京、津、唐地区土壤环境背景值研究

本文研究了痕量元素在土壤中的纵向分布和迁移及其环境背景值的处理. 文中讨论了关于:1)不同层次土壤中25种元素的含量;2)我国某些地区若干元素背景值;3)若干微量元素分布频率图;4)京、津、唐某些土壤类型中的元素含量;5)25种元素在不同母质土壤中的比值;6)京、津、唐地区不同地域土壤含量比较;7)其平均值及95％的置信域.     

沉积物和土壤中微量元素预测

本文探讨了沉积物和土壤中微量元素含量预测问题。对已有的工作进行了总结,并以我国一些地区为例,从若干角度进行了土壤微元素含量预测。     

小兴安岭地区环境中的重金属

小兴安岭地区人烟稀少,植被发育较好,受人类活动影响较小。1984年我们对该区土壤、植物、水体中Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Cu、Co、Cd、As、Ni、Pb10种重金属元素进行了调查研究,探讨不同环境要素之间以及沉积物中不同元素之间的关系。 一、小兴安岭地区环境中的重金属 本文研究了小兴安岭地区土壤、植物和水体中的重金属,土壤主要是暗棕色森林土,植物采用本区优势树种红松(Pinus ko-raiensis)、蒙古栎(Quereus mongolica)、糠椴(Tiliamand shurica)和兴安白桦(Betula plalyphylla),水体包括河水和河底沉积物.为了研究土壤与植物中元素含量关系,土壤和植物同步采样。 1.土壤中重金属含量特征 暗棕色森林土是重要的林业土壤资源,在小兴安岭地区,其分布面积约占土壤总面     

基于GIS的表层土壤重金属污染及空间特征研究——以玄武湖景区为例

GIS与地统计学已广泛运用于土壤科学的研究。为调察研究玄武湖公园内陆区域土壤重金属污染情况及空间分布的特征,为污染评估治理提供可视化的科学依据,本文采集并分析了玄武湖内陆地区0~20 cm土壤中Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb、Zn和Cu 6种元素含量,对其进行描述性统计分析判断污染情况,并利用Arc GIS分析其污染情况及空间特征,结果表明,Cd超标率高达97.5%且平均值0.25高于国家一级标准1.23倍,存在轻微污染,其他5个元素均值均低于一级标准且超标率均低于21%,基本不存在污染的情况。从空间分布来看,Pb、Zn和Cu含量从内向外呈增大趋势,Cr、Ni整体浓度值相对偏小,大部分区域含量均在中值附近或以下,以上5种元素块基比均在0.5左右,含量及分布均是由随机因素及结构性因素共同控制,而Cd块基比仅0.028因而其分布规律则主要受结构性因素影响。     

贵阳南部近郊蔬菜重金属污染状况及健康风险评估

于贵阳花溪区蔬菜种植基地及零星菜地采集叶菜类、茎菜类和果菜类样品及对应土壤样品,测定土壤与蔬菜样品中Zn、Cd、Pb和Cu含量,分析土壤理化性质、土壤重金属全量、有效态含量与蔬菜中重金属含量之间的关系,通过污染指数和暴露风险健康评估指数分析城郊蔬菜中重金属污染状况以及摄入人群的健康风险。结果表明:部分菜地土壤样品Zn、Cu含量超出农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,超标率分别为8.82%、11.76%;蔬菜中重金属含量主要取决于土壤重金属有效态含量;研究区蔬菜均处于清洁水平,但有8.82%的蔬菜样品Pb处于Ⅱ级警戒值,且均为叶菜;Pb是叶菜类暴露健康风险的主要元素,而Cu是茎菜类与果菜类暴露健康风险的重要元素;蔬菜重金属对儿童和成人的危害指数均小于1.0,表明食用该地区的蔬菜不会对人体健康产生不良影响。     

雷州半岛土壤重金属分布特征及其污染评价

在雷州半岛采集了106个土壤表层样品,分析了其中8种重金属元素(Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Ni、Cd、Hg和As)的全量.结果表明,雷州半岛土壤重金属污染由高到低排序为Ni＞Cr＞Hg＞Cu＞Zn＞Cd＞As＞Pb,Zn、Cd、As和Pb质量浓度均没有超标,Hg和Cu质量浓度超标率亦不高,但Ni和Cr平均质量浓度达49.81、87.13 mg/kg,高于国内外其他对照区域,超标率分别为25.47%和24.53%;重金属元素在雷州半岛各土壤利用类型中分布规律不明显,按4种主要土壤利用类型受重金属污染程度大小排序为甘蔗地＞果园土＞水田＞菜地;雷州半岛土壤综合污染指数总平均为0.970,土壤总体上尚清洁,重金属污染处于警戒水平;雷州半岛各区域中,徐闻、雷州两地土壤重金属质量浓度明显高于其他地区,其主要原因是徐闻、雷州两地成土母质主要为玄武岩,造成土壤Cr、Ni及其他重金属背景值较高.     

