几类常见污染物对斑马鱼运动影响的研究进展

随着工农业的快速发展和人们生活水平的提高,排放到环境中的污染物种类及数量正在急剧上升,引发了日益严峻的环境问题。环境污染物对生物体内的各项生理活动也产生着深远的影响。为探究污染物对斑马鱼运动系统的影响,本文就斑马鱼运动发生的调控机理以及不同种类的环境污染物对斑马鱼运动行为系统干扰的研究进展进行了综合阐述,归纳了各类污染物对斑马鱼运动神经的损伤效应,在分子水平上探讨了其可能的作用机制,并且展望了环境污染物对斑马鱼运动神经毒性的未来研究方向。     

微塑料与污染物相互作用的研究进展

微塑料广泛存在于环境中,其比表面积大、吸附性强,可吸附环境中的重金属、有机物、微生物等污染物,并改变它们在环境中的归趋;同时,这些污染物也会影响微塑料的性质及其在环境中的吸附、迁移、降解等行为,进而对生态环境产生潜在风险.开展微塑料与污染物的相互作用研究是进行微塑料环境风险评价的基础.当前相关研究多集中于微塑料的分布及其对不同污染物的吸附作用等方面,而污染物对微塑料性质的影响研究及吸附后它们性质变化的研究相对较少.据此本文总结了微塑料在环境中的分布情况;以吸附为例,梳理了相互作用过程的影响因素和机理;综述了微塑料与污染物相互作用的研究现状;最后基于此展望日后的研究方向,以期对未来微塑料的相关研究提供参考和帮助.     

抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展

抗生素作为一类抗菌性药物广泛用于预防和治疗人类和动物疾病,并且在畜牧和水产养殖业中用于促进动物的生长.进入人和动物体内的抗生素不能被生物体完全吸收,大部分以原药或代谢物的形式经由尿液和粪便排出体外进入环境中.抗生素是环境中一类新型污染物,由于其使用量大和诱导产生抗生素耐药菌株,对人类健康和生态环境构成威胁,近年来受到日益广泛的关注.抗生素诱导产生的抗性基因(ARGs)也已经被定义为环境中一类新型污染物.本文介绍了抗生素的使用现状、环境来源以及不同环境介质中抗生素的分析方法和污染现状,并且对其吸附降解行为、毒性效应以及ARGs进行了讨论,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望.在今后,应该更加系统地研究环境中抗生素的污染现状及其迁移转化等行为;开展低剂量长期慢性毒性和复合毒性效应研究;加强对环境中ARGs的污染现状和环境行为研究.     

结合态雌激素的检测方法及污染现状

结合态雌激素是天然雌激素物质的一种重要赋存形态,在环境中可水解为自由态,产生内分泌干扰效应,因此具有潜在的环境风险,并且会影响天然雌激素污染调查和毒性评估的准确性.本文详细探讨了结合态雌激素特定的化学结构对其检测、转化及环境风险等方面的影响,对比分析了目前常用的几类检测方法的优缺点,并初步总结了其在污水处理设施和环境水体中的污染浓度及归趋,以期为我国开展相关研究工作提供参考.     

三氯化铝在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动及学习记忆能力的影响

以斑马鱼胚胎和幼鱼为实验对象,探讨三氯化铝(Al Cl3)在酸性环境中对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆的影响。将受精后6 h(hours post-fertilization)的斑马鱼胚胎分成2个大组,分别为对照组和三氯化铝组,以观察三氯化铝的毒性作用。每一大组又分为中性(pH7.4)、微酸(pH6.4)和酸性(pH5.4)组,以观察酸性环境分别及与三氯化铝的共同毒性作用。分别采用72 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避反射实验、144 hpf斑马鱼幼鱼自发运动、168 hpf单一多次光刺激斑马鱼幼鱼实验等探讨在中性、微酸和酸性环境下暴露铝离子对斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力以及学习记忆的影响。结果显示:与中性环境下的三氯化铝组相比,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组可以使斑马鱼幼鱼机械逃避次数减少(P0.05),平均速度和移动距离下降(P0.001),斑马鱼幼鱼运动轨迹杂乱无章,自发触壁活动减少;单一多次光刺激实验结果发现,微酸和酸性环境下的三氯化铝组使斑马鱼幼鱼到达平台速度的光照次数显著增加且差异具有统计学意义(P0.001)。以上结果说明,三氯化铝在微酸和酸性环境下,能导致斑马鱼幼鱼运动能力及学习记忆能力下降,并且酸度值越小,对斑马鱼幼鱼运动和学习记忆的影响更显著。酸度值与三氯化铝之间存在协同作用,酸性环境可以使三氯化铝毒性增加。     

