黄土小流域水沙输移过程对土地利用/覆被变化的响应

以甘肃定西安家沟小流域为典型研究区,基于TM、ALOS遥感影像解译和地面长期水文数据,深入分析了1997至2010年间流域土地利用变化特征及其产流产沙效应。结果显示,（1）14年间,流域林灌草面积分别增加160.23%、176.33%和80.75%;坡耕地、居民地、裸地和梯田面积分别减少25.57%、0.16%、48.45%和21.52%。以2005年为时间节点,发现前期灌草增加较多、裸地减少明显,后期则是乔木增加比例和坡耕地减少比例更为显著,彰显出不同历史阶段植被恢复的策略变化。（2）流域出口多年平均径流量和输沙量分别由前期的18 249 m3和6 383 kg锐减至后期的2 292 m3和2 267 kg,流域土地利用/覆被有效增加是其主要驱动。（3）春冬季节,由于降雨稀少、径流泥沙的本底值很低,前后两个阶段的水沙输移量差异较小,土地利用/覆被变化的影响相对尚不显著。但在夏秋季节,随着降雨事件增多,土地利用/覆被变化减水减沙的效应趋于显性化。     

喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析

侵蚀性降雨研究是坡面侵蚀计算的前提性工作,以往喀斯特黄壤区的有关研究多因数据序列较短难以得出有效结论,或更集中于微观过程的观测,不能推广到自然状况下大尺度上的研究应用。确立降雨侵蚀力指标结构及不同下垫面的侵蚀性降雨标准,并结合相关背景资料模拟流域降雨侵蚀状况,对于喀斯特黄壤区的水蚀预报具有重要价值。文章分别观测了贵州中部和西部2个小流域的耕地、草地和人工林地3种径流小区5年的降雨产沙数据。通过计算最小降雨侵蚀力偏差系数Rcv对应的雨量雨强标准,并应用错选度,剔除率和损失率3个指标进行对雨量和雨强标准进行评定,在此基础上分析该区域的侵蚀性降雨分布和不同下垫面的产沙特征,得出以下结论：1）降雨动能和最大30 min降雨强度乘积为计算降雨侵蚀力指标的最佳结构形式,降雨侵蚀力指标可以通过降雨量和最大30 min降雨强度乘积进行简易计算;2）黄壤裸地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用最大30 min降雨强度,其值在9.6-10.2 mm＆#183;h-1之间,耕地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用雨量标准,其值在15 mm左右,水土保持措施可明显提高侵蚀性降雨标准,较裸地和耕地分别提高55%和25%以上,复杂下垫面宜采用雨量标准,低植被覆盖下垫面宜采用最大时段雨强标准;3）贵州西部和中部侵蚀性降雨总量分别占年降雨总量的36%和38%,主要分布在5-8月,研究区年均降雨侵蚀力在1700-1800（MJ＆#183;mm＆#183;hm-2＆#183;h-1＆#183;a-1）,明显低于同纬度带的红壤和紫色土;坡面产沙量年内分布极为不均,少数的暴雨贡献了绝大部分的产沙量;4）无人为干扰的灌木草地水土保持效果最佳,顺坡耕作玉米严重加剧土壤侵蚀,减少人为扰动是治理的关键。     

Effect of land use and land cover change on soil erosion and the spatio-temporal variation in Liupan Mountain Region, southern Ningxia, China

The Liupan Mountains are located in the southern Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China, that forms an important divide between landforms and biogeographic regions. The populated part of the Liupan Mountain Region has suffered tremendous ecological damage over time due to population pressure, excessive demand and inappropriate use of agricultural land resources. To present the relationship between land use/cover change and spatio-temporal variation of soil erosion, data sets of land use between the late 1980s and 2000 were obtained from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery, and spatial models were used to characterize landscape and soil erosion conditions. Also, soil erosion in response to land use and land cover change were quantified and analyzed using data from geographical information systems and remote sensing. Soil erosion by water was the dominant mode of soil loss, while soil erosion by wind was only present on a relatively small area. The degree of soil erosion was classified into five severity classes: slight, light, moderate, severe, and very severe. Soil erosion in the Liupan Mountain Region increased between the late 1980s and 2000, both in terms of acreage and severity. Moderate, severe, and very severe eroded areas accounted for 54.86% of the total land area. The lightly eroded area decreased, while the moderately eroded area increased by 368817 ha (22%) followed by severe erosion with 146552 ha (8.8%), and very severe erosion by 97067.6 ha (5.8%). Soil loss on sloping cropland increased with slope gradients. About 90% of the cropland was located on slopes less than 15°. Most of the increase in soil erosion on cropland was due to conversion of steep slopes to cropland and degradation of grassland and increased activities. Soil erosion was severe on grassland with a moderate or low grass cover and on dry land. Human activities, cultivation on steep slopes, and overgrazing of pastures were the main reasons for the increase in erosion severity.     