燃煤电厂重金属排放与周边土壤重金属污染评价

为研究燃煤电厂重金属排放对周边土壤重金属污染的影响,测定了某燃煤电厂烟囱入口烟气中Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、As含量,同时根据当地气象及地形条件,在燃煤电厂周边采集19个土壤样品,分析了土壤中重金属含量及分布情况,并对其污染程度进行评价.结果表明,燃煤电厂烟气中6种重金属元素的质量浓度为0.02～2.00μg/m3...     

矿区土壤中重金属元素含量异常的调查

对某金矿区下游土壤重金属元素含量异常区进行了调查,研究了异常元素的空间分布和相态组成.通过对土壤、水、农产品、大气沉降物等的采样分析表明,土壤中重金属元素含量异常是由于矿山开采,废水排放,下游引水灌溉造成的.对异常元素的环境影响进行了分析评价,并提出了土壤治理建议.     

北京、南京、广东地区土壤中铅、锌、镉

铅、锌、镉都是土壤中的痕量元素,它们在天然土壤中含量很低,正常情况下,土壤中含镉为0.01—2ppm,平均为0.35ppm,含铅为2—300ppm,平均为35ppm,含锌为1—900ppm,平均为90ppm。它们都是环境中重要元素,现已证明,铅和镉对动植物都是有害的。锌是动植物的营养元素,但是,在一定条件下,过量的锌对人和动物可能有致癌性。因此,它们在土壤中的含量多少对动植物生长和人体健康有着重要的影响。本文根据中国科学院土壤背景协作组提供的数据,对北京、南京、广东地区土壤中铅、锌、镉的含量水平、元素间的关系等问题进行初步探讨。 一、样品来源及分析方法 根据各地区土壤母质类型,远离污染源以及按野外观察划分自然层次,采集不同类     

土壤小麦根系系统重金属迁移控制因子的辩识研究

相关与回归分析发现，大田条件下土壤理化性质与共存元素同小麦根系重金属含量间存在密切关系；多元与逐步回归数学模型均达到显著水平，但逐步回归分析显示对重金属迁移起主导作用的不是所选全部控制因子。非必需元素Cd、Pd主要取决于同种元素在土壤中的含量；而必需元素Cu、Zn则受同种元素在土壤中含量的影响相对较小。控制因子的辨识，无疑有利于制定合理的土壤修复及环境管理方案。     

某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染调查与评价

为了解湘南某矿区土壤和地下水重金属污染状况，对该矿区东河流域附近重金属污染源进行了调查，同时，对地下水和土壤样品进行了采样分析，结果表明：（1）该矿区东河流域附近的主要污染源有18个，其中有色金属选厂、尾矿库、采矿场和冶炼厂是排放重金属较多的污染源；（2）20个采样点中土壤重金属Pb、Cd、Zn、As和Hg大部分超过国家土壤环境质量标准（GB15618-1995），综合污染指数P综〉1，该矿区主要的重金属污染元素为Cd、As和Hg，且土壤中Cd、Zn和As的含量两两之间存在着极显著的正线性相关关系；（3）重金属元素在土壤中的纵向迁移不明显，该矿区附近20个采样点的地下水并未受到污染，综合污染指数P综〈1。20个采样点地下水Pb、Cd、Zn、As、Hg浓度均能达到地下水质量标准（GB／T14848．9）中的Ⅲ类标准。     

Emission inventory of eight elements,Fe, Al,K, Mg,Mn, Na,Ca and Ti,in dust source region of East Asia

Based on calculation of the emission rate of the atmospheric mineral dust and the data of elemental contents in surface soils, this paper calculates the emission inventory of eight main elements of the atmospheric dust, Fe, Al, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca and Ti, in the dust source region of East Asia. As the dust sources in both Northern China and the Southern Mongolia are of three types and, in each of the six source type areas, surface soils are relatively uniform in soil types and soil texture, a simple method to calculate the emission of an element in one source type area is proposed by multiplying the total emission of the dust PM₁₀ and PM₅₀ in the source type area with the mean percentage content of the element in surface soils of the area. Comparison of our calculation of the total Fe emission in the source region of East Asia with the total Fe deposition to the North Pacific Ocean, measured and calculated by previous authors, shows very good agreement. This general method can also be used for the emission calculation of any other element.     