基于国际经验的环境和健康风险管理框架的构建(International-Based Development of Risk Management Framework for Environmental and Human Health Risks)

通过对欧洲国家及澳大利亚、新西兰所使用的风险评价与风险管理方法的全面回顾和综合分析,探讨了各种不同方法的异同及利弊,辨识了环境和人类健康风险的有效、通用和综合方法中所遵循的决策清单.根据先进国家的经验,提出了构建中国环境风险管理的标准、结构及流程,以期为我国环境风险管理提供决策支持.     

机器学习在抗生素的鉴定识别、微生物作用机制以及去除效果评估中的应用研究进展

抗生素在医疗卫生、养殖业等领域的广泛应用导致其随着医疗废弃物、废水等进入到自然环境并对人体健康和生态环境造成不利影响,而系统分析环境中残留抗生素的种类、明确其与微生物的作用机制以及开展不同处理方法的效果分析,对于准确评估抗生素的风险和控制其不利影响具有重要意义.作为一种辅助手段,机器学习算法在大量数据解析的基础上可进行结果评估和预测,因此可高效、低成本分析环境污染物的行为特征.基于此,本文综述了机器学习算法在抗生素鉴定识别、微生物作用机制和去除效果评估预测方面的应用现状,并概括了不同算法的应用特点和局限性.鉴于机器学习当前在抗生素研究中的重要作用,为其未来研究方向和发展提出展望,如在其它新兴污染物的环境行为、效应及控制等方面的应用.     

《城市环境与城市生态》征稿简则

一、《城市环境与城市生态》是由天津市环境科学学会、中国生态学会城市生态专业委员会及天津市环境保护科学研究所联合主办的国内外公开发行的学术性刊物.本刊宗旨是以城市为对象,开展我国城市环境与城市生态领域的学术讨论,报道国内外环境科学和城市生态学最新研究成果及其有关的科技动态,以达促进城市建设、经济发展与环境建设协调发展的     

我国大气细颗粒物中金属污染特征及来源解析研究进展

以PM2.5中金属元素为研究对象,综述了2000—2012年我国在PM2.5中金属的污染水平、时空分布特征、污染来源解析方法及应用等领域的研究进展.目前我国普遍面临严重的PM2.5污染,作者提出应系统开展我国PM2.5中金属污染研究,特别要加强针对农村及背景地区的研究;开展PM2.5中金属的迁移转化机理研究;加快建立污染源排放清单;加强区域污染传输特征研究,以便更好地开展PM2.5的来源解析,为环境管理部门制定大气重金属污染控制目标提供参考.     

《城市环境与城市生态》征稿简则

一、《城市环境与城市生态》是由天津市环境科学学会、中国生态学会城市生态专业委员会及天津市环境保护科学研究所联合主办的国内公开发行的学术性刊物.本刊宗旨是以城市为对象,开展我国城市环境与城市生生态领域的学术讨论,报道国内外环境科学和城市生态学最新研究成果及其有关的科技动态,以达促进城市建设、经济发展与环境建设协调发展的目的,为保护与改善城市环境服务.二、本刊读者对象主要是从事环境科学、生态学的科研和技术人员,从事环境管理的工作者以及有关院校师生等,欢迎踊     

A fate constant data program

A program for compiling equilibrium and kinetic constants for predicting chemical transport and transformation in the environment is described. The fate constant data are obtained by searching the literature for reported measurements, by convening a panel of experts to postulate transformation pathways and products, by using computational techniques to estimate values, and by performing laboratory studies when measurements cannot be found or computed. Emphasis is placed throughout the program on quality control features to assure the reliability of the data.     

