热带气旋“莫拉克”在台湾岛登陆前后结构与路径演变机理分析

采用全球预报场分析资料、卫星云图资料及实况观测台风强度、路径资料对2009年热带气旋"莫拉克"在台湾岛登陆前后其结构、路径的演变特征进行了动力学分析,以揭示其演变机理。分析结果表明:(1)热带气旋低层、切向风中心外侧的惯性稳定度低值区,有可能产生径向上加速内流的径向风,其对热带气旋结构的分布产生影响;(2)β效应项产生的高低层通风气流、以及高低层涡旋中心相对位置对热带气旋路径的预报具有重要意义;(3)登陆前后热带气旋尺度在经向上拉伸,在纬向上收缩,这种结构演变对移动速度产生影响;(4)低层辐合中心、正的涡度平流中心量级相当,是影响热带气旋强度与结构演变的重要因素;(5)通过EOF方法分解的500 h Pa位势高度距平场其第1,2模态很好地揭示了热带气旋环境场的演变。     

2019年辽宁开原龙卷风观测事实分析

利用加密自动站、FY-4A卫星及多普勒雷达等观测资料,对2019年7月3日辽宁开原突发龙卷天气进行分析。结果表明:在冷涡减弱阶段,中纬度冷空气活动频繁,冷涡底部500 hPa与850 hPa的短波槽垂直分布,利于辽宁北部对流不稳定加强。FY-4A可见光云图显示,开原龙卷生消迅速,有明显的上冲云顶。雷达反射率因子特征是,对流单体合并形成超级单体,出现连续体扫的中气旋、并伴有钩状回波,三维显示出现空洞结构;强回波区向移动方向一侧倾斜、垂直剖面存在穹隆结构和有界弱回波区时,钩状回波处最容易产生龙卷;空洞的位置与中气旋和钩状回波中心区相吻合,表明超级单体在此处产生强烈涡旋,有利于漏斗云脱离母体向地面发展。速度产品上出现对称的正负速度区,旋转速度持续增大,且正负速度区不断向下发展,低仰角探测到紧邻的速度对时,中气旋相应也出现向下延伸和迅速收缩,预示龙卷的发生。东北冷涡以及蒙古气旋前侧低压带、低层干冷空气侵入导致锋生等动力条件,是辽宁北部对流的天气尺度和中α尺度的触发机制。     

沙尘暴中的能量反馈

沙尘暴是一种风沙灾害天气.在沙尘暴发生后,尘暴中浓密的沙尘对系统的涡旋能量有调节作用,从而导致沙尘暴具有区别于风暴的行为模式.从沙尘暴的微观结构及涡旋能量入手,分析了尘暴中沙尘有效辐射效应形成的条件,认为沙尘暴在沙尘颗粒参与下,沙尘有效辐射效应对锋面前后涡旋能量的调整是重要的能量反馈机制,认为辐射效应有着时间与区域的不同,从而导致沙尘暴在白天发展、持续,在夜间消亡,其发生频率随纬度升高显现日期延后的现象.分析认为,沙尘暴中类似于风暴体的结构是沙尘暴的核心所在,其中存在的能量反馈机理有规律性,利用这种机制可帮助调控沙尘暴,指导制定减灾政策.     

毛乌素沙漠东部边缘中β尺度暴雨和冰雹综合分析

利用多普勒雷达资料、Micaps系统提供的常规观测资料和物理量场,对2006年9月20日发生在毛乌素沙漠东部边缘的一次强对流天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:冰雹和暴雨是由两块呈块状的中β尺度强对流单体造成的;地面能量比中α尺度"Ω"系统的生成,为能量的积聚和集中释放提供了有利条件;地面能量比中β尺度能量比低值舌的生成,为强对流天气的发生提供了抬升触发机制;冰雹和暴雨发生前,涡度场和散度场的耦合、影响雹暴区次级环流的形成,为雹暴的发生维持提供了动力机制;850 hPa等压面上湿正压场和湿斜压场的配合、以及湿位涡的三维空间结构,对雹暴的发生及落区有指示意义;在多普勒雷达径向速度场上,雹暴运动的前方对流层低层有中气旋生成,雹暴运动的后方对流层低层有中反气旋生成,而对流层中高层有辐散生成,且超级单体特征明显。     

"05728"小兴安岭致洪暴雨中尺度分析

为了加强对黑龙江省暴雨中尺度系统的认识，有利于暴雨灾害的预报和防御，对2005年7月28-29日发生在小兴安岭的暴洪中尺度系统，从大尺度环流形势、环流演变特征、云图和雷达回波上观测到的中尺度云团的发生发展、水汽来源、产生的热力和动力条件等几方面进行了比较深入的分析。分析表明：暴雨中尺度系统是在高空槽和新生东北低涡的环境中诱发出来的；卫星和雷达图像也观测到了中-β尺度和中-α尺度的中尺度对流复合体（Mesoscale Convective complex，MCC）的发生发展；中尺度系统的水汽通道主要有两支：西南气流和偏东气流；中层冷空气的推动、风场垂直和水平切变及地形强迫抬升是这次暴洪过程中尺度系统的动力因子和触发条件。     

