Adsorption behavior of benzenesulfonic acid by novel weakly basic anion exchange resins

Two novel weakly basic anion exchange resins(SZ-1 and SZ-2) were prepared via the reaction of macroporous chloromethylated polystyrene-divinylbenzene(Cl-PS-DVB) beads with dicyclohexylamine and piperidine, respectively. The physicochemical structures of the resulting resins were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and pore size distribution analysis. The adsorption behavior of SZ-1 and SZ-2 for benzenesulfonic acid(BA) was evaluated, and the common commercial weakly basic anion exchanger D301 was also employed for comparison purpose. Adsorption isotherms and influence of solution p H, temperature and coexisting competitive inorganic salts(Na2SO4and Na Cl) on adsorption behavior were investigated and the optimum desorption agent was obtained.Adsorption isotherms of BA were found to be well represented by the Langmuir model.Thermodynamic parameters involving ΔH, ΔG and ΔS were also calculated and the results indicate that adsorption is an exothermic and spontaneous process. Enhanced selectivity of BA sorption over sulfate on the two novel resins was observed by comparison with the commercial anion exchanger D301. The fact that the tested resins loaded with BA can be efficiently regenerated by Na Cl solution indicates the reversible sorption process. From a mechanistic viewpoint, this observation clearly suggests that electrostatic interaction is the predominant adsorption mechanism. Furthermore, results of column tests show that SZ-1possesses a better adsorption property than D301, which reinforces the feasibility of SZ-1for potential industrial application.     

Adsorption behavior of ammonium by a bioadsorbent – Boston ivy leaf powder

The adsorption behaviors of ammonium ions from aqueous solution by a novel bioadsorbent, the Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) leaf powder (BPTL) were investigated. The SEM images and FT-IR spectra were used to characterize BPTL. The mathematical models were used to analyze the adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The optimum pH range for ammonium adsorption by BPTL was found to be 5–10. The adsorption reached equilibrium at 14 hr, and the kinetic data were well fitted by the Logistic model. The intraparticle di usion was the main rate-controlling step of the adsorption process. The high temperature was favorable to the ammonium adsorption by BPTL, indicating that the adsorption was endothermic. The adsorption equilibrium fitted well to both the Langmuir model and Freundlich model, and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir model were 3.37, 5.28 and 6.59 mg N/g at 15, 25 and 35°C, respectively, which were comparable to those by reported minerals. Both the separation factor (RL) from the Langmuir model and Freundlich exponent (n) suggested that the ammonium adsorption by BPTL was favorable. Therefore, the Boston ivy leaf powder could be considered a novel bioadsorbent for ammonium removal from aqueous solution.     

Cadmium sorption by sodium and thiourea-modified zeolite-rich tuffs

In the present investigation, two zeolite-rich tuffs from Guaymas and El Cajon(State of Sonora), which were conditioned with a sodium chloride solution and subsequently modified with a thiourea solution, were chosen to evaluate the removal of Cd from aqueous systems. The zeolitic materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The surface area was also determined. The experiments were performed in a batch system, and the influences of p H, contact time between phases, and the concentration of Cd in the solution on the adsorption by sodium or thiourea-modified zeolite-rich tuff were investigated. It was found that the efficiency of Cd ion removal from aqueous solutions is influenced by the p H of the aqueous systems. The Cd adsorption kinetic data were well fitted to a pseudo-second-order model in all cases. The Langmuir and Langmuir–Freundlich isotherms adequately described the Cd sorption behavior by the zeolite from El Cajon pretreated with Na Cl and the zeolite from Guaymas modified with thiourea, respectively.     

Simultaneous adsorption of lead and cadmium on MnO2-loaded resin

MnO2-loaded D301 weak basic anion exchange resin has been used as adsorbent to simultaneously remove lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution. The e ects of adsorbent dosage, solution pH and the coexistent ions on the adsorption were investigated. Experimental results showed that with the adsorbent dosage more than 0.6 g/L, both Pb2+ and Cd2+ were simultaneously removed at pH range 5–6. Except for HPO4 2??, the high concentration coexistent ions such as Na+, K+, Cl??, NO3??, SO4 2?? and HCO3??, showed no significant e ect on the removal e ciency of both Pb2+ and Cd2+ under the experimental conditions. The coexistence of Mg2+, Ca2+ caused the reduction of Cd2+ removal, but not for Pb2+. The adsorption equilibrium for Pb2+ and Cd2+ could be excellently described by the Langmuir isotherm model with R2 > 0.99. The maximum adsorption capacity was calculated as 80.64 mg/g for Pb2+ and 21.45 mg/g for Cd2+. The adsorption processes followed the pseudo first-order kinetics model. MnO2-loaded D301 resin has been shown to have a potential to be used as an e ective adsorbent for simultaneous removal of lead and cadmium ions from aqueous solution.     

