汶川地震后陕甘川交界地区重力应急监测及变化分析

流动重力方便快捷,能快速获取重力场变化信息。汶川8.0级大震后中国地震局立即开展震后重力应急监测,陕甘川交界地区重力观测显示:①汶川震后陕甘川交界的沙洲、碧口、青木川地区形成了重力变化大于60×10^-8ms^-2的局部重力异常区及其伴生的重力变化高梯度带,重力变化最大值达到70×10^-8ms^-2多,重力异常与强余震的空间分布存在密切的联系。②望褒线重力与垂直形变变化活跃,靠近断裂重力与垂直形变变化剧烈。③利用重力资料对汶川震后地震趋势进行了正确的判定。     

天文因素与中国大陆大震趋势研究

全面分析了20世纪发生于中国大陆的7.0级以上大地震与天文因素的关系,分析结果表明,20世纪中国大陆71%的大地震发生于月亮轨道(白道)与赤道交角变小的阶段,这说明月亮轨道运行至这一位置时将会是中国地震的活跃期.太阳活动及地球自转亦均与中国大地震的发生密切相关,太阳活动的谷年普遍都有大地震发生;地球自转速度加快时大地震多,20世纪地球自转速度加快时段发生的大地震占72%.经互相关分析发现,中国大陆大震活动滞后于太阳黑子相对数峰年约6年,滞后于地球自转最快年约12年.文中最后根据目前月亮白赤交角的变化,以及太阳活动与地球自转预测中国大陆下一个大地震活动幕可能开始于2006年,并有可能延续至2015年.在此期间内,中国大陆将会有多个M≥7.0的地震发生.     

茅山断裂带新构造与现代构造运动特征

本文根据地质地貌、考古、地壳形变和地震等资料,对茅山断裂带新构造和现代构造运动研究结果表明,它们具有继承性、差异性(分段性)、间歇性(周期性)以及以张、压交替运动方式为特征。现代构造运动以现代地壳的垂直运动为主,且具有距现代时间越近,垂直位移速率越大的趋势。最后,探讨了茅山断裂带今后一段时间内的地震趋势。     

华北几次大震前弱震分布参数R(t)的异常变化

本文详细研究了1974年以来华北地区9次Ms≥5.0级大震前,小震时空分布参数R(t)的变化特征.结果表明:华北地区9次Ms≥5.0级大震前小震时空分布参数R(t)值均出现了先上升,然后下降直至主震发生的异常图象。根据R(t)值异常可能对未来发生的大震作出一定程度的预报.文中对R(t)值异常变化的机制进行了初步讨论.     

沂沭断裂带垂直形变特征与异常分析

利用跨断层水准测量资料,结合长水准测量成果,重点分析了沂沭断裂带及其附近地区垂直形变特征及本区中强地震前异常形态。结果表明：沂沭带附近的地壳形变明显受新构造活动的控制,断层的最大垂直运动速率为０５０ｍｍ／ａ,沂沭带断层垂直运动平均速率合成值约为０３４ｍｍ／ａ,现今总体活动水平较低;沂沭带北段及北西向断裂近期呈反向运动,南段呈继承性构造运动,部分测点在本区中等及中强地震前异常较典型,主要异常形态为“Ｕ”或“Ｎ”型。     

东南地洼区(部分地区)地震迁移特征

东南地洼区(部分地区)M≥5级地震活动首先从江西南昌—信丰、闽东南沿海和粤西—桂东三个地区发起,然后垂直或斜交区域主要断裂走向向外迁移。地震活动带的迁移与莫霍面形态变化存在某种联系。根据地震迁移规律,福建政和—南平—带在未来一、二百年内有可能发生6级左右地震,广东韶关—湖南长沙一带可能是未来5级左右地震活跃区。     

月球动运与鲜水河地震带强震活动的关系

本文在文献[1]的基础上,选用月球运动的18.613年和8.85年周期,计算出与之相应的“地震韵律系列”,据此及利用鲜水河地震带1725—1986年度(每年3月至下年2月)期间各年度 M≥5级最大地震资料,计算了1927—2000年度地震活动等级“Ⅰ”。分析1927—1986年度Ⅰ与 M≥6或 M≥5.6级地震的关系,确定3<Ⅰ≤4的强活动年度及其前一年,后二年为划分该带强震活跃时段的定量指标据此预测该带本世纪内下一个强震活跃时段。     

地震与地球旋转运动相关性的几点讨论

本文对地震的时、空、强特征进行研究,并与地球旋转运动进行对比,发现它们之间有这样一些相关规律:1.中国和欧洲地区的地震活动具有相同的年变化,并与地球自转加速度同步;2.全球M≥8级大震的月频分布曲线与日长(△P)曲线一致,但频度曲线超前一个月;3.南北半球M≥7级地震活动的逐月时序迭加具有高低潮的反向呼应关系;4.地震沿纬度分布状态表明,在北纬35°处和赤道偏南的纬度带上是两个地震活动高峰带.认为日地距离的变化使地球处于周期性的太阳引力场中,是地震活动出现规律性季节变化的主要原因.     

