环境卫生与卫生工程

X3320060011北方某水厂的类雌激素物质变化规律/饶凯锋(中科院生态环境研究中心)…∥中国给水排水/中国市政工程华北设计研究院.-2005,21(4).-13～16环图TU-2对北方某水厂春季和夏季源水和各处理单元出水中类雌激素物质的变化规律进行了研究。将水样用固相萃取方法富集后,按不同极性洗脱,得到从非极性到极性的3个组分,分别对总提取物和各分级富集组分进行重组雌激素受体基因的酵母检测。结果表明:源水各处理单元出水中能够检测到极低水平的类雌激素物质,其中源水中的类雌激素效应仅相当于5.4～11.0pg/L雌二醇当量,主要由非极性与弱极性的…     

应用重组孕激素基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法

研究了用重组孕激素受体基因酵母测定饮用水中内分泌干扰物的方法,并利用该种方法检测了南方某水厂不同处理工艺过程水样对孕激素受体活性的抑制水平.结果表明,重组孕激素受体基因酵母能够与孕激素专一性的结合,诱导产生明显的剂量-效应关系,EC₅₀值为0.5 nmol/L,具有较高灵敏度;环境内分泌干扰物五氯酚和壬基酚具有孕激素受体抑制活性,其IC₅₀值分别为2.4μmol/L和3.7μmol/L;重组孕激素受体基因/报道基因的酵母技术是一种筛选和定量分析具有孕激素受体抑制活性的内分泌干扰物的快速、有效方法.结合固相萃取的前处理技术,重组孕激素受体基因酵母对水厂不同处理工艺水样检测出明显的孕激素受体抑制活性,抑制率均大于58%,表明重组孕激素受体基因酵母检测技术能够快速监测和鉴别水样中具有抑制孕激素受体活性的物质.     

水中壬基酚的去除研究进展

壬基酚是环境内分泌干扰物质中具有代表性的物质,非离子表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚在环境中的降解产物,对生物体造成很大危害。目前检测水样中壬基酚的主要方法是采用GC—MS和HPLC,预处理主要采用固相萃取和液一液萃取。研究表明自来水厂的常规处理工艺对于水中壬基酚的去除有限;近年来倍受关注的深度处理工艺如活性炭吸附等物理方法...     

活性污泥中典型内分泌干扰物的分析方法

对代表烷基酚类的典型内分泌干扰物(EDCs)叔辛基酚、辛基酚、壬基酚、双酚A,和代表类固醇的典型内分泌干扰物17α-乙炔基雌二醇和雌三醇等6种物质,建立了活性污泥水相与固相中的SPE-GC/MS的同时分析方法。对比分析了三种不同的固相萃取浓缩小柱的效果,发现具有梯度极性的Bond Elut-Plexa小柱对所选6种内分泌干扰物萃取回收效果较好。通过所建立的方法对6种EDCs在污水和污泥中的浓度进行了分析,检测回收率达80.5%和84.8%以上。并通过该分析方法对上海某污水净化水厂曝气池中污水和污泥浓度进行了有效分析。     

北京市再生水与地表水中的内分泌干扰物分析

文章以北京己投入运行的再生水厂及北京地区典型地表水为研究对象,利用液相色谱-质谱分析相结合的方法对环境内分泌干扰物壬基酚、双酚A和雌醇类物质进行调查,结果显示,再生水中所含内分泌干扰物与地表水没有明显差异。壬基酚在再生水和地表水中都有检出,其浓度在30~300 ng/L之间,而双酚A除方庄和吴家村再生水厂外,其余各水样均有检出,其浓度在0~30 ng/L之间。各水样中均有雌醇类物质检出,但含量极低。再生水处理工艺对内分泌干扰物浓度水平影响很大。     

