两种不同基质的垂直潜流人工湿地对尾水的处理效果研究

为提高人工湿地对污水处理厂尾水的处理效率,采用以黄铁矿和砾石为基质的两种垂直潜流人工湿地处理武汉某污水处理厂尾水,研究了不同水力负荷下人工湿地去除污染物的效果,并分析了基质的微生物群落结构。结果表明,在低水力负荷(0.4～0.7 m³/(m²·d))下,两种人工湿地对尾水化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、NO^-₃和总磷(TP)具有较好的去除效果;在高水力负荷(1.0～1.3 m³/(m²·d))下,对氨氮去除效果较好。黄铁矿人工湿地对尾水COD、TN、NO^-₃和TP的去除效果好于砾石,分析基质微生物发现,黄铁矿人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和硫氧化菌属(Sulfurifustis),相对丰度分别为16.68%和4.62%,且硫杆菌属具有提高磷去除能力的功能;而砾石人工湿地中反硝化脱氮菌属主要为类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter),相对丰度为4.56%,采用黄铁矿为基质...     

ABR-MBR工艺反硝化除磷微生物群落特征分析

为了揭示ABR-MBR组合工艺中反硝化除磷微生物种群演替规律,采用Miseq高通量测序技术考察了该工艺在不同运行阶段除磷功能区的微生物群落结构。结果表明,硝化液回流比逐步从150%提升至300%可促进反硝化除磷菌大量富集,促进系统的启动和稳定运行;系统在运行过程中始终保持较高的微生物多样性;优势微生物种群均以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主,最大丰度分别为55.13%和7.76%,且变形菌门功能性微生物主要集中在γ-变形菌纲(Gamaproteobacteria);功能性除磷菌属主要为气单胞菌属(Aeromonas),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium);其中在逐步提升硝化液回流比过程中气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)被大量富集,其在γ-变形菌纲(Gamaproteobacteria)的相对丰度由5.30%上升至41.49%并在系统后续运行中维持主导地位。系统除磷效果与功能性除磷微生物相对丰度的变化密切相关。系统中微生物种群的多样性和功能微生物的结构稳定性为ABR-MBR工艺的稳定运行和高效处理提供了保证。     

基于宏基因组学的亚硝酸盐氧化菌属的新陈代谢功能分析

为探究亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的菌群结构及其新陈代谢功能特性,在富集NOB菌属的基础上,基于宏基因组学技术探究了富集活性污泥系统内NOB微生物种群结构、相互作用关系、氮转化相关功能基因及蛋白质功能特性.结果表明,Nitrobacter为富集后活性污泥系统中最优势菌属,相对丰度为37.8％.微生物菌种之间表现出各种错综复...     

新型生物强化A2/O系统在苯胺废水处理中的应用

针对常规A~2/O系统中污泥菌群泥龄不平衡、易受有毒物质毒害而难以有效处理苯胺类废水的问题,采用经驯化并固定的包埋菌对A~2/O系统进行强化。考察了常规A~2/O系统和生物强化A~2/O系统对氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、总氮(TN)、化学需氧量(COD)的去除效能,且研究了强化前后系统微生物的响应情况。结果表明:随着常规A~2/O系统随进水中苯胺组分的提高,脱氮能力明显下降,TN去除率由76.46%下降到34.28%,NH_4~+-N去除率由97.63%下降到31.82%;在包埋菌强化后,A~2/O系统TN和NH_4~+-N去除率分别恢复至73.09%和93.30%,同时能有效处理60 mg·L~(-1)苯胺。污泥微生物响应结果显示,生物强化A~2/O系统中活性污泥的比好氧呼吸速率(SOUR)和胞外聚合物(EPS)含量明显上升,说明污泥活性增强,抵御有毒物质能力提高。污泥微生物在属水平上,Zoogloea(动胶菌属)、Flavobacterium(黄杆菌属)和Brevundimonas(短波单胞菌属)等具有硝化和反硝化功能的菌属在强化后的相对丰度增加,这表明系统脱氮能力得到增强。生物强化A~2/O系统实现了苯胺类工业废水的有效处理,可为工程应用提供参考。     

常温下ABR处理低浓度废水性能及污泥特性

研究了常温(17~25℃)下4隔室厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理低浓度废水的运行效果及污泥特性。在水力停留时间(HRT)为24 h,进水COD浓度为1 500、1 000和500 mg/L左右时,平均COD去除率分别为94%、93%和87%。进水COD浓度保持在500 mg/L左右,将HRT降为12 h和8 h,COD的去除率仍达到83%以上。厌氧污泥性质测定结果表明,最后隔室中的污泥浓度、颗粒化程度及产甲烷活性与其他隔室相比明显较低,说明低浓度进水对最后隔室厌氧污泥的性质影响较大。颗粒污泥扫描电镜观察显示,各隔室颗粒污泥内部微生物组成差异较大,第1隔室颗粒污泥以产甲烷球菌为主,第2隔室颗粒污泥中没有明显的优势菌,但杆状菌比第1隔室明显较多,第3、4隔室颗粒污泥中以索氏甲烷丝菌为优势菌。     

