垃圾焚烧炉干燥段通风阻力特性实验研究

倾斜往复式炉排是我国城市生活垃圾焚烧炉中经常采用的炉排形式之一。垃圾在炉排干燥段的干燥效果直接影响到其着火和燃烧,因此炉排下侧送出的一次风在垃圾层中的流通性显得尤其重要。本研究通过搭建冷态试验台,以Steinmuller炉排为例,测量了炉排和不同厚度的垃圾层在不同一次风流量下的阻力,并研究了炉排和垃圾层的通风阻力特性,为今后更好地组织和控制高水份垃圾在炉内的干燥预热和着火燃烧提供了设计依据。     

城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程研究及数值模拟

研究城市生活垃圾在机械炉排炉内焚烧过程，建立了垃圾在炉排炉移动床内燃烧过程中垃圾体积变化、水分蒸发、挥发分析出及燃烧、垃圾颗粒的移动、气-固两相热传递、焦炭燃烧等各个反应阶段的热化学模型，采用一维非稳态模型分别建立了床层内气固两相介质控制方程。通过对炉排上垃圾焚烧过程的数值模拟研究，获得料层中温度分布、料层高度、炉床机械负荷、气相中反应物组分和污染物浓度分布。利用建立的模型对某大型垃圾焚烧炉的燃烧过程进行数值仿真，对燃烧过程、烟气成分进行预测，为垃圾焚烧炉排炉的设计和燃烧控制提供理论依据。     

基于分区气化模型的MSW燃烧过程模拟研究

针对一种新型两段式生活垃圾分区气化燃烧装置,提出了基于分区气化模型的垃圾热转化过程数值模拟方法。该方法耦合化学反应动力学和流体动力学软件预测移动床层垃圾的气化以及炉内气相空间的燃烧过程。通过对组分及热值差异较大的2种生活垃圾在炉内的反应过程进行模拟,得到了炉内的气相组分、温度及流场的分布。结果表明,该方法能够很好地适用于复杂组分的垃圾热转化过程模拟研究。高水分、低热值的生活垃圾气化后再燃炉膛出口温度处于973~1 073 K,不利于二恶英的生成控制。前拱二次风的增加不仅加强了炉内的湍流扰动,而且加强了炉内主反应区的温度。经过对流场和温度场进行优化,烟气的停留时间延长,炉膛出口烟气中的可燃气体组分大大降低,而且NO的浓度降低了近一个数量级。     

垃圾炉一次风量对炉床燃烧影响的仿真研究

针对垃圾焚烧炉床层内垃圾燃烧过程复杂性及影响垃圾燃烧效率因素多的问题,运用数值仿真方法对某垃圾焚烧炉床层垃圾燃烧进行了模拟,获得了垃圾质量流失速率、水分蒸发速率、挥发分释放速率、焦炭燃烧速率和烟气的温度;并在50~1 000 Nm3/min范围内改变一次风流量,获得了床层质量流失比值、过剩空气系数和烟气中各组分的质量百分比含量。仿真结果显示,一次风流量取值517.47~6`32.09 Nm3/min时燃烧效率较高;炉排两端区域的一次风流量在50~75 Nm3/min时,可以使垃圾床表面平均温度明显提高,而且还可以提高燃烧效率,同时减少供风总量,节约能源与动力资源。本研究对优化设计垃圾焚烧炉,提高床层内垃圾的燃烧效率有一定参考价值。     

垃圾焚烧炉二次配风优化数值模拟

针对城市生活垃圾焚烧发电的排放问题，以重庆市某垃圾焚烧炉为原始模型，在炉膛两侧炉壁的适当位置设置二次配风口，并采用CFD（计算流体动力学）方法对炉膛内气体的二次燃烧过程进行数值模拟。通过观察对比有无二次配风以及二次配风口位置不同时炉膛内气体的温度场、气体在炉膛内的停留时间分布以及炉膛内气体的混合程度和湍动能等，重点分析了二次风在气体燃烧过程中所起的作用，并对2种不同二次配风口位置时抑制二恶英产生的效果进行了评价。通过对垃圾焚烧炉二次风的优化数值模拟，获得了适合本焚烧炉的比较合理的二次配风条件，可为焚烧炉的设计和改进提供一些有价值的参考。     

