硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯的土壤降解特性

在实验室条件下研究了α-硫丹、β-硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯在东北黑壤土、江苏水稻土、江西红壤土和河南二合土4种土壤中的降解特性.结果表明,硫丹及硫丹硫酸酯降解过程可用一级动力学方程描述.4种土壤中,β-硫丹的降解半衰期(DT50)分别为39、10、14和13d;α-硫丹的DT50分别为72、56、105和42d;硫丹硫酸酯的DT50分别为39、41、53和34d,因此,硫丹硫酸酯在土壤中的持久性值得关注.α-硫丹在有机质含量丰富的土壤中降解较慢,β-硫丹在碱性土壤中降解较快.用一级动力学模型模拟的硫丹(α-硫丹+β-硫丹)和总硫丹(α-硫丹+β-硫丹+硫丹硫酸酯)降解过程的计算结果表明,硫丹的DT50为18～47d,总硫丹的DT50为48～77d.试验观察到的硫丹降解产物依次为硫丹硫酸酯、硫丹二醇、硫丹醚和硫丹羟基醚.     

环境样品中^14C—Bap的转化分析

苯并[a]芘(简称Bap)是一种强致癌的多环芳烃.污水中的Bap进入环境后,迅速沉积于土壤,和土壤粘粒成结合态长期存在下去.一部分可以被光解或生物降解,也有一小部分被植物吸收和被代谢.本文利用~(14)C-Bap示踪方法,通过放化分离,把~(14)C分成若干形态,来研究环境要素和植物中Bap的存在和转化规律.     

佛山市冬夏季非甲烷烃污染特征研究

2014年冬季和2015年夏季在佛山市采集了30个非甲烷烃(NMHCs)的样品,定量分析了多种化合物.结果表明,采样期间佛山市冬季和夏季NMHCS的浓度分别为122.30μg·m~(-3)和56.22μg·m~(-3).其中冬季和夏季NMHCs中浓度最高的5个物种由大到小依次为:甲苯(25.12μg·m~(-3))、间/对-二甲苯(13.76μg·m~(-3))、丙烷(9.17μg·m~(-3))、乙苯(7.25μg·m~(-3))、乙烯(6.77μg·m~(-3))和甲苯(6.18μg·m~(-3))、间/对-二甲苯(5.21μg·m~(-3))、邻-二甲苯(4.15μg·m~(-3))、β-蒎烯(3.75μg·m~(-3))、丙烷(3.29μg·m~(-3)).相比2008年,NMHCs有大幅度下降.冬季芳烃、烷烃、烯烃和炔烃所占比例分别为51.20%、34.70%、10.04%和4.05%;夏季芳烃、烷烃、烯烃和炔烃所占比例分别为43.93%、33.99%、19.20%和2.88%.因为NMHCs/NOx的冬、夏季值分别为0.90和1.88,表明采样期间佛山市大气臭氧峰值浓度都是受NMHCs控制,还应继续加强NMHCs的控制.佛山市NMHCs冬季和夏季的丙烯等效浓度和臭氧生成潜势分别为45.09μg·m~(-3)和40.64μg·m~(-3)、392.77μg·m~(-3)和207.77μg·m~(-3).间/对-二甲苯、甲苯和间/对-二甲苯、异戊二烯分别对冬季和夏季的臭氧生成潜势起到很重要的贡献.采样期间佛山市冬季和夏季的苯/甲苯的值为0.15和0.20,表明佛山市冬夏季NMHCs的主要来源是工业过程.相对2008年,本研究中异戊烷不属于佛山市NMHCs中浓度最高的5种污染物,说明佛山市在防止汽油挥发对环境造成影响方面的措施取得了明显成效.     

泰乐菌素降解菌的筛选及其降解动力学研究

从长期堆放泰乐菌素药渣附近土壤中驯化分离到1株泰乐菌素高效降解菌株TS1,为革兰氏阴性杆菌,菌落形态呈圆形,乳白色,表面光滑,不透明,边缘整齐.用菌株TS1处理初始浓度为100mg/L的泰乐菌素药渣5d,降解率可达100%.泰乐菌素降解符合一级动力学特征,对初始浓度为50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500mg/L泰乐菌素的降解动力学方程分别为:lnc =﹣0.4078t + 4.043,lnc =﹣0.4496t + 4.8416,lnc =-0.4069t + 5.4932,lnc =﹣0.4174t +5.9766,lnc =﹣0.4233t + 6.2483,lnc =-0.342t +6.4618;半衰期(t1/2)分别为1.69, 1.54, 1.70, 1.66, 1.64, 2.03d.以蛋白胨或氨氮作为泰乐菌素共代谢基质时,菌株TS1在7d内对初始浓度为300mg/L泰乐菌素的降解率可达99%以上,降解动力学方程分别为:lnc = -0.4174t + 5.9766,lnc =-0.3719t + 6.0133;t1/2分别为:1.66, 1.86d.而用葡萄糖作为共代谢基质时,泰乐菌素在10d内的降解率仅为66.7%,并且t1/2延长至6.44d,说明葡萄糖的加入不利于了菌株TS1对泰乐菌素的降解.     