内源过氧化氢（H2O2）对Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ降解羽毛

过氧化氢为好氧微生物代谢的中间产物。本研究考察了Stenotrophomonas maltophilia DHHJ代谢H2O2规律及体内外过氧化氢对酶降解羽毛的促进作用,该菌与代谢相关酶SOD及CAT随发酵时间延长而增长。H2O2含量随培养时间延长而升高,84 h后可达71μg/mL。该菌也可在低浓度下提高酶对羽毛的降解效率,在含量0.015%,即150μg/mL时,可将降解率从17%提高到25%以上。结果为微生物降解羽毛机理研究提供一条新的线索,同时也可为羽毛生物炼制产业化应用提供新思路。     

长/短HRT交替运行的农村污水AAO工艺溶解氧调控策略

农村污水瞬时排水的水量波动会引起处理过程水力停留时间变化,直接导致系统污水处理效能不佳等问题。选取农村污水AAO污水处理系统,探明了长/短HRT交替运行下最优DO条件,以及HRT与DO的响应关系,并提出了适宜农村地区的污水处理最佳DO调控策略。结果表明,好氧区DO维持约在1 mg·L^-1,系统的污染物去除效能较好,出水COD、TN分别为14.88、10.15 mg·L^-1,对应去除率为92%、64%。HRT改变直接影响系统好氧区DO变化,通过调控不同HRT下的DO,在保证出水水质的前提下,可实曝气量降低73%,能耗降低67%。该研究结果对农村污水AAO污水处理系统优化运行和提质增效提供参考。     

固体碳源生物膜处理地下水硝酸盐污染的脱氮性能研究

采用聚己内酯(PCL)为固体碳源和生物膜载体,研究填充率和水力停留时间(HRT)对生物膜反应器脱氮的影响。结果表明:(1)40%(体积分数)的填充率较合适,4h为最佳HRT。此时反应器硝酸盐氮去除率为88%,出水硝酸盐氮质量浓度平均值为8.80mg/L。(2)丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas)、热单胞菌属(Thermomonas)、固氮螺菌属(Azospira)和长绳菌属(Longilinea)为反应器的主要菌属,且填充率40%的反应器以上菌属相对丰度总和最高(70%)。     

贫营养中药废水处理系统稳定性析因

云南某制药厂生产废水有机物浓度高、氮磷含量低(贫营养),但废水处理系统长期运行稳定,且处理效果好,COD和BOD的去除率均能达到90％以上.为揭示该贫营养污水处理系统长期高效稳定运行原因,分别从工艺运行和微生物学角度对该系统进行了全面分析.结果表明,该系统厌氧和好氧段氮磷含量低,TN、TP的质量浓度分别为9.68mg·L-1、1.17 mg.L-1和6.18 mg·L-1、0.25 mg·L-1;该系统好氧池和厌氧池中均发现了以降解有机物为主的优势菌属,好氧池比厌氧池具有更高的微生物丰富度和多样性.好氧池中主要菌属为Amaricoccus、Methylibium、Reyranella 和 Plasticicumulans4i 种.其中,丰度最高的Amaricoccus占比为8.03％,该菌属能在氮、磷营养受限的环境中增殖.厌氧池中的优势菌属为Geobacter、Paludibacter、Leptolinea和Syntrophomonas.其中,占比2.49％的Leptolinea为贫营养菌属.贫营养环境条件对微生物群落的生长施加了选择压,促进了贫营养菌的优势增长.这些优势菌在废水处理系统降解污染物的各个阶段分工合作,保障了该系统的稳定运行和良好的处理效果.     

运行方式对低基质厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮及菌群结构的影响

为了考察运行方式对厌氧氨氧化系统脱氮性能及菌群结构的影响,建立一套厌氧移动床生物膜反应器,在(25±1)℃恒温、低基质(TN≤60 mg·L~(-1))条件下,分别以连续式和间歇式方式运行,采用高通量测序,基于直系同源蛋白簇基因(COGs),对16S rRNA扩增子测序结果进行功能预测,来表征微生物菌群结构和微生物功能的变化。结果表明:系统总氮负荷为(227±13) mg·(L·d)~(-1)时,间歇式运行脱氮效率(90.6%)优于连续式运行效率(74.6%),生物膜厌氧氨氧化细菌的相对丰度高于悬浮污泥;反应器由连续式变为间歇式运行后,主要功能菌属Ca. Brocadia丰度降低,同时,具有部分反硝化作用的Pseudomonas菌丰度出现明显升高。进一步分析可知,在适量的有机物条件下,间歇式运行能够获得更好的厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同处理效果。本研究结果可为污水处理厂的实际运行提供参考。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.