循环流化床垃圾焚烧炉助燃配风改造对降低CO排放效果的数值模拟

循环流化床(CFB)是垃圾焚烧主要炉型之一,中国生活垃圾具有水分高和挥发分高等特性导致现阶段CFB垃圾焚烧炉CO排放偏高,对其正常运转造成较大影响。对锅炉实体进行助燃配风改造,结合计算流体动力学技术对改造前后炉膛流体场进行模拟,并分析第一烟道内的流场分布情况。结果表明:助燃配风率为40%时,CO的排放均值可降低至80mg/Nm3,烟气含氧量保持在9.5%(体积分数)左右,炉膛中上部温度的平均增幅达到41.3℃。可视化数值模拟结果表明,助燃配风明显提高了烟气旋流和回流,使得烟气轴向速度降幅达37.69%,烟气在第一烟道内停留时间延长;改造后炉膛中上部局部区域内的颗粒质量浓度均值在2.287kg/m3左右,优化了助燃配风参与炉内燃烧的能力。     

垃圾焚烧炉炉膛温度的影响因素

垃圾焚烧过程的不稳定会导致大量有害物质的生成,为确保垃圾的清洁燃烧需要将炉膛温度控制在850℃以上,为此测试了焚烧炉运行的主要可控参数对炉膛温度的影响。结果表明,垃圾堆放位置在垃圾池深3～8 m处,并经过6 d以上发酵脱水后适合焚烧;炉膛温度随给料量、一次风率和一次风温增加而增大,随过量空气系数增加而降低,其中给料量宜控制在95%～110%之间;当过量空气系数为1.6、一次风率为90%、一次风温为260℃、给料量为100%时炉膛温度达901℃。     

燃尽风位置高度对NO_x生成的影响

针对山东某电厂200 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉NO_x排放量过高的问题,采用多空气分级低氮燃烧技术对其进行改造,基于FLUENT软件平台,对改造前后炉内燃烧过程进行模拟计算,与工业性实验结果进行对比分析;并在额定工况下,对5种不同燃尽风位置高度的改造方案进行模拟计算,综合分析炉内燃烧及氮氧化物生成排放的情况,确定燃尽风位置的最佳高度。计算结果表明:改造后,炉内NO_x排放量较改造前降幅40%左右,同时,合理地增加燃尽风位置高度,可进一步降低NO_x的排放量,综合炉内各参数变化的比较得出:燃料从主燃区至燃尽区的最佳运行时间约为0.66 s。     

水泥分解炉内生活垃圾与煤粉燃烧特性分析和技改建议

将生活垃圾制备成垃圾衍生燃料(RDF),再投入水泥分解炉内进行燃烧处理是生活垃圾无害化处置的重要途径。与煤粉相比,RDF在分解炉内的燃烧与运动特性存在较大差异,从而对分解炉的正常运转产生较大影响。通过检测分析、热工计算和计算流体动力学模拟(CFD)等手段,对比了RDF与煤粉在燃烧、运动特性等方面存在的差异。结果表明,与煤粉相比,RDF的水分、灰分含量偏高,固定碳含量偏低,单位RDF燃烧理论空气量只有煤粉的14.5%。入炉煤粉的特征粒径为20μm,RDF为10 mm;粒径小于10 mm的RDF喂入分解炉后随烟气向下游流动,但大于10 mm的直接向下运动,并在分解炉缩口和中部形成循环。经过空气干燥、粉磨后的RDF颗粒着火温度为235～242℃,煤粉着火温度为375℃,然而考虑实际使用时入炉RDF水分含量高、尺寸大等,其在分解炉内燃烧速度通常较煤粉慢。为此,建议水泥企业在对RDF进行准确的工业分析和元素分析基础上,通过热工标定、CFD模拟等手段优化RDF处置尺寸与喂入位置,确保RDF在分解炉内完全燃烧。     