6-2氟调醇在活性污泥中的降解

为了解6-2氟调醇(6-2 FTOH)在城市污水处理厂活性污泥中的好氧降解规律,利用室内模拟实验装置,研究了6-2FTOH在未经稀释驯化的活性污泥中的降解动力学及降解产物分布.结果表明,6-2 FTOH能被活性污泥快速吸附并发生降解,降解反应符合一级动力学,半衰期为0.9d.降解产物包括6-2氟调酸(6-2 FTCA)、6-2不饱和氟调酸(6-2 FTUCA)、5-3氟调酸(5-3 FTCA)、5-2s氟调醇(5-2s FTOH)和全氟己酸(PFHxA).第28 d实验结束时,6-2 FTOH残留率为5.5％,6-2 FTCA和6-2 FTUCA的最终产率分别为0和1.2％.5-3FTCA、5-2s FTOH、PFHxA最终产率分别为23.4％、17.6％和1.3％.     

微生物修复油污土壤过程中氮素的变化及菌群生态效应

对陕北地区石油污染土壤进行了微生物修复研究,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)测定土壤中烷烃和多环芳烃的含量变化,采用高通量测序技术研究微生物修复对油污土壤微生物群落多样性的影响,对修复过程中土壤不同形态氮含量变化进行了分析测定.结果表明,经过18周的修复,土壤中烷烃含量由初始时的25 987.8mg·kg~(-1)降低为12 788.6 mg·kg~(-1),多环芳烃含量由初始时的5 322.9 mg·kg~(-1)降低为2 917.2mg·kg~(-1).高通量测序结果表明,经过微生物修复处理的土壤微生物群落结构发生了较大变化,一些可降解烃类的菌群如厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacterodetes)、迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)所占丰度增加.经过修复处理的土壤中总氮、氨氮含量呈降低趋势,硝态氮含量在修复前期呈降低趋势,修复后期基本保持不变.研究结果表明,微生物修复处理可去除土壤中的大部分烷烃和多环芳烃,烷烃和多环芳烃的降解效果与土壤中硝氮含量和烃降解菌所占丰度相关.     

林丹在作物和土壤中的残留及其消解

通过不同施药方法,探讨了林丹在小麦、玉米中的残留水平。结果表明,林丹在作物中的残留量随施药量的增加而递增。采用喷雾,4(a.i.)g/亩,林丹在小麦中的残留为0.0073ppm;土壤处理,100(a.i.)g/亩,林丹在小麦中的残留为0.0134ppm;撒颗粒剂,0.015(a.i.)g/株,林丹在玉米中的残留为0.0600ppm.林丹在土壤中消解很快,当土壤处理[200(a.i.)g/亩],林丹在土壤中的半衰期为23.7～25.2d,消解99％需160d左右。作者认为,在我国部分害虫防治中起用林丹不可能对生态环境构成威胁。      

采用多级系统研究石油废水在灌溉系统和水系中的动向和残留物

用多级连续培养系统研究了油的降解行为、降解速度和各组分的残留量,分析了各级系统中油的组分变化和降解油的微生物消长,借以了解天然水体中油的自净。为治理提供依据。试验结果表明,在模拟净化过程中(75天),65.13%的总油量被去除。其中烷烃和芳烃的去除率分别为70.7%和41.3%。烷烃中最早消失的为低沸点物质,残留的是C_19以上的物质。芳烃中的萘、蒽、联苯、萤蒽、芘、苯并蒽、苯并(e)芘、苯并(a)芘在第三次采样分析时,就已完全消失。最后残留于水中的油很少,而残留于粘附物上的较多。     