Removal of Cd2+ from water by Friedel’s salt (FS: 3CaO.Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O): Sorption characteristics and mechanisms

The development of low-cost and efficient new mineral adsorbents has been a hot topic in recent years. In this study, Friedel’s salt (FS:3CaO·A12O3 ·CaCl2 ·10H2O), a hexagonal layered inorganic absorbent, was synthesized to remove Cd2+ from water. The adsorption process was simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption mechanism was further analyzed with TEM, XRD, FT-IR analysis and monitoring of metal cations released and solution pH variation. The results indicated the adsorbent FS had an outstanding ability for Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of the FS for Cd(Ⅱ) removal can reach up to 671.14 mg/g. The nearly equal numbers of Cd2+ adsorbed and Ca2+ released demonstrated that ion-exchange (both surface and inner) of the FS for Cd(Ⅱ) played an important role during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the surface of the FS after adsorption was microscopically disintegrated while the inner lamellar structure was almost unchanged. The behavior of Cd(Ⅱ) adsorption by FS was significantly affected by surface reactions. The mechanisms of Cd2+ adsorption by the FS mainly included surface complexation and surface precipitation. In the present study, the adsorption process was fitted better by the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9999) than the Freundlich isotherm model (R2 = 0.8122). Finally, due to the high capacity for ion-exchange on the FS surface, FS is a promising layered inorganic adsorbent for the removal of Cd(Ⅱ) from water.     

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon

Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions.The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH,and reduced with an increase in ionic strength.Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics.Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation.Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02μmol/g.Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van't Hoff equation.Equilibrium constant Kd was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants,Langmnir isotherm model constants,and isotherms,respectively.The average change of standard adsorption heatΔH~0 was -25.29 kJ/mol.NegativeΔH~0 andΔG~0 values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous.The standard entropyΔS~0 was also negative,which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.     

Biosorption of clofibric acid and carbamazepine in aqueous solution by agricultural waste rice straw

Due to their widespread use, clofibric acid （CA） and carbamazepine （CBZ） have been frequently detected simultaneously at relatively high concentrations in aquatic environments. In this study, agricultural waste rice straw was employed as a potentially low-cost, effective and easy-to-operate biosorbent （RSB） to remove CA and CBZ. The adsorption of both pharmaceuticals followed pseudo second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was an important rate-limiting step. The adsorption isotherms of both drugs were fit well with Freundlich model. The adsorption of CA onto RSB was exothermic and was more likely to be dominated by physical processes, while the adsorption of CBZ was endothermic. Solution pH was determined to be the most important factor for CA adsorption, such that the adsorption capacity of CA onto RSB increased with the decline of solution pH. In the lower range of solution pH below 3. l, the CA removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of biosorbent dosage. The CBZ removal efficiency was enhanced with the increase of RSB dosage without pH control. The maximum adsorption capacities were 126.3 mg/g for CA and 40.0 mg/g for CBZ.     

Removal of phosphate from wastewater using alkaline residue

Alkaline residue(AR) was found to be an efficient adsorbent for phosphate removal from wastewater. The kinetic and equilibrium of phosphate removal were investigated to evaluate the performance of modified alkaline residue. After treatment by NaOH(AR-NaOH), removal performance was significantly improved, while removal performance was almost completely lost after treatment by HCl(AR-HCl). The kinetics of the removal process by all adsorbents was well characterized by the pseudo second-order model. The Langmuir model exhibited the best correlation for AR-HCl, while AR was effectively described by Freundlich model. Both models were well fitted to AR-NaOH. The maximum adsorption capacities calculated from Langmuir equation were in following manner: AR-NaOH AR AR-HCl. Phosphate removal by alkaline residue was pH dependent process. Mechanisms for phosphate removal mainly involved adsorption and precipitation, varied with equilibrium pH of solution. For AR-HCl, the acid equilibrium pH( 6.0) was unfavorable for the formation of Ca-P precipitate, with adsorption as the key mechanism for phosphate removal. In contrast, for AR and ARNaOH, precipitation was the dominant mechanism for phosphate removal, due to the incrase on pH( 8.0) after phosphate removal. The results of both XRD and SEM analysis confirmed CaHPO4·2H2O formation after phosphate removal by AR and AR-NaOH.     