液压自动往复炉排在锻工加热炉上的应用

辽宁省凌源汽车总装厂锻造车间,共有七台手烧炉,车间内烟雾腾腾,生炉时伸手不见五指,烟囱冒黑烟,烟尘浓度为林格曼4～5级,周围居民意见很大。而且升温慢,保温差,耗煤多,还影响锻件质量。针对上述问题,该厂委托我厂对锻造炉进行了技术改造,把手工加煤改为往复炉排自动加煤。煤通过煤斗进入炉膛后,在高温烟气辐射下,逐渐加热燃烧。因自动加煤煤层均匀,煤在燃烧区能充分燃烧完,烟囱不冒黑烟。经过改造后,1m~2锻工炉的煤铁     

煤粉再燃的半工业炉试验

从系统NOx还原效果，主燃区，再燃区和燃尽区内NOx的分解几方面对煤粉再燃效果进行半工业炉试验研究。虽然主燃区NOx生成量与主燃区过量空气系数成正比，系统NOx还原率却在主燃区过量空气系数一1．10时呈现最大值；再燃区还原性气氛有利于NOx的还原，但富氧氛围也可以实现一定NOx分解，燃尽区内煤粉异相还原占主要地位。以基础工况和再燃工况下的锅炉尾部NOx排放量的差值来计算系统NOx还原率可以更好地体现锅炉系统的再燃脱硝能力。     

Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in solid residues from wood combustion by HRGC/HRMS

PCDD/PCDF were determined in solid samples from wood combustion. The samples included grate ashes, bottom ashes, furnace ashes as well as fly and cyclone ashes. The solid waste samples were classified into bottom and fly ash from native wood and bottom and fly ash from waste wood. For each of the four classes concentration distribution patterns from individual congeners, the sums of PCDD/PCDF and the international toxicity equivalents (I-TEQ) values are given. The I-TEQ levels of fly ash from waste wood burning can be approximately up to two thousand times higher than the values from fly ashes of natural wood. The I-TEQ levels in bottom ashes from waste wood combustion systems are as low as the corresponding ashes from the combustion of native wood. Grate ash samples from waste wood combustion systems with low carbon burnout show high levels of PCDD/PCDF.     

Formation and destruction of PCDD/F inside a grate furnace

Formation and destruction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans PCDD/F during the combustion process was investigated experimentally in a pilot plant. All important process steps like the burnout of the fuel bed on the grate, the burnout of the flue gas inside the combustion chamber, the heat recovery in a boiler as well as influences of the fuel composition are described in detail.

High concentrations especially of PCDF are formed during the burnout of the fuel bed. The formation reaction is mainly influenced by the fuel composition and the burnout characteristic of the fuel bed. Fuels with low chlorine and low metal content (Cu) result only in negligible concentrations of PCDD/F.

Under stable combustion conditions characterized by an excellent flue gas burnout PCDD/F will almost be completely destroyed already inside the combustion chamber. “Cold strands” of unburned flue gas (high CO concentrations) caused by disturbed combustion conditions will result in high concentrations of PCDD and especially of PCDF in the raw gas.

A second place of PCDD/F formation is the well-known boiler section. Here fly ash deposits containing residual carbon (mainly soot particles) are the source for the formation reaction. Under stationary effective combustion conditions, they are dominant for PCDD/F concentrations in the raw gas over a very long period of time.

Stationary efficient flue gas burnout (especially soot) together with effective boiler cleaning will guaranty low concentrations of PCDD/F in the flue gas in front of the flue gas cleaning system.     

