the degradation of pesticide residues and the evolution of the microbial population. The application of sludge seems to have a complex effect on the degradation of pesticides, determined by the bioavailability and biodegradability of their active ingredient. The biodegradation of pesticide residues brings about alterations in the microorganism population of the soil.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.     

党的执政能力建设与环境保护——学习十六届四中全会决定的体会

阐述了环境保护与党的执政能力建设的内在联系。论述了加强环境保护是增强“党的领导能力”的题中之意；加强环境保护是“坚持把发展作为党执政兴国的第一要务，不断提高驾驭社会主义市场经济的能力”的重要内容；环境保护关系到社会和谐与国家安全。环境保护工作者应全面分析和妥善应对来自各方面的机遇和挑战，促使环境发展矛盾由“两难”向“双赢”转化，走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展之路。