环境标志产品评价方法标准化研究

本文概述了环境标志产品生命周期评价的技术框架，并提出了定性，半定量生态周期评价以及简化生命周期评价的三种不同方法。     

Do voluntary pollution reduction programs (VPRs) spur or deter environmental innovation? Evidence from 33/50

We study whether a government-sponsored voluntary pollution reduction program (VPR) promotes or deters the development of new environmental technologies that yield future emission reduction benefits. Using a panel of 127 U.S. manufacturing industries defined by 3-digit SIC classifications over the 1989–2004 period, we estimate impacts of industry-level participation in the 33/50 program, a VPR initiated by government regulators in 1991, on industry-level rates of environmental patenting. We find that higher rates of 33/50 program participation are associated with significant reductions in the number of successful environmental patent applications five to nine years after the program ended.     

Exergetic assessment for ecological economic system: Chinese agriculture

Based on the thermodynamic concept of exergy as a unified measure for environmental resources and economic products, a framework for systems assessment is presented for ecological economies. With a typical systems diagram devised for a general ecological economy with four arm fluxes for free local natural resources, purchased economic investment, environmental impact and economic yield, system indices of the renewability index, exergy yield ratio, exergy investment ratio, environmental resource to yield ratio, system transformity and environmental stress index are defined for a congregated systems ecological assessment with essential implications to sustainability. As a detailed case study to the Chinese agriculture from 1980 to 2000 with cropping, forestry, stockbreeding and fishery sectors, extensive exergy account and systems assessment are carried out with emphasis on annual and structural variations against social political transitions. For the overall agriculture as a congregated ecological stage, the value of the system transformity is found around 10, the typical value for the general ecological hierarchy as well devised by Odum associated with Lindeman's Tenth Law.     

Geosynthetics in protection against erosion for river and coastal banks and marine and hydraulic construction

Geosynthetic products offer owners, engineers, and contractors a safe and economical solution to everyday engineering challenges and construction requirements. Used as replacements to natural materials, geosynthetic products include a wide range of functions such as filtration, drainage, separation and reinforcement requirements. The wide range of geosynthetic use includes landfill caps and base liner applications, environmental protection under roads and railways, containment structures, dams, canals, ponds, rivers and lakes, coastal and offshore protection. However, their potential in other applications is only limited by convention. With the use of geosynthetics, most geotechnical structures can be improved and the design lifetime can be dramatically increased. Additionally new modern design approaches are often only possible with the use of geosynthetics. Because of the strong development of the various industries all around the world the development and challenge of the use of geosynthetics in geotechnical, hydraulic, coastal and offshore engineering should be of special interest. Based on engineering approaches and installed projects, this paper will cover the state-of-the-art of geosynthetics use in environmental applications, as well as in hydraulic, coastal protection and offshore engineering structures and also discuss the benefits of geosynthetics to modern building technology.     

环保标识与区域性可持续发展评估

从“商品环境影响评估”的角度，探讨环境标识与可持续发展的因果关系。世界各地现已因应环境保法例及商品的市场需求，循“品质圈”的模式革新产品。虽然生命周期评价（ＬＣＡ）是环保标识的重要支柱，可惜迄今对估并需强化它在环境安全与健康资源运用、公众咨询、环境管理和审核（ＥＭ＆Ａ）、环境补偿和生态修复等重要领域的工作，确立它在区域性可持续发展中的战略作用。文章以香港为例案，探讨推动环境标识所面对的困难和解决方     