长江、汉江水源水及其自来水中有机物生物毒性的比较

应用XAD-2大孔树脂对长江、汉江(武汉)水源水及其自来水水样中的有机物进行吸附和富集,经洗脱、浓缩、干燥,提取其非挥发性有机物(NVOCs),通过致突变试验(Ames test)和重组酵母雌激素测评试验(YES)分别检测其致突变性与类雌激素效应.结果显示,2008年平水期,水中NVOCs除了长江出厂水对TA98(＋S9)的致突变性检测结果为阴性外,其他水样均为阳性;丰水期除长江水源水外,其他水样对TA98的致突变性为阳性;枯水期在不加S9的条件下,仅长江出厂水、管网末梢水对TA98的致突变性为阳性,其余水样均为阴性.各水样的NVOCs对TA100(±S9)的结果均为阴性.平水期长江、汉江水源水和枯水期长江水源水中的NVOCs均可检出类雌激素效应,丰水期水源水以及各水文期自来水中的NVOCs未显类雌激素效应.2007～2009年不同水文期长江和汉江自来水中NVOCs的致突变比活性均高于水源水;长江、汉江各水样中具有致突变作用的有机物主要为移码型直接致突变物.长江水源水NVOCs的类雌激素效应高于汉江,经自来水厂处理后的出厂水以及管网末梢水中的NVOCs未检出类雌激素效应.     

城市污水处理厂各工艺阶段内分泌干扰物活性变化规律研究

使用固相萃取-酵母双杂交法研究了东北地区某污水厂内分泌干扰活性随季节的变化及不同处理单元的去除情况.结果表明,该法的EC50值为5.95×10-11mol·L-1,具有较高灵敏度.对污水水样检测得出,原污水及一沉池出水内分泌干扰活性雌二醇当量值分别为16.13～21.65和17.10～22.85ng·L-1,均以夏季最高、冬季最低;经过A/O工艺处理,二沉池出水的内分泌干扰活性降至3.37～6.76ng·L-1,以冬春较高、夏秋较低;整个污水处理工艺对内分泌干扰活性的去除率为58.1%～84.2%,平均为75.2%,也以夏季最高、冬季最低.研究还发现.二级生物处理工艺对内分泌干扰活性起主导去除作用,而一沉池对内分泌干扰物的去除能力非常有限,甚至较进水有升高现象发生.     

水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的测定及去除方法研究进展

随着内分泌干扰物的危害不断得到人们的重视,壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的研究成为了水处理的热点。目前检测水样中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的主要方法是采用GC-MS和HPLC,预处理主要采用固相萃取。近年来倍受关注的深度处理工艺如活性炭、树脂吸附法,以及光催化降解和生物降解法能有效的去除水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚。     

固相萃取技术预富集环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯

使用Ｃ₁₈固相萃取柱，系统地研究了环境水样中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的固相萃取预富集方法，考虑影响回收率的４个主要因素，即水样流速、洗脱溶剂、洗脱溶剂用量及洗脱速率，利用正交试验进行萃取条件的优化．最后确定最佳萃取条件为：水样流速４ｍ ｌ·ｍ ｉｎ^-1，洗脱溶剂为乙酸乙酯、洗脱溶剂用量２ｍ ｌ，洗脱速率２ｍｌ·ｍ ｉｎ^-1．并探讨了其它影响萃取效果的因素，除邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（ＤＥＨＰ）外，邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（ＤＭＰ）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（ＤＥＰ）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（ＤＢＰ）的固相萃取回收率在９６．５％ ～１２０％ 范围内，相应化合物的液－液萃取回收率为９２．９％ ～１２０％ ． 表明固相萃取，在环境水样中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物分离富集方面可以取代液－液萃取． 同时，进行了固相萃取柱在不同条件下的贮存实验．     

有机氯农药的固相萃取实验条件研究

固相萃取技术是一种最常使用的样品制备方法,被广泛用于水样的预处理、空气中痕量有机化合物和生物样品中被测定组分的富集过程。实验使用全自动固相萃取仪萃取水中的有机氯农药类化合物,以空白加标回收率来评价固相萃取的富集效率,讨论了固相萃取实验条件的不同对样品萃取效率的影响。     

Assessment of source water contamination by estrogenic disrupting compounds in China