北京城区"7.10"灾害性强降水分析

对2004年7月10日发生在北京城区的灾害性强降水过程进行了分析.结果发现,造成本次城区暴雨的天气系统为一中β尺度对流云团,它生成于河北西北部的偏南暖湿气流中,在移到北京城区发展并停留的1～2h内,造成了本次强降水过程.大尺度背景场分析表明,暴雨发生前北京即处于有利降水的形势场中,地面中尺度辐合线可能是强对流的触发系统.此外还初步分析了城市环境对强降水的增幅作用.     

γ中尺度单体合并在昭通小河镇"201O.7.13"灾害性天气中的特征分析

低纬度高原特殊地形影响下的云和降水与其它地区相比有一些独特的情形,中-y尺度暴雨就是特征鲜明的一类,由此系统引发的降水突发性较强,常造成灾害.利用常规高空资料、卫星资料、加密乡镇雨量站资料和新一代多普勒雷达资料,对2010年7月13日云南昭通小河镇灾害性天气分析发现:短时性、高强度,在降水开始的1 h左右就达到暴雨量级,是此次过程的降水特点;中低层风向辐合、高冷低暖、整层潮湿,低层偏南暖湿气流输送水汽及对流不稳定能量堆积,以及边界层辐合线的触发提供了中尺度天气背景;强中尺度对流系统(MCS)是此次暴雨形成的云图中尺度特征;多普勒雷达观测资料分析表明,镶嵌在中-β尺度上的中-γ尺度单体为形成强降水的直接影响系统,该类系统以"单体合并型"和"自壮大升尺度型"居多,且"单体合并型"占较大比例;单体组织化合并可能是部分这类暴雨的触发与维持机制之一.     

河北省北部中雨后的强沙尘暴成因分析

本文利用常规观测资料和数值模拟的方法,对2002年4月6日发生在河北省北部中雨后紧接着出现的强沙尘暴天气过程进行了分析和诊断.结果表明:强冷空气爆发南下、致使斜压能量释放、地面气旋发展是有利于本次沙尘暴天气产生的大尺度背景;高空急流的高度迅速下降代表了动量下传,这是形成大风,产生沙尘暴的动力原因;在高空急流下方,日间湍流加强,湍流涡旋的下沉气流也是沙尘暴形成的动力因子,农谚称它是"刮地风",可见其机制作用;降水结束后,天气转晴,并出现6～7级西北风,在西北大风出现6个多小时的短时间内就能迅速使土表蒸发变干出现沙尘暴.     

钢筋混凝土结构构件局部地震损伤多尺度监测方法

提出一种结构局部地震损伤过程的多尺度监测方法。首先,在混凝土材料尺度上,针对混凝土材料细观随机性影响问题,基于压电智能骨料进行混凝土压应力监测,通过试验方法建立了混凝土损伤全过程中压电智能骨料应力与混凝土宏观应力的概率统计关系;其次,在截面尺度上,基于MEMS倾角仪转动监测方法,提出混凝土压弯构件截面曲率的监测方法,并通过试验验证了该方法的可行性;最后,在构件尺度上,提出基于转动积分的层间变形监测方法并给出了转动监测位置的设计原理,通过构件试验验证了该监测方法的可靠性。     

淮河流域一次致洪大暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用淮河流域内稠密的区域自动站资料、多普勒天气雷达组网资料、风云二号卫星双星观测资料及LAPS中尺度分析资料,对2007年7月8日淮河流域大暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行了综合分析,得出了一些有意义的结果.(1)这次降雨过程集中在淮河干流,呈现出强降水区稳定少动,高雨强出现频度大的特点,时空分布有利于形成大洪水,是一次典型的致洪大暴雨过程.(2)暴雨区与中低层的中尺度辐合扰动的形成、发展与移动密切相关,同时伴随着中尺度云团、雨团的强烈发展.中尺度雨带具有准静止性,且强度很强,这是此次暴雨过程的一个突出特点.(3)强降雨主要是在α尺度云带上不断生消发展的β中尺度云团,甚至更小的y中尺度云团的生消合并造成的.它们大多生消于32～34°N、114～118°E范围内,β中尺度对流云团的生消、演变和移动与中β尺度雨团的强度和位置有较好的对应关系,强降水发生在中尺度对流云团合并发展和增强阶段.(4)暴雨区具有低层辐合高层辐散、高湿、正涡度和强烈上升运动的特征,它们加强中低层的动力抬升,促使斜压不稳定能量释放,引起垂直涡度的发展,产生很强的降水.强降雨发生时,对流层中层的比湿快速加大,而云中液态水则表现为骤然减小.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.