有机锡化合物对底栖动物的急性毒性研究

研究有机锡化合物的摇蚊幼虫等４种底栖动物的急性毒性作用,包括致死浓度（ＬＣ）和致死时间（ＬＴ）。结果表明：①３种丁基锡化合物的毒性依次是三丁基锡（ＴＢＧ）＞二丁基锡（ＤＢＴ）＞单丁基锡（ＭＢＴ）。②ＴＢＴ对羽摇蚊幼虫的２４ｈＬＣ５０为２６．８６×１０＾－９;对六附器毛突摇蚊幼虫的２４ｈＬＣ５０为２４１．５５×５０－９;对苏氏尾鳃蚓的２４ｈＬＣ５０为１４５．５５×１０＾－９;对霍甫水丝蚓的２４ｈＬＣ     

有机锡化合物对萝卜螺的毒性作用

研究了氯化三丁基锡（ＴＢＴ）对折叠萝卜螺Ｒａｄｉｘｐｌｉｃａｔｕｌａ的毒性作用,结果表明,ＴＢＴ对萝卜螺的９６ｈ半数数致死浓度（ＬＣ５０）为１．１７μｇ／Ｌ,在４０ｄ中,ＴＢＴ对萝卜螺放卵量的ＥＣ５０为０．１０μｇ／Ｌ,螺卵孵化率的ＬＣ５０为０．１７μｇ／Ｌ。     

铬对水栖寡毛类赫德莱顠体虫(Aeolosomaheadleyi)的毒性试验

赫德莱Ｐｉａｏ体虫（Ｐｅｏｌｏｓｏｍａ ｈｅａｄｌｅｙｉ）为一种小型水栖寡毛类，行无性繁殖，室内培养容易，铬对其急性毒性试验结果为：２４ｈＬＣ５０为３．５５（３．１６－３．９０）ｍｇ／Ｌ，４８ｈＬＣ５０为１．８８（１．７７－２．０１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。低浓度慢怀试验结果为：无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为１０１μｇ／Ｌ，最大可接受浓度（ＭＡＥＣ）为１０１－１０２μｇ／Ｌ，慢性暴露１０天后种群可的最高浓度为２１０μ     

热带海洋环境中BHC和DDT的行为特征研究：Ⅰ.中国珠江口区旱季BHC…

本文物１９９４年１１月用气相色谱法研究了旱季珠江口区环境中ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ的含量与分布。结果表明，表层海水ＢＨＣ含量为０．０８７μｇ／Ｌ，ＤＤＴ为０．０８０μｇ／Ｌ；底层海水ＢＨＣ为０．１１７μｇ／Ｌ，ＤＤＴ为０．５０６μｇ／Ｌ。沉积物ＢＨＣ为１１．１５×１０＾－９（干），ＤＤＴ为３３．４６×１０＾－９（干）。海水中的盐度、ＤＯ、ＣＯＤ与其ＢＨＣ、ＤＤＴ含量之相关性没有规律，沉积物中微生物的含量与Ｂ     

铬对水栖寡毛类赫德莱顠体虫（Aeolosomaheadleyi）的毒性试验

赫德莱顠体虫（Ａｅｏｌｏｓｏｍａｈｅａｄｌｅｙｉ）为一种小型木栖寡毛类，行无性繁殖，室内培养容易。铬对其急性毒性试验结果为：２４ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为３．５５（３．１６─３．９０）ｍｇ／Ｌ，４８ｈＬＣ＿（５０）为１．８８（１．７７─２．０１）ｍｇ／Ｌ。低浓度慢性试验结果为：无效应浓度（ＮＯＥＣ）为１０１μｇ／Ｌ最大可接受浓度（ＭＡＥＣ）为１０１─１０２μｇ／Ｌ慢性暴露１０ｄ后种群可恢复的最高浓度为２１０ｕｇ／Ｌ．对此种寡毛类作为毒性试验生物的可能性作了简短的讨论。     