Detection of estrogenic disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking waters around China has led to rising concerns about health risks associated with these compounds. There is, however, a paucity of studies on the occurrence and identification of the main compounds responsible for this pollution in the source waters. To fill this void, we screened estrogenic activities of 23 source water samples from six main river systems in China, using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay. All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity, with E2 equivalents (EEQ) of raw water ranging from 0.08 to 2.40 ng/L. Additionally, 16 samples were selected for chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The EDCs of most concern, including estrone (E1), 17βup-estradiol (E2), 17αup-ethinylestradiol (EE2), estriol (E3), diethylstilbestrol (DES), estradiol valerate (EV), 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP), 4-nonylphenols (4-NP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were determined at concentrations of up to 2.98, 1.07, 2.67, 4.37, 2.52, 1.96, 89.52, 280.19 and 710.65 ng/L, respectively. Causality analysis, involving comparison of EEQ values from yeast assay and chemical analysis identified E2, EE2 and 4-NP as the main responsible compounds, accounting for the whole estrogenic activities (39.74% to 96.68%). The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and yeast assay could be used for the identification and evaluation of EDCs in source waters of China.     

Determination of estrogens and estrogenic activities in water from three rivers in Tianjin, China

Studies on estrogenic disrupting compounds(EDCs) occurrence and identification of main responsible compounds in river water discharged into the sea are of significance.In the present research,we screened estrogenic activities of 10 river water samples from 3 main rivers discharged into Bohai Sea in Tianjin using a recombinant two-hybrid yeast assay and chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.All sample extracts induced significant estrogenic activity,with 17β-estradiol equivalents(EEQ) of raw water ranging from 5.72 to 59.06 ng/L.Six most concerned EDCs in the river water samples including estrone,17β-estradiol,17α-ethinylestradiol,estriol,diethylstilbestrol and estradiol valerate were determined,with their concentrations up to 50.70,31.40,24.40,37.20,2.56,and 8.47 ng/L,respectively.Through causality analysis by comparing the EEQ values of yeast assay and chemical analysis,17α-ethinylestradiol and 17β-estradiol were identified as the main contributors to the estrogenic effects of the river samples,accounting for the whole estrogenic activities(62.99% to 185.66%),and estrogen antagonistic compounds might presented in the heavy polluted water samples.The proposed approach using both chemical analysis and bioassay could be used for identification and evaluation of the estrogenic activity of EDCs in river water.     

基于H4IIE细胞株测试间接雌激素效应物质的代谢活化方法

利用鼠肝癌细胞(H4IIE)代谢活化环境样品中间接雌激素效应物质的方法,以标准化合物双酚A和北方某污水处理厂各工艺过程的水样以及南方某水厂自来水样的有机提取物为对象,比较了代谢活化作用对雌激素效应检测结果的影响.研究结果表明,双酚A代谢活化产物的雌激素活性明显高于双酚A;环境样品中存在大量的间接雌激素效应物质,通过细胞代谢活化的方法能够检出其活性.因此,推荐将鼠肝癌细胞代谢活化与重组基因酵母检测的方法相结合,用于环境样品中直接和间接雌激素效应物质的检测.     

松花江及哈尔滨市饮用水雌激素活性的调查与分析

利用固相萃取/酵母双杂交法调查了哈尔滨市饮用水及周边松花江水的雌激素活性.结果表明,松花江哈尔滨段江水在夏秋两季的雌激素活性［以雌二醇当量（EEQs）计］为528～965 pg·L^-1,其中上游水源地水雌激素活性水平较高.自来水厂对雌激素活性的去除率为34.6%～50.5%,整个水处理工艺并不能有效去除源水中的雌激素类物质,致使出厂水仍具有298～718 pg·L^-1的雌激素活性;自来水厂所采用的3种净水工艺中以混凝沉淀工艺对雌激素活性的去除最为稳定,去除率为11.4%～26.1%,占总去除的32.9%～69.0%,而砂滤与氯消毒工艺出水不稳定,雌激素活性有时较进水有升高现象发生.此外,由于管网配送过程中产生了二次污染,致使管网水雌激素活性较出厂水最高可升高44.9%.7次取样测得哈尔滨市管网水的雌激素活性为347～1 362 pg·L^-1,均值为738 pg·L^-1.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting effects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal efficiencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated effects in different treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 × 10-8 to 6.19 × 10-7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 × 10-s to 8.75 x 10-s mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP,and 4.80 × 10-9 to 2.55 × 10-s mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse effects on the exposed organisms.     