Ciprofloxacin adsorption from aqueous solution onto chemically prepared carbon from date palm leaflets

A chemically prepared carbon was synthesized from date palm leaflets via sulphuric acid carbonization at 160℃. Adsorption of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution was investigated in terms of time, pH, concentration, temperature and adsorbent status (wet and dry). The equilibrium time was found to be 48 hr. The adsorption rate was enhanced by raising the temperature for both adsorbents, with adsorption data fitting a pseudo second-order model well. The activation energy, E_a, was found to be 17 kJ/mol, indicating a diffusion-controlled, physical adsorption process. The maximum adsorption was found at initial pH 6. The wet adsorbent showed faster removal with higher uptake than the dry adsorbent, with increased performance as temperature increased (25-45℃). The equilibrium data were found to fit the Langmuir model better than the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption process is spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption mechanism is mainly related to cation exchange and hydrogen bonding.     

Adsorption of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid/sulfuric acid from their solution by weakly basic resin: equilibrium

Experiments for single and bisolute competitive adsorption were carried out to investigate the adsorption behavior of β-naphthalenesulfonic acid(NSA) and sulfuric acid (H2 SO4 ) from their solution at 25 ℃ onto weakly basic resin D301R. Adsorption affinity of sulfuric acid on D301R was found to be much higher than that of NSA. The data of single-solute adsorption were fitted to the Langmuir model and the Freundlich adsorption model. The ideal adsorbed solution theory(IAST) coupled with the single-solute adsorption models were used to predict the bisolute competitive adsorption equilibria. The IAST coupled with the Langmuir and the Freundlich model for sulfuric acid and NSA, respectively, yields the favorable representation of the bisolute competitive adsorption behavior.     

邻苯二甲酸和苯甲酸在功能化碳纳米管上的吸附行为

在pH7.0的条件下,采用批量平衡方法研究邻苯二甲酸（PA）和苯甲酸（BA）在3种不同功能化碳纳米管（羟基化H-CNTs、羧基化C-CNTs和石墨化G-CNTs）上的吸附/解吸行为,并进一步探究共存BA对PA在碳纳米管上吸附的影响.结果表明,Langmuir和Freundlich模型均可对PA和BA在3种碳纳米管上的吸附数据进行较好的非线性拟合,其中Freundlich模型拟合效果更好（Adj r²均达到0.88以上）;3种碳纳米管对PA和BA的吸附能力大小均依次为：C-CNTs > H-CNTs > G-CNTs;解吸实验中,C-CNT和H-CNTs对BA和PA的解吸均具有明显的滞后现象,说明BA和PA在C-CNT和H-CNTs上的吸附有较强化学作用力的发生,而G-CNTs对二者的解吸曲线与吸附曲线几乎重合,不具有明显的滞后现象,这与G-CNTs表面缺乏官能团有关;当PA和BA共存在时,以PA为主要吸附质,BA为竞争吸附质,发现在H-CNTs和C-CNTs上,共存BA对PA为竞争作用,而在G-CNTs上,共存BA对PA起协同吸附作用.     

壳聚糖改性竹制粉末活性炭吸附剂对微囊藻毒素的吸附特性研究

研究了壳聚糖改性的竹制粉末活性炭吸附剂对饮用水中微囊藻毒素Microcystin-RR(MCRR)的吸附效果和机理.结果表明,这种新合成的吸附剂具有一定的孔结构,比表面积为203.63m·2g-1,平均孔径为7.23nm,并且具有较高比例的介孔分布,这种特性使得其对最长分子尺寸为2.86nm的MCRR具有较好的捕捉效果.吸附动力学实验表明,接触时间达到100min后,吸附趋于稳定,该吸附剂对MCRR的吸附行为可以用Langmuir模型(Ce/Qe=0.014Ce+0.81,R2=0.99)和Freundlich模型(lnQe=0.61lnCe+1.04,R2=0.99)较好地描述;在中性条件下该吸附剂对MCRR的最大吸附量达到69.93μg·g-1,具有较强的吸附能力.受吸附剂本身等电点及MCRR分子带电性能的影响,吸附剂对MCRR的吸附受pH影响较大,在pH=3时吸附能力最强;此外,天然有机物(NOM)的存在会对MCRR的吸附产生明显的竞争作用.脱附实验表明,改变脱附溶液的pH对提高脱附效率影响不大,甲醇作为脱附剂具有较好的脱附效果,脱附率可达到96%.     

改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附

通过批量实验研究了改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附特性.Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程被用于分析吸附等温数据,准一级动力学模型、准二级动力学模型和颗粒扩散模型被用于吸附动力学实验数据分析.结果表明,改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附过程符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温方程,最大吸附量达到71.43 mg·g^-1;颗粒扩散模型能够很好地描述改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附动力学过程,水溶液中染料的初始浓度、颗粒直径、颗粒量及搅拌速度对吸附速率均产生一定的影响.改性泥炭-树脂颗粒对水溶液中酸性橙Ⅱ的吸附作用主要发生在颗粒的外表面.     