珠江三角洲一些城市水体中微量有机氯化合物的初步分析

采用较快速、简便的方法，用ＧＣ／ＥＣＤ对珠江三角洲几个城市中的污水及深圳河，大沙河中的有机氯化合物进行了初步探查及半定量分析。结果表明，几种有机氯农药尽管已停止生产多年，但在污水及河水中仍有残留，其中ＤＤＴ及其衍生物ＤＤＥ含量在０．０２－０．５０μｇ／Ｌ范围内；ＢＨＣｓ在０．０４－０．７２μｇ／Ｌ范围内，氯苯类化合物及ＰＣＢｓ在污水及不中也被检出。     

三丁基锡对螺旋藻的毒性作用

研究了氯化三丁基锡对盐泽螺放心藻的毒性作用。结果表明,ＴＢＴ对盐泽螺旋藻的半数生长抑制浓度ＩＣ５０为５．０９μｇ／Ｌ。     

白洋淀水生食物链BHC、DDT生物浓缩分析

为了评价ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ在水生食物链的生物累积放大效应,对白洋淀地区端村水域生态系统水生生物对六六六、ＤＤＴ的富集沿食物生物营养等级而递增的规律性较强（当年生鲫鱼例外）,水体,底泥水生维管束植物,浮游动物、底栖动物,当年生鲫鱼及２龄乌鳢体内六六六残留量分别为：０．３μｇ／Ｌ,０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,１９．０μｇ／ｋｇ,３０．０μｇ／ｋｇ,６０．９μｇ／ｋｇ,１７．２μｇ／ｋｇ、１１０．７μｇ／ｋｇ,ＤＤＴ     

热带海洋环境中BHC和DDT的行为特征研究：Ⅱ.中国珠江口区雨季BHC？…

本文于１９９５年７月在东经１１０°００′００〃￣１１３°５８′００〃，北纬２２０°００′００〃￣２２°４４′００〃的珠江口区采集海水、表层沉积物、气溶胶和海洋生物。用气相色谱法测定研究样品中ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ的含量与不同区域的分布。结果表明，就其平均值而言，表层海水ＢＨＣ含量为０．０４５μｇ／ｄｍ＾３，ＤＤＴ为０．０４１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；底层海水ＢＨＣ含量为０．０４８μｇ／ｄｍ＾３，ＤＤＴ为０．０３５μ     

热带海洋环境中BHC和DDT的行为特征研究 Ⅱ.中国珠江口区雨季BHC和DDT的含量与分布

本文于１９９５年７月在东经１１３°００′００″～１１３°５８′００″，北纬２２０°００′００″～２２°４４′００″的珠江口区采集海水、表层沉积物、气溶胶和海洋生物。用气相色谱法测定研究样品中ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ的含量与不同区域的分布。结果表明，就其平均值而言，表层海水ＢＨＣ含量为０．０４５μｇ／ｄｍ３，ＤＤＴ为０．０４１μｇ／ｄｍ３；底层海水ＢＨＣ含量为０．０４８μｇ／ｄｍ３，ＤＤＴ为０．０３５μｇ／ｄｍ３。沉积物ＢＨＣ为１１．０７×１０－９·干；ＤＤＴ为１７．８８×１０－９·干。气溶胶ＢＨＣ为０．１３６ｎｇ／ｍ３；ＤＤＴ为０．０７８ｎｇ／ｍ３。海洋生物ＢＨＣ的范围为０．４０３×１０－９·鲜（海带）～８．６４４×１０－９·鲜（贻贝）；ＤＤＴ为１．７７０×１０－９·鲜（浮游植物）～２０７．６×１０－９·鲜（海鸟）。在雨季，海水中ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ由于受到珠江径流的稀释而含量偏低；ＢＨＣ、ＤＤＴ在表层海水及表层沉积物的区域分布，雨季和旱季类似。ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ在海洋生物中的含量，随着海洋食物链成员生物营养级的提高而提高。它们在不可食部分的含量高于可食部分，海鸟的羽毛是积累ＢＨＣ和ＤＤＴ的关键器官。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.