烷烃高效降解菌的广谱降解性能研究

针对分离、筛选出的正烷烃高效降解菌株C-14-1的广谱降解性能进行研究.结果表明,C-14-1菌株不仅对较高浓度(大于50mg/L)的正烷烃降解能力显著,对低浓度(约2mg/L)的正烷烃系列同样具有较好的降解效果,并且降解率和烷烃的碳原子数紧密相关.经过48h的发酵,当烷烃碳原子数为10～22时,降解率基本上大于85%;当烷烃碳原子数大于22时,降解率降低到15%～78%.C-14-1菌株对浓度很低(约0.3mg/L)的原油也显示出一定的降解效果.当烷烃碳原子数为12～22时,降解率平均为65%;当烷烃碳原子数大于22时,降解率降低为平均28.3%.当试验系统处于限氧状态时,C-14-1菌株对5α-雄甾烷和六甲苯基本上无降解作用,但对姥鲛烷的降解率却高达97%.在供氧充足的通气状态下以5α-雄甾烷为唯一碳源时,C-14-1菌株对5α-雄甾烷的降解率达到77%.当与其它低碳原子数的正烷烃共存时,5α-雄甾烷更容易被C-14-1菌株通过协同代谢而降解.通气培养48h时,其降解率达到100%;即使在限氧状态下,其降解率也能达到64%.     

驯化活性污泥对丙烯酰胺的降解动力学

对好氧活性污泥进行驯化,并研究了丙烯酰胺的生物降解动力学特征.驯化结果表明,经过24d的驯化后,活性污泥系统能稳定降解AM,驯化活性污泥能在20h内降解90%以上的AM,是高效的丙烯酰胺降解菌群.驯化活性污泥对丙烯酰胺的降解符合一级动力学特征.活性污泥对初始浓度为160、300和500mg·L-1浓度范围内的降解动力学方程分别为lnS=-0.0881t 5.5043,InS=一0.0692t 6.1282.InS=-0.0468t 6.3649,半衰期t1/2分别为7.87h,10.05h,14.87h,降解速率常数bKb随着AM浓度增加而降低.说明高浓度的AM对其生物降解有抑制作用.当pH分别为8.5,7.2,6.2,5.1时.活性污泥对初始浓度为300 mg·L-1的AM的降解动力学方程分别为lnS=-0.0414t 6.1038.lnS=-0.0592t 6.1744,lnS=-0.0692t 6.1282,lnS:=0.06t 6.1282.半衰期分别为16.74h、11.71h、10.05h、11.55h,说明弱酸性条件对AM的降解有明显的促进作用.考察温度对活性污泥降解动力学影响的研究表明,在20～35℃,随着温度的升高.活性污泥对AM的降解效率上升.不同时间段体系内NH 4-N,pH和NO-3-N都随着降解时间的增加逐步上升,但是达到一定时间后会下降,表明AM在降解过程中先水解,然后发生硝化反应,进而发生反硝化反应,最终AM降解成N2、CO2和H2O.     

Micronutrient dynamics in some wetland soils of south-eastern Nigeria

The inventory of profile distribution of total iron(Fe),zinc(Zn), manganese(Mn) and copper(Cu) were determined in three different soil horizons each of the wetland soils selected form Mbiabet(MB),Nkari(NK)and Nkana(NA) in Ini Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State.Total Fe ranged between 3.25 and 4.15ppm.The average contents were 3.72,3.91 and 3.62ppm in Mbiabet(MB),Nkari(NK) and Nkana(NA)soils respectively.The total value of Zn also ranged between 2.4 and 4.9 ppm with the average content in each soil being 28.27,17.73and 36.53 ppm respectively.The amount of Fe and Zn in these soil profiles were strongly correlated with the clay content and high levels of organic matter of 3.70%,2.47%and 2.5% respectively.The content clearly reflected a poor drainage conditions.In all the soil profiles Mn and Cu were detected in at least one of the soil horizons.However, Mn and Cu were not detected in the soil horizons at Nkari.Generally , the relative inventory of these micronutrients appeared to be influenced by pH,drainage pattern,organic matter and clay contents of these soils.The inventory of total values of the wetland soils considered are assessed in the light of establishing a baseline information.     

