黑藻对铅离子的生物吸附

研究了黑藻对Pb^2＋的生物吸附作用，考察了溶液pH、Pb^2＋初始质量浓度、黑藻加入量和吸附时间对吸附效果的影响。实验结果表明，溶液pH在2．5～5．0时吸附效果最好，吸附20min基本达到平衡。在溶液pH为4．0、黑藻加入量为2g／L、吸附时间为60min、Pb^2＋初始质量浓度为100mg／L的条件下，黑藻对Pb^2＋的吸附量为47．5mg／g。通过元素分析和等温吸附模型对黑藻吸附Pb^2＋的机理进行了研究，发现黑藻吸附Pb“是阳离子交换过程，吸附符合Langmuir、Freundlich和D—R等温吸附模型。考察了Cd^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋对黑藻吸附Pb^2＋的影响，结果表明，Cd^2＋、Cu^2＋和Ni^2＋的存在不干扰黑藻对Pb^2＋的吸附。     

沸石-壳聚糖吸附剂吸附废水中的Ni2+

采用沸石-壳聚糖吸附剂吸附废水中的Ni2＋。将粒径为180μm的天然沸石与脱乙酰度90％的壳聚糖混合，制成沸石一壳聚糖吸附剂。考察了沸石一壳聚糖吸附剂对模拟含镍废水中的Ni2＋静态吸附效果的影响因素。正交实验结果表明，在壳聚糖与天然沸石质量比为0．05、吸附剂加入量为14g/L、Ni2＋初始质量浓度为40mg／L、模拟含镍废水pH为6—7、吸附时间为40min的条件下，模拟含镍废水中Ni2＋去除率大于96％。对实际电镀含镍废水的动态吸附实验结果表明，NP的质量浓度由38．0mg／L减少到0．8mg／L，小于GB8978-96《污水综合排放标准》规定值（1．0mg／L）。     

Ca(OH)2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb2+废水

采用Ca（OH）2、高岭土与FeCl3组配处理含Pb^2＋废水。考察了Ca（OH）2加入量、高岭土加入量、FeCl3加入量、废水pH、搅拌转速、沉淀时间等因素对Pb^2＋去除率的影响。在Ca（OH）2加入量50mg／L、高岭土加入量90mg／L、FeCl3加入量13．2mg／L、废水pH7．0～8．0、搅拌转速170r／min、沉淀时间90min的条件下，该法可将废水中金属离子（包括Pb^2＋及少量的Zn^2＋，Cu^2＋,Cr^3＋，Ni^2＋）的质量浓度由42．4mg／L降至1．0mg／L以下，达到了GB18918--2002〈《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》。     

络合沉淀—Fenton试剂氧化法处理高浓度含氰废水

采用络合沉淀—Fenton试剂氧化法处理高浓度含氰废水。实验结果表明,在初始废水p H为9、曝气时间为20 min、搅拌时间为20 min、Fe SO4溶液加入量为1.62 m L/L、搅拌转速为40 r/min的络合沉淀反应条件下,在絮凝阶段废水p H为8、n(H2O2)∶n(Fe2+)=20的Fenton试剂氧化反应条件下,处理初始CN-质量浓度为450~550 mg/L的高浓度含氰废水,总CN-去除率达99.9%以上,剩余CN-质量浓度小于0.02 mg/L,COD为50~70 mg/L,BOD5小于20 mg/L,浊度小于0.5 NTU,悬浮物质量浓度小于10 mg/L,满足GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》的要求。     

粉煤灰基沸石分子筛对水中氨氮的吸附

以粉煤灰为原料,采用碱熔融-水热法制备了3种沸石分子筛,运用XRD、XRF、SEM和BET等手段进行了表征,并将分子筛用于吸附溶液中的氨氮,考察了影响氨氮吸附效果的主要因素、氨氮等温吸附特征和吸附动力学特征。结果表明：分子筛B(Na_20.8Al₂₃Si₃₆O₁₁₇·7.69 H₂O)对氨氮的吸附效果最佳,在初始氨氮质量浓度100 mg/L、分子筛B加入量2 g/L、初始溶液pH 7、吸附温度25℃、转速150 r/min的条件下,吸附60 min后,氨氮吸附量和去除率分别为40.61 mg/g和90%;4种阳离子对氨氮吸附效果的影响顺序依次为K⁺>Ca²⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺;分子筛B对氨氮的吸附为单分子层吸附,具有化学吸附的特征;分子筛B吸附氨氮的的最佳工艺条件为初始溶液pH 7、吸附温度45℃、初始氨氮质量浓度40 mg/L,在该条件下,氨氮去除率为93%。     

加拿大一枝黄花纤维素的改性及其对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

采用环氧氯丙烷和三甲胺对加拿大一枝黄花纤维素进行改性,改性后的加拿大一枝黄花纤维素对Cr(Ⅵ)具有一定的吸附作用.在改性加拿大一枝黄花纤维素加入量为3.2 g/L、吸附温度为40℃、吸附时间为240 min、溶液pH为2的条件下,对初始Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为20 mg/L的K2Cr2O7溶液进行吸附实验,Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量可达5.69 mg/g,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率为91％.动力学研究结果表明,改性加拿大一枝黄花纤维素对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附以液膜扩散为控制步骤,反应过程符合Boyd液膜扩散方程,相关系数达到0.995 47.     

