论海岛旅游开发中的环境保护--以威海刘公岛为例

岛屿是一种特殊的旅游资源，具有很大的发展潜力，但因发展旅游而引起的环境问题也日益受到人们的关注。本文以国家级旅游风景区刘公岛为例，分析了海岛的旅游资源，并对如何加强海岛的环境保护进行了详细的论述。     

旅游型海岛人地关系系统的演进、构建与协调

在对海岛人地关系演进脉络梳理的基础上,通过全面分析发展旅游对海岛人地关系系统的影响,构建了旅游型海岛人地关系系统,指出科学评估海岛旅游容量、严格监控海岛旅游对海岛生态与环境的影响、构建合理的利益相关者合作模式、推动广泛深入的社区参与是实现旅游型海岛人地关系系统协调的关键。     

旅游型海岛资源环境脆弱性研究——以福建湄洲岛为例

以中国大陆东南沿海典型旅游型海岛——湄洲岛为例,运用GIS空间分析技术分析海岛资源环境脆弱性。结果表明,湄洲岛旅游资源环境脆弱性的平均值为0.6627,属于中度脆弱区;海岛脆弱性与敏感因子、恢复力因子紧密相关,尤其表现在旅游资源遭到破坏、生态环境失衡、海岸侵蚀、旅游业的脆弱性等4个方面;海岛脆弱性治理首先必须限制旅游的无序开发,增强海岛防御环境负面影响的能力。     

基于人地关系论的国内外海岛旅游研究分析

随着我国国内旅游业的发展与旅游者旅游需求的多样化,海岛旅游以其独特的魅力成为当前旅游业学术研究的热点。海岛是人地关系矛盾较尖锐的地域系统,因此海岛旅游地的可持续发展已逐渐成为海岛旅游研究的重点。基于人地关系理论,从研究区域、内容和方法三方面对国内外海岛旅游研究进展进行分析。结果表明:我国海岛旅游研究在不断发展,尤其是研究内容和角度在不断丰富与深化。但与国外海岛旅游的研究相比,我国的海岛旅游研究仍处于初期阶段,缺乏全国层面的综合性研究,并且在研究方法的运用与结合方面还不成熟。根据这些分析结果得出,我国未来海岛旅游研究的发展趋势主要集中在海岛旅游理论体系的完善、研究内容的不断扩展、研究方法的系统化与专业化、在人地关系的重视这四大方面来推动我国海岛旅游的发展和相关研究的进步。     

海岛旅游可持续发展评价指标体系研究

根据海岛地区特殊的地理位置和环境特点,在国内海岛旅游关于可持续发展评价研究成果的基础上,构建了海岛旅游可持续发展评价指标体系.该指标体系包括社会、经济、资源、环境和管理方面共5个子系统45项评价因子,运用AHP法(层次分析法),通过两两因子相互比较,计算出系统层和指标层各项因子的权重(重要性),并对评价结果进行初步分析,从而为海岛旅游的可持续发展提供科学合理的参考依据.     

海岛旅游可持续发展机理研究

海岛旅游的可持续发展需要从内、外两方面分析其动力系统,需要从利益相关者的诉求出发建立"企业+政府+社区+居民"式的投融资机制和利益分配机制,以旅游业对海岛环境的影响、对经济和社会的贡献度、社区参与度为重点,构建海岛旅游可持续发展的评价体系,据此对海岛旅游可持续发展提出采取相应的监控措施,主要包含横、纵两个方面,纵横两个方面的科学分析及动态调整是海岛旅游可持续发展的保证。     

辽宁省海岛旅游地空间竞争与合作

从空间发展的角度出发，以辽宁省大小长山岛、大笔架山岛、大鹿岛、菊花岛为例，从各个岛屿的旅游资源条件、发展环境、可进入性、客源市场状况等方面人手，运用定量分析方法比较了各海岛之间的空间竞争优势。分析结果表明，4个海岛旅游地总体上存在资源统一性和市场重叠性特征，同时发展环境、资源特色、市场倾向、可进人性等方面存在较大差异。基于此，提出旅游地区域合作对策。     

