活性污泥系统中硝化菌衰减动力学参数测定

硝化菌的生长和衰减动力学特性决定了活性污泥系统的硝化能力.通过数学模型分析明确了硝化菌的衰减动力学特性,建立了基于硝化速率的衰减速率常数测定方法,并对方法的重现性进行了验证.经测定,上海市白龙港、曲阳和竹园第二污水处理厂活性污泥硝化菌衰减均符合一级动力学规律,20℃下衰减速率常数分别为0.175、0.176和0.176 d-1.     

硫化物抑制亚硝酸氧化菌推动短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术

利用硫化物对亚硝酸盐氧化菌的抑制作用,快速建立短程硝化。通过改变供氧条件,硫化物作为电子供体推动自养反硝化,实现同一序批反应器一体化脱氮。采用序批反应器SBR处理模拟市政污水,在DO浓度(1.5±0.5)mg·L~(-1),硫化物浓度50 mg·L~(-1),温度25℃,水力停留时间12 h的条件下,共运行90 d,控制反应器厌氧低氧时间,达到90%以上的总氮去除率。同时研究了硫化物对短程硝化的抑制作用、最适宜运行p H条件、污泥颗粒大小变化、污泥产生量等。硫化物抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌推动短程硝化反硝化生物脱氮技术有着反应条件可控性高、短程硝化建立时间短、脱氮效果好等优点,适用于低碳氮比的市政污水处理。     

A~2/O工艺重新启动试验的污泥活性恢复研究

以处理实际城市污水的小试规模A2/O工艺为研究对象,在处理工艺稳定运行的基础上关停装置60 d,进行了"饥饿"期内不同关停模式下系统重新启动后污泥活性恢复的研究.结果表明,循环模式、厌氧模式和微曝模式3种不同关停模式下,系统重启第4天,污泥硝化性能及反硝化性能基本恢复甚至超过关停前水平,而脱碳性能和除磷性能的恢复速度则较缓慢,重新启动后系统呈现较好的反硝化除磷能力;重启第12天后3种关停模式出水水质良好,基本满足<城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准>(GB 18918-2002)一级B标准.不同关停模式下,系统污泥活性恢复速率及出水水质对比显示,污水处理厂故障检修期间将搅拌、曝气等动力设备完全关闭的厌氧模式下系统污泥活性恢复较快,而且能耗最低.     

间歇曝气比在短程硝化中对硝化活性的影响

采用序批式间歇反应器(SBR)处理生活污水,温度控制在(25.0±0.5)℃,研究好氧曝气与缺氧搅拌时间比(间歇曝气比)分别为30min∶30min(A模式)和40min∶20min(B模式)对亚硝酸盐氮积累、污泥性能参数、反应速率(比氨氮氧化速率、比硝酸盐氮产生速率、比亚硝酸盐氮产生速率)、氨氧化菌(AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)活性的影响。A模式下运行64个周期时,出水亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为19.04mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮积累率高达99.21%;B模式下运行75个周期时,出水亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度为19.42mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮积累率高达95.47%;研究表明缺氧时间所占比例越大越有利于短程硝化的实现。在实现短程硝化过程中,A模式在38个周期之后AOB活性超过NOB活性;B模式在34个周期之后AOB活性超过NOB活性。     

连续流好氧颗粒污泥技术处理低浓度市政污水的中试研究

基于河北省某污水处理厂原厌氧池构建了中试规模3 000 m³·d^-1 (Ⅰ、Ⅱ系列)的微氧-好氧耦合沉淀一体式反应器,以低浓度市政污水为基质、接种活性污泥,成功在连续流模式下培育了好氧颗粒污泥,并研究了颗粒污泥的形貌、结构特性、污染物去除性能及微生物群落结构变化。结果表明：中试系统形成的颗粒污泥轮廓清晰、呈规则球形和椭球形,平均粒径由接种污泥的28.9μm增至90.1μm,其中粒径>100μm的占47.8%,>200μm的占9.4%;中试系统培养的颗粒污泥机械强度远高于接种污泥的;Ⅰ、Ⅱ系列平均出水NH₄⁺-N分别为1.3和1.0 mg·L^-1,平均出水TN分别为9.9和9.1 mg·L^-1,系统具有良好的脱氮效果。此外,高通量测序结果表明中试系统大量富集了好氧反硝化菌Methylophilaceae和Methylotenera,好氧反硝化途径可能在脱氮中起重要作用。本研究可为连续流好氧污泥工艺的升级改造,以及在现有污水处理厂工艺基础上发展高效...     

牡蛎壳生物滤池处理含盐污水中的硝化特性

采用牡蛎壳为曝气生物滤池填料,以含NaCl的生活污水为处理对象,在SBR操作条件下,系统考察进水NaCl浓度、曝气时间及进水pH值等对硝化性能的影响。结果表明,进水NaCl浓度为10~15 g/L时,平均氨氮去除率可稳定在97%以上;较高浓度NaCl对亚硝酸化菌活性影响较弱,对硝酸化菌活性影响较强,特别是在日曝气时间少于12 h时,其出水中亚硝氮的含率大于50%;当进水pH值在6~9变化时,反应器内pH值可稳定在6.5~7.5,硝化性能良好,表明牡蛎壳填料可为硝化反应提供碱度。     