100 MW锅炉NaOH颗粒生成的数值模拟

煤粉燃烧过程中矿物质的气化、成核、凝结等过程是炉膛中亚微米颗粒形成的主要途径。本文运用CFD软件针对某100 MW锅炉内NaOH颗粒形成进行了数值研究，计算得到了炉内的温度分布、氧浓度分布和亚微米颗粒数量浓度和质量浓度分布。结果显示，亚微米颗粒的生成数量与温度具有强烈的相关性，温度较高的区域亚微米颗粒数量浓度较大，温度较低的区域则较小；而在炉膛的高温区内，NaOH颗粒的质量浓度并不是最高，而是最低，同时随着炉膛高度的增加，NaOH颗粒的质量浓度逐渐增加。计算结果为今后数值研究燃煤过程中亚微米颗粒的形成与演化奠定基础，为研究温度等燃烧条件对亚微米颗粒形成的影响、抑制其排放等方面提供了一种有效研究手段。     

Optimization of Reburning for Advanced N0x Control on Coal-fired Boilers

This paper summarizes an experimental study which was conducted to investigate the chemical constraints of the reburning process and identify reburning configurations for optimal NO_x reduction in coal-fired boilers. Tests were performed on a bench scale tunnel furnace to characterize and optimize the fuel-rich reburning zone and the fuel-lean burnout zone independently. Detailed measurements ofunburned hydrocarbons, CO, NH₃, and HCN were made at the reburning zone exit. The influence of the concentrations of reactive species was examined as were temperature effects for both the reburning and burnout zone. Results indicated that reburning zone chemistry was not rate limiting. The impacts of temperature and burnout zone oxidation were of major importance. Integration of the optimum reburning and burnout zone configurations resulted in increased NO_x reduction. Over 85 percent reduction in NO_x emissions was achieved with ammonium sulfate injection in the burnout zone under optimum reburning conditions.     

High Volume Air Sampler: An Orifice Meter as a Substitute for the Rotameter

Abstract

NOX control employing several combustion modification techniques is studied in batch annealing furnaces and ammonia combustion ovens in steel plants. The fuels of the annealing furnace and ammonia oven are by-product fuel gases and ammonia vapor, respectively, which are generated in the same steelworks. Study of the emission characteristics of the annealing furnace show that delayed combustion can effectively reduce NOX emissions. Delayed combustion is accomplished by air-staging in burners, off-symmetric mixing of fuel and air, and air-biasing in the furnace, and these modification can operations achieve 60%, 40%, and 26% of NOX reductions, respectively. For the ammonia oven, NOX emission from combustion of ammonia vapor is remarkably reduced by staging the air injected into the oven, adjusting the total air rate, and adding by-product fuel gases to the combustion system.     

Nitrogen oxides emissions from the MILD combustion with the conditions of recirculation gas

The nitrogen oxides (NO_x) reduction technology by combustion modification which has economic benefits as a method of controlling NO_x emitted in the combustion process, has recently been receiving a lot of attention. Especially, the moderate or intense low oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion which applied high temperature flue gas recirculation has been confirmed for its effectiveness with regard to solid fuel as well. MILD combustion is affected by the flue gas recirculation ratio and the composition of recirculation gas, so its NO_x reduction efficiency is determined by them. In order to investigate the influence of factors which determine the reduction efficiency of NO_x in MILD coal combustion, this study changed the flow rate and concentration of nitrogen (N₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂) and steam (H₂O) which simulate the recirculation gas during the MILD coal combustion using our lab-scale drop tube furnace and performed the combustion experiment. As a result, its influence by the composition of recirculation gas was insignificant and it was shown that flue gas recirculation ratio influences the change of NO_x concentration greatly. Implications: We investigated the influence of factors determining the nitrogen oxides (NO_x) reduction efficiency in MILD coal combustion, which applied high-temperature flue gas recirculation. Using a lab-scale drop tube furnace and simulated recirculation gas, we conducted combustion testing changing the recirculation gas conditions. We found that the flue gas recirculation ratio influences the reduction of NO_x emissions the most.