First flush of storm runoff pollution from an urban catchment in China

Storm runoff pollution process was investigated in an urban catchment with an area of 1.3 km^2 in Wuhan City of China. The results indicate that the pollutant concentration peaks preceded the flow peaks in all of 8 monitored storm events. The intervals between pollution peak and flow peak were shorter in the rain events with higher intensity in the initial period than those with lower intensity. The fractions of pollution load transported by the first 30% of runoff volume （FF30） were 52.2%-72.1% for total suspended solids （TSS）, 53.0%-65.3% for chemical oxygen demand （COD）, 40.4%-50.6% for total nitrogen （TN）, and 45.8%-63.2% for total phosphorus （TP）, respectively. Runoff pollution was positively related to non-raining days before the rainfall. Intercepting the first 30% of runoff volume can remove 62.4% of TSS load, 59.4% of COD load, 46.8% of TN load, and 54.1% of TP load, respectively, according to all the storm events. It is suggested that controlling the first flush is a critical measure in reduction of urban stormwater pollution.     

碳氮比对蔬菜废弃物好氧发酵腐熟度及臭气排放的影响

为了提高蔬菜废弃物发酵效率、减少臭气排放、确定其好氧发酵最佳碳氮比,以蔬菜废弃物为主料、猪粪和玉米秸秆为辅料进行好氧发酵,设置C/N为20、25、30 3个处理,探讨不同C/N对发酵产品腐熟度及臭气排放浓度的影响,以温度、含水率、pH、电导率(EC)、腐植酸光学特性(E₄/E₆值)、种子发芽指数以及全氮、全磷、全钾含量变化评价发酵产品的腐熟度。T1处理(C/N为20)高温期持续时间最长为6 d,种子发芽指数最高为82.23%,其腐熟效果最好,且全氮、全磷、全钾含量分别提高了24.22%、78.94%、51.45%; 从臭气排放浓度来看,T2 (C/N为25)处理组NH₃排放浓度最高达368000 μg/m3,T3(C/N=30)处理组H₂S排放浓度最高达671 μg/m3,TI处理TVOC排放浓度最高,但最高与最低排放浓度差仅为4.3×10-6。因此,建议蔬菜废弃物、猪粪、玉米秸秆联合好氧堆肥的C/N为20,可满足好氧发酵无害化和减少臭气排放的要求。     

Movement and residual toxicity of carbofuran in acid mineral soil

In greenhouse miniplots with soil moisture moving upward from the subsoil, toxicants of carbofuran moved upward and became detectable at the soil surface in ca. 3, 7, and 28 days after 10% granules of the insecticide were banded 1, 3, and 10 cm, respectively, below the surface. The test soil had a pH of 5.2 and contained 2.9% organic matter. Toxic residues reaching the soil surface from a depth of 5–10 cm increased over a period of 8–12 months and gradually decreased thereafter. Fifteen to 20 ppm in the surface soil was highly toxic to flies contacting the soil surface. Amounts in excess of 40 ppm in the surface layer caused knockdown in 10–15 and estimated death in less than 30 s. The LD₅₀ for cabbage maggot eggs on the surface of treated soil was 8.2 ppm and for larvae 0.86 ppm. Chemical analysis records correlated well with those of bio-assay tests. In field microplots, the addition of water during rainstorms (giving a total of 50 mm) demonstrated that toxic residues of carbofuran could be leached downward to at least 45 cm. However, under the normal weather conditions of 1980 and under abnormally dry conditions most of the detectable residues remained near or above the point of application.     

Characterization of refuse landfill leachates of three di erent stages in landfill stabilization process

Landfill leachates with di erent ages (mature leachate, 11 years; semi-mature leachate, 5 years; fresh leachate, under operation) were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, Shanghai to characterize the colloid size distribution and variations of leachate. These leachates were separated using micro-filtration and ultra-filtration into specific size fractions, i.e., suspended particles (SP) (> 1.2 m), coarse colloids (CC) (1.2–0.45 m), fine colloids (FC) (0.45 m, 5 kDa/1 kDa molecular weight (MW)), and dissolved organic matters (DM, < 5 kDa/1 kDa MW). The specific colloids in each size fraction were quantified and characterized through chemical oxygen demands (COD), total solid (TS), pH, NH4 +-N, total organic carbon (TOC) and fixed solid (FS). It was found that COD, NH4 +-N and TS in leachate decreased significantly over ages, while pH increased. The dissolved fractions (< 5 kDa/1 kDa) dominated (over 50%) in three leachates in terms of COD, and the organic matter content in dissolved fraction of leachates decreased and the inorganic matter increased as the disposal time extended, with the TOC/COD ratio 30%–7%. Dissolved fractions decreased from 82% to 40% in terms of TOC as the disposal time extended, suggested that the organic matter remained in leachate would form into middle molecular weight substances during the degradation process.     