核桃壳吸附剂对水中Pb~(2+)的吸附

采用自制核桃壳吸附剂,利用静态吸附法,处理模拟含Pb2+废水。实验结果表明:当初始Pb2+的质量浓度20.00 mg/L、初始废水pH=5.5、吸附剂加入量12 g/L、吸附剂粒径1.60~2.50 mm、吸附时间120 min时,核桃壳吸附剂对Pb2+的去除率为91.7%;吸附剂对Pb2+的吸附行为满足拟二级吸附动力学方程,吸附等温线满足Langmuir等温方程,饱和吸附量达到3.903 mg/g;吸附饱和的吸附剂可用浓度0.1 mol/L的硝酸解吸,经解吸后的吸附剂可重复利用3次。     

核桃壳吸附剂对水中Pb2+的吸附

采用自制核桃壳吸附剂，利用静态吸附法，处理模拟含Pb²⁺废水。实验结果表明：当初始Pb²⁺的质量浓度20.00 mg/L、初始废水pH=5.5、吸附剂加入量12 g/L、吸附剂粒径1.60~2.50 mm、吸附时间120 min时，核桃壳吸附剂对Pb²⁺的去除率为91.7%；吸附剂对Pb²⁺的吸附行为满足拟二级吸附动力学方程，吸附等温线满足Langmuir等温方程，饱和吸附量达到3.903 mg/g；吸附饱和的吸附剂可用浓度 0.1 mol/L的硝酸解吸，经解吸后的吸附剂可重复利用3次。     

竹炭对废水中Cu2+的吸附

探讨了竹炭粒径、加入量、溶液 pH、吸附时间、Cu2+初始质量浓度等因素对竹炭吸附 Cu2+效果的影响.实验结果表明:竹炭对废水中Cu2+有很好的吸附效果,当竹炭粒径小于0.15 mm、加入量为 16 g/L、溶液 pH 为 6.0、Cu2+初始质量浓度 25 mg/L、吸附时间为 1.5 h 时,竹炭对 Cu2+的去...     

炭化核桃壳对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

制备了炭化核桃壳,采用SEM,EDX,FTIR等方法对炭化核桃壳进行了表征,研究了炭化核桃壳对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附效果。表征结果显示,炭化后的核桃壳为片状结构,且形成了大量的微孔,微孔数量的增加使得核桃壳的比表面积明显增大。实验结果表明,炭化核桃壳吸附处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的最佳工艺条件为:初始废水pH 2.0、炭化核桃壳加入量16 g/L、吸附温度25℃、转速150 r/min、吸附时间180 min,在此最佳工艺条件下吸附处理Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度为20 mg/L废水,Cr(Ⅵ)去除率高达98.7%,最大吸附量为8.731 mg/g。Langmuir吸附等温模型可更好地描述炭化核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程,吸附属于单分子层吸附。拟二级动力学方程能更好地描述炭化核桃壳对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为,此吸附过程以化学吸附为主控步骤。     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Programs assessing implementation and effectiveness of state forest practice rules and BMPs in the West

The major forest nonpoint source control programs in the West are largely regulatory, either under forest practices acts (California, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington) or a streamside management act (Montana). These programs and the specific rules they enforce continue to undergo intensive scrutiny. Still, the questions are the same for these regulatory programs as for states that base nonpoint source control on voluntary BMPs (Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming). Are the rules or BMPs being applied, and are they effective in reducing nonpoint source pollution to levels that protect beneficial uses of water? The level of debate about forestry in the West has resulted in detailed monitoring and research to answer these questions. In the past, state agencies have assumed levels of BMP compliance based on the percent of operations without enforcement actions. These estimates are being replaced by statistically valid and reproducible monitoring of forest practices rules and BMP compliance levels. BMP effectiveness is being assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. This can involve field assessments, process-based research, and control watershed studies. Some trend monitoring is also beginning. With the regional implementation rate for forestry BMPs at about 94% and rising, it is likely that effectiveness testing will continue to be a priority and consume the majority of assessment resources for this region.     