能值理论在海岛生态旅游中的应用研究

21世纪是海洋的世纪，大力发展海洋经济成为全世界的共同目标。海岛作为“人类开发海洋的远涉基地和前进支点”被大规模开发，其主要开发利用方式——海岛生态旅游也蓬勃发展。在此背景下，如何协调海岛生态环境与旅游经济的关系成为人们关注的焦点，也是海岛生态旅游可持续发展亟待解决的问题。运用能值理论对海岛生态旅游系统进行研究，构建海岛生态旅游系统能值指标体系，定量分析整个系统的结构、功能、旅游经济效益、生态效率和综合状况，为海岛生态环境资源和旅游经济活动的评估提供客观标准，并为海岛生态旅游可持续发展研究提供科学的依据。     

海岛旅游开发生态风险管理对策与措施研究

海岛旅游作为一种独具魅力的专项旅游产品越来越受到大众青睐,海岛旅游开发活动渐次兴起。海岛地区自然资源和人文资源具有得天独厚的优势,发展前景广阔。但是由于海岛远离大陆,面积狭小、地域结构简单、生物多样性程度低、稳定性差、环境容量有限,生态系统十分脆弱,因此有必要对海岛旅游资源开发产生的生态风险问题进行系统研究。分析了海岛旅游开发的特点,包括海岛旅游开发的优势、制约因素及其对生态环境的影响,确定海岛旅游开发的生态风险源,提出海岛旅游开发生态风险管理对策。     

平潭岛海岛旅游资源开发战略研究

在借鉴典型海岛国家与地区发展海岛旅游经验的基础上,分析了平潭岛海岛旅游资源的基本特征及其分布情况,开发平潭岛海岛旅游资源的优势与存在的问题,旨在为平潭岛海岛旅游资源的科学开发提供参考与建议。     

我国旅游开发的环境伦理学审视

环境是旅游发展的基础。我国的旅游开发为地方和国家的社会经济发展做出了重要贡献,但在发展过程中出现了自然生态环境破坏严重、旅游区人文环境失调等环境伦理问题。在分析这些问题及其原因的基础上,提出了构建环境伦理秩序的主要措施,以期实现旅游业的可持续发展。     

Culture and the environment in Ghana

The traditional culture of Ghana stressed a strong relationship with the environment, and a culturally acceptable environmental management resulted from strictures and taboos related to the land. Following its independence in 1957, Ghana has enacted laws that reflect an enlightened environmental policy. These are especially important because of the difficulties Ghana has had in its economic development using Western technology that has damaged the fragile tropical ecosystem. A key aspect of Ghana's policy is the attempt to marry scientific knowledge and traditional beliefs for environmentally sound management of Ghana's resources.     

城市化及其对大气环境的影响

中国城市化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加,给中国城市带来了众多大气环境问题。城市化不仅造成了如热岛效应等城市周边气候的变化,还带来了酸雨频发、空气颗粒物污染加重和汽车尾气污染严重等城市环境问题。对此,应当从科学编制城市发展规划,合理调整经济结构,加强环境管理与污染治理,增加城市绿化面积等方面入手,改善城市大气环境。     

小城镇环境污染治理的困境与对策——以永康市为例

目前在我国的大多数小城镇地区，经济快速发展的同时，环境却遭到前所未有的破坏，各种矛盾也随之出现。本文通过对永康市的调查，阐述了永康市环境污染治理的现状以及污染治理过程中存在问题，并在此基础上对小城镇环境污染的治理提出一些建议性的对策。     

Landscapes and environments on the island of Ouessant,Brittany, France: From traditional maintenance to the management of abandoned areas

For about 50 years the desertion of areas by traditional activities has led to an important evolution of landscapes and environments on the island of Ouessant. The study of this evolution has been undertaken at different spatial and temporal scales. On one part of the island, a scientific investigation carried out at the scale of the parcel enabled the form of the landscape in 1850 to be compared with that of 1985. On the whole island, the evolution of spatial organization and land use was compared between 1950 and 1985. For each of three main ecological environments, vegetational successions after the decrease of agriculture have been studied along with their future potential changes. This work highlights some considerations about the present management of the environment in relation to the major objectives of island environmental policies.     

Quality of life and sustainability: Toward person–environment congruity

In the light of sustainable development requirements, environmental psychology has an increasing role to play in addressing people–environment congruity. People–environment congruity refers to the interrelation between the individual and his or her (especially: residential) environment, considering the match between individual life satisfaction and objective standards of living. Promoting human well-being requires looking beyond singular effects of environmental features and considering people's overall relationship to their environment. This leads us to look at the residential environment as the place where people–environment congruity is crucial, and to propose a framework of analyses of the conditions of congruity between objective and subjective assessment of environmental stressors in relation to the individual and social expression of well-being. The paper concludes with the implications of people–environment congruity for research and policy-making about sustainable development.     