In vitro thyroid disrupting e ects of organic extracts from WWTPs in Beijing

It is generally known that there are many endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in the e uents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Most research has focused on the occurrence of estrogenic or androgenic activities, while ignoring that there are environmental chemicals disrupting thyroid system, which is essential for growth and development in both humans and animals. In the present work, a two-hybrid yeast assay was conducted to evaluate the removal e ciencies of agonistic or antagonistic thyroid receptor (TR) mediated e ects in di erent treatment processes of three WWTPs located in Beijing. We found no TR agonistic, but TR antagonistic activities in all processes from the WWTPs. The TR antagonistic activities in organic extracts of water samples were then calibrated regarding to a known TR-inhibitor, amiodarone hydrochloride (AH). The observed concentration of TR disrupting substances ranged from 2.35 10??8 to 6.19 10??7 mol/L AH in Gaobeidian WWTP, 3.76 10??8 to 8.75 10??8 mol/L AH in Lugouqiao WWTP, and 4.80 10??9 to 2.55 10??8 mol/L AH in Beixiaohe WWTP. Of the three WWTPs, the removal rates were 92.7%, 42.2%, and 23.1% respectively. Industrial sewage may contain more TR disrupting substances compared with domestic sewage. The recipient waters were found to contain considerable concentrations of TR disrupting substances that may cause adverse e ects on the exposed organisms.     

Estrogen-related receptor disruption of source water and drinking water treatment processes extracts

Environmental chemicals in drinking water can impact human health through nuclear receptors. Additionally, estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) are vulnerable to endocrine-disrupting e ects. To date, however, ERR disruption of drinking water potency has not been reported. We used ERR two-hybrid yeast assay to screen ERR disrupting activities in a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) located in north China and in source water from a reservoir, focusing on agonistic, antagonistic, and inverse agonistic activity to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT). Water treatment processes in the DWTP consisted of pre-chlorination, coagulation, coal and sand filtration, activated carbon filtration, and secondary chlorination processes. Samples were extracted by solid phase extraction. Results showed that ERR antagonistic activities were found in all sample extracts, but agonistic and inverse agonistic activity to 4-OHT was not found. When calibrated with the toxic equivalent of 4-OHT, antagonistic e uent e ects ranged from 3.4 to 33.1 g/L. In the treatment processes, secondary chlorination was e ective in removing ERR antagonists, but the coagulation process led to significantly increased ERR antagonistic activity. The drinking water treatment processes removed 73.5% of ERR antagonists. To our knowledge, the occurrence of ERR disruption activities on source and drinking water in vitro had not been reported previously. It is vital, therefore, to increase our understanding of ERR disrupting activities in drinking water.     

用CBMN法评价饮用水处理流程中有机提取物的细胞毒性

利用ＣＨＯ细胞胞质分裂阻断微核（ＣＢＭＮ）法,对某自来水厂７个处理工艺流程水中的有机提取物的细胞毒性进行了评价。在实验剂量范围内,比较了各样品的含微核的双核细胞率（ＢＮＭＮ）、核分裂指数（ＮＤＩ）和胞质分裂阻断增殖指数（ＣＢＰＩ）,实验表明,源水加氯后比源水的细胞性增大,经机加池和煤砂滤池处理后的水样毒性较大,其中煤砂滤池水毒性最大,机加池水次之,经炭吸附后的水样比炭吸附前水样的毒性下降,管网水的     

人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验检测饮用水水质毒性研究

应用人外周血淋巴细胞彗星试验对无锡充山水厂、中桥水厂,常州西石桥水厂进出水及金坛市拟用水源地长荡湖湖心水样的生物毒性进行了研究．结果表明,各水样的有机浓集物均可对人外周血淋巴细胞DNA产生不同程度的损伤,存在一定的遗传毒性．试验结果与各水样水质污染状况基本一致．同时,季节变化以及常规水处理过程对水样的生物毒性也有影响．研究表明,彗星试验可有效地用于检测饮用水质有机浓集物遗传毒性．