Pollution incidence and political jurisdiction: evidence from the TRI

Few issues are more contentious for local communities than industrial pollution. When local industries pollute, lawmakers and regulators must balance two primary concerns: economic prosperity and the environment. The role of political pressure is well documented in environmental policy. What is less clear is the role jurisdictional or boundary considerations play in determining the implementation of environmental laws. Anecdotal evidence suggests that local regulators are more lenient in their treatment of polluters when the incidence of pollution falls partially on those outside the state. One explanation for such behavior is that regulators take actions to maximize political support. This paper tests this jurisdictional model using toxics release inventory (TRI) data from 1987 to 1996. We find that facilities’ emissions into the air and water are systematically higher in counties that border other states. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that jurisdictional considerations are an important determinant of pollution incidence.     

Study of the biouptake of labeled single-walled carbon nanotubes using fluorescence-based method

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNT) are one of the most attractive engineered nanomaterials due to their unique electrical, mechanical and thermal properties, and potential use in a variety of commercial products. Due to their small size, CNT could become easily airborne and reach the various environmental compartments and eventually the food chain and humans. However, the environmental fate processes and health impacts of CNT are not clear. This study investigated a method for the quantitative measurement of carbon nanotube (CNT) in natural media such soil and benthic organism tissues. Fluorescence dye Nile blue was used for noncovalent labeling of CNT to enable their fluorescence detection. Labeled nanotubes were successfully detected in soil samples as well as in worm tissue. We were also able to detect the presence of labeled carbon nanotubes in worms exposed for 1 week to CNT-laden soil, which indicates CNT may transfer through environmental food web. The method allows for laboratory measurements of CNT mass transfer and partitioning into various environmental systems.     

Constructing meaningful environmental indices: A nonparametric frontier approach

Environmental information disclosure programs seek to motivate firms to reduce their environmental impact. A variety of environmental impacts are reported in these programs and often this information is aggregated into a composite environmental index (CEI) for easier communication. The challenge is to create a meaningful index that allows environmental performance to be compared over time and space without ambiguity. In this paper, we argue that it is important to develop a cardinally meaningful and standardized CEI and use a nonparametric frontier approach to constructing such an index. This approach has the advantage to handle issues associated with data irregularity and the mixed measurability of underlying variables. We apply this approach to constructing a CEI for evaluating the environmental performance of manufacturing facilities in different industrial sectors in Los Angeles based on data from the toxic release inventory. We show how the CEI can be used to improve facility-level environmental performance. A sensitivity analysis is conducted with respect to the uncertainty in data accuracy, which demonstrates the robustness of the nonparametric frontier approach in constructing meaningful environmental indices.     

Characterization of biological responses under different environmental conditions: A hierarchical modeling approach

A natural river system is organized as a nested hierarchy of interconnected habitats with specific environmental conditions to which the biological community has adapted. Due to this hierarchical structure, identifying the role of different stressors on the biological community is a formidable task. Efforts trying to link stressors to biological integrity have always been bound to the geographic scale of the selected study area, leading to scale-specific results. In this research, an attempt is made to lift this limitation and develop a hierarchical, scale-sensitive methodology that can identify the significant environmental stressors to the biological community at different scales. Sites with similar background environmental conditions are clustered using self-organizing maps (SOM). This is used to identify stressors which affect the biological community throughout the area of study - called environmental gradients or large-scale stressors. Subsequently, these clusters of similar observations (sampling sites) are progressively sub-divided using environmental variables with a significant but localized effect on the biological community - called small-scale stressors. A parent group of sites is split only when the resulting sub-groups have significantly different biological responses. At the end of this recursive sites decomposition procedure, the original set of observations is organized as a tree of environmentally homogeneous groups of observations characterized by unique biological responses to multiple stressors with different geographic extents. The developed hierarchical analysis methodology has been validated using a large-size dataset of environmental observations from the State of Ohio. Our results show that habitat degradation and increased nutrient loading are the large-scale stressors with a widespread impact in Ohio. Other stressors, such as heavy metals, pH or nitrate concentrations have significant albeit localized effects on biological integrity.