京津唐地区土壤类型和水系分异对微量元素分布的影响分析

本文研究了不同土壤类型微量元素含量的差异,并对造成差异的因素进行了分析。 文中讨论了:1)京津唐地区土壤微量元素的背景含量;2)土壤微量元素含量与土壤类型的关系;3)土壤微量元素含量与水系的关系。     

Simulated Effects of Acidic Solutions on Element Dynamics in Monsoon Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest at Dinghushan,China - Part 1: Dynamics of K,Na, Ca,Mg and P (7 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope Acid deposition has become a concern in south China in recent years. This phenomenon has increased to a dramatic extent with the large use of cars and coal- fueled power plants. As a consequence, soils are becoming acidified and their element dynamics will change. A decrease in the nutrient availability will lead to slower plant growth and maybe to a change in the forest type with current species being replaced by new ones with less nutrient requirements. Because of these reasons, it is important to understand how the dynamics of elements will change and what mechanism is part of the process. This knowledge is important for modeling the acidification process and either finding ways to counter it or to predict its consequences. The primary purpose of this study was to provide information about how the dynamics of K, Na, Ca, Mg and P are affected by acid deposition in a typical forest in southern China. Materials and Methods: Experimental soils and saplings were collected directly from the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in Dinghushan. All saplings were transplanted individually into ceramic pots in August 2000 and placed in an open area near their origin site. Pot soils were treated weekly from October, 2000 to July, 2002 with an acidic solution at pH 3.05, pH 3.52, pH 4.00 or pH 4.40, or with tap water as a control. The concentrations of SO42-, NO3-, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and available P and the pH were measured in soil and leachate samples taken at different times. The sapling leaves were collected and their element concentrations were measured at the end of the experiment. Results: Concentrations of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg decreased quickly over time, although only Ca showed changes with the acidic solution treatment and soil exchangeable K was stable because of soil weathering. Leaching of K, Mg and Ca was dependent upon the treatment acidity. Soil available P decreased slowly without any correlation with the acidity of the treatment. All the NO3- added by the treatment was taken up by the plants, but the SO42- added accumulated in the soil. Discussion: Amongst the plant species, Schima superba was little affected by the treatment, the leaf P content was affected in Acmena acuminatissima plants and Cryptocarya concinna was the most susceptible species to soil acidification, with a marked decrease of the leaf K, Ca and Mg concentrations when the treatment acidity increased. Conclusions: Simulated acid deposition affected the dynamics of K, Ca and Mg in the monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest. The dynamics of Ca in the soil and of K, Mg and Ca in the soil leachates were affected by the acidic solution treatment. If such a soil acidification occurs, Cryptocarya concinna will be amongst the first affected species, but Schima superba will be able to sustain a good growth and mineral nutrition. Recommendations and Perspectives: Acid deposition will lead to imbalance the nutrient elements in the evergreen broad-leaved forest because of accelerated leaching losses of soil exchangeable Ca and Mg. Measures should be developed to slow down soil acidification or nutrient decrease.     

Mobility and plant availability of risk elements in soil after long-term application of farmyard manure

Crop rotation long-term field experiments were established in 1955 and 1956 at three locations in the Czech Republic (?áslav, Ivanovice, and Lukavec) differing in their climatic and soil physicochemical properties. The effect of long-term application of farmyard manure and farmyard manure + NPK treatments on plant-available, easily mobilizable, potentially mobilizable, and pseudo-total contents of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) contents in soils (in 2013) as well as the uptake of these elements by winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and straw were analyzed in the two following seasons: 2012 and 2013. The treatments resulted in increasing the soil pH level when compared to the control, but the cation exchange capacity remained unchanged. Although all fertilizers were applied for six decades, the pseudo-total concentration elements in both the soil and wheat plants stayed far below those of the Czech and European threshold limits for agricultural soils and cereals for human nutrition and feedstuff. Although the mobile pools of As, Cu, and Zn were slightly changed at the treated soils, these changes were not related to the element uptake by the wheat plants. Moreover, the effect of the location and growing season was more decisive for the differences in soil and plant element contents than for the individual treatments. Thus, the long-term application of farmyard manure did not result in any substantial change in risk element contents in both soils and winter wheat plants.     