Hysteresis in Reversal of Central European Mountain Lakes from Atmospheric Acidification

Extremely high emissions of S and N compounds in Central Europe (both 280 mmol m^-2 yr^-1) declined by 70and 35%, respectively, during the last decade. Decreaseddeposition rates of SO₄ ^-2, NO₃ ^-, and NH₄ ⁺ in the region paralleled emission declines. The reduction in atmospheric inputs of S and N to mountain ecosystemshas resulted in a pronounced reversal of acidification in the Tatra Mountains and Bohemian Forest lakes. Between the 1987–1990and 1997–1999 periods, concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- decreased (average ± standard deviation) by 22±7 and 12±7 mol L^-1, respectively, in theTatra Mountains, and by 19±7 and 15±10 mol L^-1, respectively, in the Bohemian Forest. Their decrease was compensated in part (1) by a decrease in Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (17±7 mol L^-1) and H⁺ (4±6 mol L^-1), and an increase in HCO₃ ^-(10±10 mol L^-1) in the Tatra Mountains lakes, and (2) by a decrease in Al (7±4 mol L^-1), Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ (9±6 mol L^-1), and H⁺ (6±5 mol L^-1), in Bohemian Forest lakes. Despite the rapid decline in lake water concentrations of SO₄ ^-2 and NO₃ ^- in response to reduced S and N emissions, their present concentrations in some lakes are higher than predictionsbased on observed concentrations at comparable emission rates during development of acidification. This hysteresis in chemical reversal from acidification has delayed biological recovery of the lakes. The only unequivocal sign of biological recovery hasbeen observed in erné Lake (Bohemian Forest) where a cladoceran species Ceriodaphnia quadrangular has recentlyreached its pre-acidification abundance.     

Reconstruction of Long-Term Changes in Lake water Chemistry,Zooplankton and Benthos of a Small,Acidified High-Mountain Lake: Magic Modelling and Palaeolimnogical Analysis

Starolesnianske pleso is a small and shallow acid lake in the High Tatra Mountains, situated at 2000 m above sea level, on granitic bedrock, with sparse and thin soil cover. When detailed measurements began in the 1980s Starolesnianske pleso had pH below 5 and only one species of cladoceran zooplankton, the ubiquitous Chydorus sphaericusPalaeolimnological investigations show changes in cladoceran zooplankton and chironomid zoobenthic assemblages since about 1920 and a major change in 1970–1980. The dynamic acidification model MAGIC was used to reconstruct changes in water chemistry over the past 150 years. The results from MAGIC agree well with the sediment record; pH levels gradually decreased from 6.5 in the mid-1800s to about 5.6 in 1920 (first response in biota) to below 5.0 by 1970, and concentrations of inorganic aluminium rose dramatically beginning about 1960. In the 1990s the lake water chemistry showed clear signs of reversal in acidification brought about by a major decline in S deposition.     

Heavy Metals Removal by Biosorption and Flotation

The removal of a mixture of heavy (toxic) metal cations (copper, nickeland zinc) from liquid effluents was investigated in this study at pilotscale, using counter-current contact mode. The innovative processinvolved the abstraction of metal ions onto fungal biosorbents, followedby the application of flotation for the subsequent solid/liquid separationof biomass particles. The ability of microorganisms to remove metal ionsfrom aqueous solutions is a well-known phenomenon. Nevertheless,engineering considerations are very important in decisions, concerningthe commercial future of biosorption and practical solutions are neededfor certain problems, such as the efficient post-separation ofmetal-loaded biomass. The two processes (flotation and biosorption) caneffectively operate in combination, in what it was termed biosorptiveflotation process. The sorbents may be recycled, after appropriate elutionof metals, as well as the treated (clean) water.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

四氮唑废水处理工艺设计

高浓度、高盐分的四氮唑生产废水通过三效蒸发浓缩，馏出液经铁炭氧微电解和混凝预处理，再采用水解酸化一接触氧化一反应二沉主体组合工艺进行处理。研究了该工艺所需构筑物和设备的设计与选型。该工艺在正常运行条件下，处理后出水pH6～9，COD 302mg／L，BOD5 108mg／L，SS30mg／L，色度36倍，水质达到GB8978--1996（污水综合排放标准》三级标准。     

Application of Cellulose Microfibrils in Polymer Nanocomposites

Cellulose microfibrils obtained by the acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers were added at low concentrations (2–10% w/w) to polymer gels and films as reinforcing agents. Significant changes in mechanical properties, especially maximum load and tensile strength, were obtained for fibrils derived from several cellulosic sources, including cotton, softwood, and bacterial cellulose. For extruded starch plastics, the addition of cotton-derived microfibrils at 10.3% (w/w) concentration increased Young’s modulus by 5-fold relative to a control sample with no cellulose reinforcement. Preliminary data suggests that shear alignment significantly improves tensile strength. Addition of microfibrils does not always change mechanical properties in a predictable direction. Whereas tensile strength and modulus were shown to increase during addition of microfibrils to an extruded starch thermoplastic and a cast latex film, these parameters decreased when microfibrils were added to a starch–pectin blend, implying that complex interactions are involved in the application of these reinforcing agents.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.