地壳形变的大趋势、形变超常与城市地质(以天津及其外围地区为例)

<正> 地表形变是地壳运动的表层反映,一般受大区构造背景的控制,也与特定的地区性构造有关。构造地貌是地壳运动长期作用并延续至今的结果。其在长周期大面积形变图上的表现是山区的上升和平原区的下降。地貌和形变图的一致即表明了地壳形变的继承性发展,这一格局被称为现今地壳形变的大趋势(简称形变大势)。     

根据断层形变剖面资料分析泾阳口镇-关山断裂活动状况

首先分析泾阳地震台1986～2005年跨口镇一关山断层定点形变观测资料,指出形变剖面各点的运动特征:1995年前泾阳台N1A测线资料基本上呈线性变化,1995～1997年该测线形变资料呈现较大的波动性异常,1998年1月5日陕西泾阳发生4.8级地震,靠近断层的点位发生了阶跃式变化,之后各点位运动渐趋于平缓.其后结合断层位错模型引起的地表形变特征,分析得出该形变变化主要由地裂和断裂活动共同引起;不考虑地震引起的异常时段,分析1986～1994以及1999～2005形变年变化量,可看出变化趋势基本一致;最后利用1986～1994形变速率进行断层蠕滑段或地裂速率及深度反演.从反演结果可以看出,基准点N1比较稳定,3号点附近的地裂较浅,底部几十米,以垂直下滑为主,兼有张裂活动;5、6号点之间的断层活动深度在1 km左右.该断层上盘仍在下降.     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

The cultural politics of mining and natural disaster in Indonesia: by fire and sword

Natural disasters are inevitably the outcome of cultural agonisms. The cultural politics of natural disasters are shaped by competing claims and conceptions of ‘nature’. Recent disasters in Indonesia are directly linked to these contending conceptions and the ways in which different social groups imagine risk and reward. The Sidoarjo volcanic mudflow of 2006 represents a volatile and violent exemplar of contending cultural and economic claims. Like other disasters in Indonesia and elsewhere in the developing world, this ‘natural’ disaster is characterised by differing conceptions of ‘nature’ as cultural tradition, divine force, and natural resource. A new extractive project in East Java is exhibiting similar economic and cultural agonisms, particularly around the notion of development, environment, self‐determination, and tradition. This paper examines the ‘disputes over meaning’ associated with natural disasters in contemporary societies, and the ways in which they are related to human culture, social organisation, and hierarchical systems of violence.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Risk communication in emergency response to a simulated extreme flood

Risk communication in flood incident management can be improved through developing hydrometeorological and engineering models used as tools for communicating risk between scientists and emergency management professionals. A range of such models and tools was evaluated by participating flood emergency managers during a 4-day, real-time simulation of an extreme event in the Thamesmead area in the Thames estuary close to London, England. Emergency managers have different communication needs and value new tools differently, but the indications are that a range of new tools could be beneficial in flood incident management. Provided they are communicated large model uncertainties are not necessarily unwelcome among flood emergency managers. Even so they are cautious about sharing the ownership of weather and flood modelling uncertainties.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

The ethical contours of research in crisis settings: five practical considerations for academic institutional review boards and researchers

The number of research studies in the humanitarian field is rising. It is imperative, therefore, that institutional review boards (IRBs) consider carefully the additional risks present in crisis contexts to ensure that the highest ethical standards are upheld. Ethical guidelines should represent better the specific issues inherent to research among populations grappling with armed conflict, disasters triggered by natural hazards, or health‐related emergencies. This paper seeks to describe five issues particular to humanitarian settings that IRBs should deliberate and on which they should provide recommendations to overcome associated challenges: staged reviews of protocols in acute emergencies; flexible reviews of modification requests; addressing violence and the traumatic experiences of participants; difficulties in attaining meaningful informed consent among populations dependent on aid; and ensuring reviews are knowledgeable of populations' needs. Considering these matters when reviewing protocols will yield more ethically sound research in humanitarian settings and hold researchers accountable to appropriate ethical standards.