Inferences About Radionuclide Mobility in Soils Based on the Solid/Liquid Partition Coefficients and Soil Properties

To assist transport modeling in assessments of the radiological impact of a geological repository for radioactive wastes, the mobility of various elements was studied in arable and wetland soils in the Forsmark region, Sweden. Pore water and total element contents were determined for five types of unconsolidated deposits (regolith), spanning a wide range of soil properties with respect to pH and organic matter content. Two soil depths were sampled to capture element mobility in regolith layers affected and unaffected by soil-forming processes. The solid/liquid partition coefficients (K _d values) for most elements varied significantly among regolith types. For most elements, the observed variations in K _d values could be explained by variations in soil properties. For many elements, mobility increased with decreasing soil pH. The results provide a significant addition of data on radionuclide retention in soils, taking account of soil properties and processes.     

外源Cd对不同利用方式红壤脲酶活性的影响

采用室内培养实验,通过将外源Cd添加到同一母质、全镉含量相近的不同利用方式的红壤中(林地、水稻土和菜园土),研究了外源Cd污染对不同利用方式红壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明:整个培养过程中,Cd污染对3种红壤脲酶活性都有抑制作用,且随重金属浓度的增强而增强。同剂量Cd污染对3种红壤脲酶活性的抑制效应不同,大小为林地>水稻土>菜园土。实验设定的Cd处理水平下,对林地、水稻土和菜园土脲酶活性产生显著抑制作用(p<0.05)的Cd浓度分别为5、30和50 mg/kg土。     

Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis

According to the European Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, the characterization of the content and source of heavy metals in soils are necessary to establish quality standards on a regional level that allow the detection of sampling sites affected by pollution. In relation to this, the surface horizons of 54 agricultural soils under vegetable crops in the Alicante province (Spain), a representative area of the European Mediterranean region, were sampled to determine the content of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Analytical determinations were performed by atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave sample digestion in acid solution. Results indicated that heavy metal levels were similar to those reported by authors working on agricultural soils from other parts of the Mediterranean region, with the exception of Cu and Pb in some samples. Multivariate analysis (principal component analysis and cluster analysis) was performed to identify a common source for heavy metals. Moreover, soil properties were determined in order to characterize agricultural soils and to analyze relationships between heavy metal contents and soil properties. The content of Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn were associated with parent rocks and corresponded to the first principal component called the lithogenic component. A significant correlation was found between lithogenic metals and some soil properties such as soil organic matter, clay content, and carbonates, indicating an important interaction among them. On the other hand, elements such as Cd, Cu and Pb were related to anthropic activities and comprised the second (Cu and Pb) and third principal components (Cd), designated the anthropogenic components. Generally, Cd, Cu and Pb showed a lower correlation with soil properties due to the fact that they remain in available forms in these agricultural soils. Taking into account these results and other achieved in other parts of the European Mediterranean region, it can be concluded that soil quality standards are highly needed to declare soils affected by human induced pollution. This is particularly relevant for anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu and Pb, and in some areas also Zn). Further research in other agricultural areas of the region would improve the basis for proposing such soil quality standards.     

Soil sensitivity to acidification in Asia: status and prospects

Exceedance of steady-state critical loads for soil acidification is consistently found in southern China and parts of SE Asia, but there is no evidence of impacts outside of China. This study describes a methodology for calculating the time to effects for soils sensitive to acidic deposition in Asia under potential future sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), and calcium (Ca) emission scenarios. The calculations are matched to data availability in Asia to produce regional-scale maps that provide estimates of the time (y) it will take for soil base saturation to reach a critical limit of 20% in response to acidic inputs. The results show that sensitive soil types in areas of South, Southeast, and East Asia, including parts of southern China, Burma, Hainan, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Western Ghats of India, may acidify to a significant degree on a 0-50 y timescale, depending on individual site management and abiotic and biotic characteristics. To make a clearer assessment of risk, site-specific data are required for soil chemistry and deposition (especially base cation deposition); S and N retention in soils and ecosystems; and biomass harvesting and weathering rates from sites across Asia representative of different soil and vegetation types and management regimes. National and regional assessments of soils using the simple methods described in this paper can provide an appreciation of the time dimension of soil acidification-related impacts and should be useful in planning further studies and, possibly, implementing measures to reduce risks of acidification.