Influence of dissolved organic matter on methylmercury transformation during aerobic composting of municipal sewage sludge under different C/N ratios

Current knowledge about the transformation of total mercury and methylmercury (MeHg) in aerobic composting process is limited. In this study, the composition and transformation of mercury and dissovled organic matter (DOM) in aerobic composting process of municipal sewage sludge were were comprehensively characterized, and the differences among the three C/N ratio (20, 26 and 30) were investigated. The main form of mercury in C/N 20 and 26 was organo-chelated Hg (F3, 46%-60%); while the main form of mercury in C/N 30 was mercuric sulfide (F5, 64%-70%). The main component of DOM in C/N 20 and 26 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 53%-76%) while the main fractions in C/N 30 were tyrosine-like substance (C1, 28%-37%) and fulvic-like substance (C2, 17%-39%). The mercury and DOM varied significantly during the 9 days composting process. Compared to C/N 20 and 26, C/N 30 produced the less MeHg after aerobic composting process, with values of 658% (C/N 20), 1400% (C/N 26) and 139% (C/N 30) of the initial, respectively. Meanwhile, C/N 30 produced the best compost showed greater degree of DOM molecular condensation and humification. Hg fraction had been altered by DOM, as indicated by a significant correlation between mercury species and DOM components. Notably, C/N 30 should be used as an appropriate C/N ratio to control the methylation processes of mercury and degration of DOM.     

芘在土壤不同粒径组分中的形态分布

以芘为PAHs代表物,采用土壤粒径分级和PAHs连续提取方法,研究了老化4周污染黄棕壤中芘在不同粒径组分中的形态分布.结果表明,供试土壤中芘主要以有机溶剂提取态和可脱附态存在,结合态残留量所占比例甚小;细砂粒、粉粒、粗黏粒和细黏粒中芘残留占原土总残留的比例分别为6.00%、4.66%、34.68%和40.88%.各粒径组分中各形态芘含量大小顺序为有机溶剂提取态>可脱附态>结合态,有机溶剂提取态和可脱附态是各粒径组分中芘残留的主要存在形态(占比98.82%以上),芘结合态残留量占比<1.18%.土壤中黏粒(包括细黏粒和粗黏粒)是芘可脱附态、有机溶剂提取态、结合态和可提取态残留储存的主要粒径组分.     

城市地表径流胶体与溶解性有机物结合特性

为探究城市地表径流胶体与溶解性有机物（DOM）结合特性,考察了不同pH值条件下径流胶体与DOM的吸附行为,并揭示其主要作用机制.结果表明,Langmuir模型可以较好地描述不同pH值时径流胶体对DOM的等温吸附过程,且随pH值增加其最大吸附量逐渐减小,pH值为3.0的最大平衡吸附量是pH值为6.0时的4.0倍;与DOM结合后,径流胶体Zeta电位绝对值升高,胶体更稳定且更易迁移;径流DOM中大分子组分更易与径流胶体结合;径流DOM中疏水酸性组分（HoA）和疏水中性组分（HoN）含量较高,分别占总DOC浓度的35.0%和24.3%,且这两种组分最易与胶体结合;径流胶体和DOM的结合作用主要通过羟基取代、表面络合和静电吸引实现.     

于桥水库流域暴雨径流中锰的输送特征及其对水库水质的影响

对于桥水库流域内暴雨径流中锰含量形态的研究表明,锰主要以悬浮状态存在,其中易释放的、潜在释放的和非释放形态的锰所占比例分别为10％、60％和30％.以溶解态迁移的锰极少.流域内的锰矿-含锰页岩带提高了暴雨径流中总锰的浓度,对于桥水库水质造成了一定的影响.     

巢湖沉积物中重金属的BCR形态分析

以巢湖沉积物为研究对象,利用BCR(European Communities Bureau of Reference)连续提取法分析了沉积物样品中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Mn赋存特征,分为可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机物及硫化物结合态和残渣态。结果表明:南淝河入湖区S1采样点五种金属总量都达到最高,兆河入湖区S2采样点金属总量浓度最低。五种金属中锌和锰的质量较高,重金属回收率分别为:锌(93%),铜(92%),铅(90%),镉(92%),锰(93%)。Cu以残渣态为主(54.7%),Zn以铁锰氧化物结合态为主(40.5%),Pb以有机物、硫化物结合态为主(35.3%),Cd和Mn以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态为主,所占比例分布为41.9%、58.6%。研究表明,应用BCR连续提取法有助于确定沉积物中重金属的污染状况和潜在释放能力。