网络版摘要

高浓度氨氮的SBR反应器中污泥活性的变化特性丁原红1,2任洪强1杨小毛2(1.南京大学环境学院,江苏南京210093;2.北京大学环境学院,北京100871)低浓度氨氮下,污泥保持良好的硝化活性;但高浓度的氨氮对污泥的硝化活性和异养菌的活性都有很强的抑制作用。而驯化污泥可以逐渐适应高浓度氨氮的抑制环境,随着驯化时间的延长,硝化菌在污泥总降解菌群中的比率得到稳定的提高。高浓度氨氮水平下,驯化污泥的硝化菌耐氨氮抑制的能力更强。关键词高浓度氨氮硝化活性污泥活性PAMC掺杂PAM的制备及在磁场协同下的脱色研究鲁秀国焦玲任焕弟贺志强(河北大学…     

Zn(Ⅱ)、硫化物和苯酚对短程硝化污泥活性的抑制

重金属锌(Zn~(2+))、硫化物和苯酚是工业废水中常见的、困扰许多工业废水生物处理系统运行效果的污染物。采用批次实验分别研究了Zn~(2+)、硫化物和苯酚对短程硝化污泥的单一毒性以及抑制解除后的活性恢复情况,根据单因素实验结果选取实验水平,结合中心组合设计原理,采用2因素3水平的响应面分析法,考察了Zn~(2+)和苯酚以及硫化物和苯酚对短程硝化污泥活性的联合毒性抑制。Zn~(2+)、硫化物和苯酚的半抑制浓度IC50分别为38.29、139.13和3.46 mg·L~(-1),高浓度抑制剂实验组抑制解除后8 h,三者的短程硝化污泥活性恢复程度分别为7.46%、46.09%、22.69%。实验所得Zn~(2+)和苯酚以及硫化物和苯酚对短程硝化污泥活性的联合毒性抑制的二元二次响应面模型的多元相关系数R2分别为0.997 2和0.990 8,实验值与模型预测值吻合较好,可为短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理实际废水提供理论指导。     

低温对生物接触氧化反应器硝化性能的影响

分散型污水生物处理技术在我国北方冬季低温期容易出现硝化性能下降的问题。构建2个平行运行的生物接触氧化反应器,以生活污水为原水重点考察了降温过程对反应器硝化性能的影响。当水温从20℃降至10℃时,反应器出水COD浓度比较稳定,但NH_4~+-N浓度开始出现上升。将水力停留时间从8 h延长至14 h后,获得了完全硝化的效果,而且进一步将水温降低至5℃时,硝化效果没有受到明显影响。硝化速率测定结果显示,5℃生物接触氧化污泥与10℃污泥几乎保持了相同的比硝化速率。高通量测序结果表明,降温过程中,生物接触氧化污泥保留了数量庞大的核心种属;同时硝化细菌种群丰度表现为长期低温条件下的部分富集。结果表明,适当延长水力停留时间,生物接触氧化反应器可以在5℃水温下获得良好的硝化效果。     

微气泡曝气条件下仿生水草生物接触氧化池对污水的处理效果

采用仿生水草作为生物接触氧化池填料,在微气泡曝气环境下处理模拟生活污水。结果表明,微气泡曝气下,稳定期生物接触氧化池对COD、氨氮、TN的平均去除率分别为86.1%、78.7%、69.8%,明显高于传统曝气(COD、氨氮、TN的平均去除率分别为76.2%、60.9%、54.1%)。仿生水草具有较强的生物富集能力,微气泡曝气下仿生水草表面挂膜生物量达16.45μg/g,生物活性达81.16μg/g,硝化细菌数量达2.8×10~(10)个/g,硝化菌群的平均相对丰度达29.7%。微气泡曝气可以提高氧传质效率,仿生水草表面富集的高浓度硝化细菌可以强化硝化反硝化过程,两者均有助于提升生物接触氧化池的出水水质。     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Radionuclides in deer and elk from Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the ingestion of muscle and bone

Abstract

This paper summarizes radionuclide concentrations (³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, ²⁴¹Am, and ^totU) in muscle and bone tissue of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) collected from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, New Mexico, lands from 1991 through 1998. Also, the committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) and the risk of excess cancer fatalities (RECF) to people who ingest muscle and bone from deer and elk collected from LANL lands were estimated. Most radionuclide concentrations in muscle and bone from individual deer (n = 11) and elk (n = 22) collected from LANL lands were either at less than detectable quantities (where the analytical result was smaller than two counting uncertainties) and/or within upper (95%) level background (BG) concentrations. As a group, most radionuclides in muscle and bone of deer and elk from LANL lands were not significantly higher (p<0.10) than in similar tissues from deer (n = 3) and elk (n = 7) collected from BG locations. Also, elk that had been radio collared and tracked for two years and spent an average time of 50% on LANL lands were not significantly different in most radionuclides from road kill elk that have been collected as part of the environmental surveillance program. Overall, the upper (95%) level net CEDEs (the CEDE plus two sigma for each radioisotope minus background) at the most conservative ingestion rate (50 lbs of muscle and 13 lbs of bone) were as follows: deer muscle = 0.22 mrem y^‐1 (2.2 μSv y^‐1), deer bone = 3.8 mrem y^‐1 (38 μSv y^‐1), elk muscle = 0.12 mrem y^‐1 (1.2 μSv y^‐1), and elk bone = 1.7 mrem y^‐1 (17 μSv y^‐1). All CEDEs were far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection guideline of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1), and the highest muscle plus bone net CEDE corresponded to a RECF of 2E‐06, which is far below the Environmental Protection Agency upper level guideline of 1E‐04.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.