An Exploration of Dynamical Systems Modelling as a Decision Tool for Environmental Policy

A weakness often found in conventional environmental management tools is that of treating the dynamics of environmental effects and the underlying dynamics of structural change as external factors, precluding their ability to capture the evolutionary behaviour which characterizes economic systems. This article suggests a spatial dynamic modelling framework which addresses explicitly complex sectorial linkages and their environmental effects. The economic dynamics of the model are given spatial reference by means of a set of sector-based suitabilities, which allows us to explore both local environmental degradation effects as they unfold, and how these impacts then affect the economic productivity of the system as a whole. The approach is illustrated by calibrating the model with 1971-1981 data for the island of Crete, and then running it to explore how the economic dynamics of the island might evolve to the year 2001. This article presents a means through which to endogenize the environment and its explicit linkages with sectorial economic dynamics which can be of considerable use to environmental management in all its dimensions.     

An economic analysis of environmental protection and management: An example from the Philippines

Summary The island of Palawan covers some 12000 km² and is located in the southwest of the Philippines archipelago. It is a beautiful and as yet relatively unspoilt island but in recent years the social and economic pressures on its natural resources and environment have begun to mount. If present trends continue, severe environmental damage will result. In recognition of this danger, the Philippines government and the European Economic Community have commissioned the preparation of an Integrated Environmental Program (IEP) for the island, as part of an overall economic development program. Phase one of the IEP study comprised an assessment of the island's resources and present situation and the formulation of a plan for the future protection of its environment, taking due account of the need for continuing economic development.An analysis was made of the likely economic returns from the proposed environmental protection program, using conventional benefit-cost analysis methodology. Due to the inadequate data base and the wide-ranging assumptions which had to be made, this was inevitably very approximate in nature. It was carried out in terms of the three main types of conservation activity proposed, namely land-based conservation, mangrove conservation and inshore marine conservation, and the program as a whole. The main benefits and costs were identified and, where appropriate, quantified for inclusion in the analysis.Choice of discount rate and length of analysis period are critical factors affecting the economics of environmental protection, which essentially involves the pursuit of long-term rather than short-term gains, output in the immediate future being restricted to the level of long-term sustained yield for the benefit of future generations. Use of the high discount rates customarily applied for project analysis in countries such as the Philippines (typically, 10–15 percent) places a heavy premium on short-term gains and attributes little or no value to benefits and costs further in the future. To take account of this problem the present values of costs and benefits were calculated using low discount rates of zero and 5 percent. Though this was a necessarily crude and arbitrary method of adjustment it was considered to be a better alternative than that of following normal convention and applying the high rates of discount customarily used in the Philippines.The analysis indicated that the various conservation activities could be expected to produce acceptable, though not spectacular, levels of economic return. Mangrove conservation would be particularly beneficial and the irrigation benefits from preserving river base flows and preventing an increase in peak floods, by means of catchment protection, would be high. The unquantifiable ecological and social benefits would also be substantial.Christopher Finney is Chief Economist of Hunting Technical Services Limited, UK, a major consulting firm involved in planning and implementation of agricultural development overseas, and has been with the firm since 1962. He is an agricultural economist with particular interest and experience in the fields of irrigation, livestock, farm mechanisation, general agriculture and conservation. He has worked on a wide variety of projects in numerous countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Mr Stanley Western is a senior soil scientist and land use planner with the same company. Since joining the firm in 1960 he has undertaken a very wide range of resource assessment and planning assignments in Asia, Africa and Latin America. He was Team Leader on the Palawan Integrated Environmental Program planning study.     

浅论环境影响评价在油田环境管理中的作用

新疆地区的环境较为敏感,油气田开发对环境的影响较大,围绕着油气田开发所开展的各项活动必须严格执行环境影响评价。文章介绍油气田开发环境影响特点,环境影响评价工作中存在的问题。加强油田环境管理的措施为:实施战略和区域环境影响评价,在可行性研究报告审查前提出环境保护建议,在设计阶段严格执行环评中提出的环境保护措施,严格执行HSE环境管理体系,建立和完善回顾性环境影响评价制度,制定新疆油田建设项目环境保护管理方面的规定。