乌贼墨黑色素对Pb2+-Cu2+二元体系的吸附性能研究

为探索新型生物吸附剂，以乌贼墨黑色素（SIM）为吸附剂，研究Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺单组分溶液及Pb²⁺-Cu²⁺二元混合体系中SIM对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的吸附效果并构建等温吸附模型.结果表明，pH值、SIM添加量、吸附时间对SIM吸附Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的吸附量影响较大，而吸附温度对吸附效果影响较小；单组分吸附与二元混合体系吸附对比表明，二元混合体系中Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺存在竞争吸附.应用L （Langmuir）和F （Freundlich）等温吸附模型拟合了SIM对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺单组分金属离子的吸附过程，其中L模型与试验结果拟合度更高；应用Non-modified Langmuir、Modified Langmuir isotherm、Extended Langmuir、Extended Freundlich和SRS模型5种模型对Pb²⁺-Cu²⁺二元混合体系的等温吸附过程进行拟合，其中Extended Langmuir模型与试验结果拟合度最佳.应用红外光谱（FTIR）分析SIM吸附金属离子的原理时发现，SIM上羟基、-NH和不饱和键是金属离子的吸附位点，且SIM对Pb²⁺的吸附能力优于对Cu²⁺的吸附.     

D301树脂对水中氟虫腈的吸附去除研究

文章研究D301树脂对水溶液中氟虫腈的吸附行为,考察了吸附剂投加量和溶液pH值对吸附效果的影响,对吸附等温线和吸附动力学进行了探讨,并选择不同模型对吸附曲线进行拟合。结果表明,当氟虫腈溶液初始浓度为2 mg/L,吸附剂投加量为0.5 g/L时,氟虫腈的去除率达到100%;溶液pH值在3⁹范围内变化时,对吸附的影响较小,相对而言pH=7的吸附效果最好;D301树脂对氟虫腈的吸附等温线满足Langmuir吸附等温式和Freundlich吸附等温式,相关系数R2分别为0.994和0.991;吸附动力学符合Lagergren一级反应方程。总体来说,D301树脂对氟虫腈的吸附效果较好。     

活性炭对双溶质水溶液中痕量有机物的理想吸附

对活性炭吸附水中有机物的吸附等温线研究表明，由IAST理论推导的简化模型可更好地解释活性炭对存在一种主要溶质的双溶质体系中痕量溶质的理想吸附现象，并解释了Henry系数与主要溶质的平衡浓度之间不呈简单的反比关系这一现象。活性炭对含苯酚、苯胺溶液中的氯仿和四氯化碳的吸附实验结果与模型预测值相符。影响Henry系数的主要因素有单溶质溶液的Freundrich参数和主要溶质的平衡浓度。各参数的敏感度分析表明：单溶质溶液的Freundrich参数对活性炭吸附痕量有机物的影响要大于主要溶质的平衡浓度的影响。     

大孔弱碱性树脂对2,4-二硝基苯酚吸附性能的研究

研究了2,4-二硝基苯酚在D301大孔弱碱树脂上的吸附性能。结果表明:在283～313K和研究的浓度范围内,吸附行为符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温式,D301树脂对2,4-二硝基苯酚的平衡吸附容量为235.9mg/g,动态吸附容量为121.3mg/g。用质量分数为10%的氢氧化钠溶液作脱附剂,温度333K,体积为6BV(床体积)时,脱附率为89.2%,树脂脱附再生后可反复使用,并回收2,4-二硝基苯酚。     

锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性

采用锆对天然沸石进行改性,并研究了锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附特性.结果表明,锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵均具有很好的吸附能力.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐和铵的吸附动力学过程满足准二级动力学模型.Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin–Radushkevich(D–R)等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的等温吸附行为.Langmuir等温吸附模型可以很好地描述锆改性沸石对水中铵的等温吸附行为.由Langmuir等温吸附模型计算得到锆改性沸石对磷酸盐和铵的最大吸附容量分别达到26.2,7.82 mg/g.热力学参数表明锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附是自发的吸热反应过程.锆改性沸石对水中磷酸盐的吸附能力随着pH值的增加而降低.当pH4~8时,锆改性沸石对水中铵的吸附能力较高;当pH低于4或高于8时,对铵的吸附能力下降.水中共存的Cl-、SO42-、HCO3-和NO3-等阴离子对锆改性沸石吸附磷酸盐的影响很小,而共存的SiO32-对磷酸盐的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.水中共存的Ca2+和Mg2+对锆改性沸石吸附铵的影响较小,而共存的K+和Na+对铵的吸附则具有较强的负面影响.锆改性沸石吸附水中磷酸盐的主要机制是阴离子配位体的交换,吸附水中铵的主要机制是与沸石中可交换阳离子的离子交换.