官厅流域农田地表径流磷流失初探

农田径流和侵蚀泥沙是磷进入官厅水库的主要非点污染源。针对该流域夏季农田暴雨径流发生的典型情景进行模拟降雨径流试验，对该流域农田地表径流泥沙和磷流失进行了初步的研究，结果表明，本降雨过程径流累积泥沙产量为30．5l～2493．34g／m^2，受雨强、坡度和作物覆盖的影响明显；径流溶解态磷(DP)中绝大部分是生物可利用性磷(DRP)，径流平均DP、DRP浓度都远大于水体允许临界值0．02mg／L，对官厅水体存在直接污染危害。径流累积全磷(TP)流失达O．0439～2．0798g/m^2；估算的流域农田径流全磷(TP)流失水平达2．67kg／(hm^2．a)以上，其颗粒态占969，0以上，可能成为官厅水库浮游生物长期丰富的潜在可利用磷源。降低农田土壤速效磷水平、减少水土侵蚀，是控制库区水华季节性发生和复原库区水体富营养化状态的关键。     

基于遥感的泾河流域植被覆盖格局分析

以MODIS遥感影像数据为数据源,应用遥感和GIS技术对泾河流域植被覆盖格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)泾河流域植被覆盖类型以退化草地和草地为主,二者占流域总面积的53.30%;地面覆盖程度较高的森林、疏林仅占流域总面积的9.83%,流域植被覆盖程度较低。(2)受自然环境条件和人类活动的影响,退化草地、稀疏灌丛、郁闭灌丛和疏林破碎化程度较为严重,对地面覆盖程度最低的退化草地除集中分布于流域北部外,主要零散分布于流域中、南部,其斑块形状复杂多样,数量最多,应成为流域植被恢复的重点。(3)各植被覆盖类型的斑快数量组成以小斑块所占比例最大,最小斑块比率均在50.0%以上;森林的斑块面积多样性最大,草地的斑块面积多样性最小。     

典型喀斯特区侵蚀性降雨特征及坡面生物措施水土流失防控效应

降雨类型和生物措施是坡面水土流失的重要影响因素.为研究喀斯特区降雨类型和不同坡面生物措施共同作用下的水土保持效益,以贵州蚂蟥田小流域水土保持监测站2014—2018年5年的径流小区实测数据为基础,分析了112场次的侵蚀性降雨特征,并以降雨量、降雨历时、平均降雨强度为指标对其进行分类.同时,分析了不同侵蚀性降雨类型下6个...     

Effects of alfalfa coverage on runoff, erosion and hydraulic characteristics of overland flow on loess slope plots

An evaluation of the interactions between vegetation, overland and soil erosion can provide valuable insight for the conservation of soil and water. An experiment was conducted to study water infiltration, runoff generation process, rate of sediment erosion, and hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow from a sloping hillside with different draw-off discharges from alfalfa and control plots with 20° slope. The effect of alfalfa on runoff and sediment transport reduction was quantitatively analyzed. Alfalfa was discussed for its ability to reduce the overland flow scouring force or change the runoff movement. Compared to the bare-soil plots, alfalfa plots generated a 1.77 times increase in infiltration rate. Furthermore, the down-slope water infiltration rate for the bare soil plots was higher than in the up-slope, while the opposite was found in the alfalfa plots. In addition, alfalfa had a significant effect on runoff and sediment yield. In comparison to the control, the runoff coefficient and sediment transportation rate decreased by 28.3% and 78.4% in the grass slope, respectively. The runoff generated from the alfalfa and bare-soil plots had similar trends with an initial increase and subsequent leveling to a steady-state rate. The transport of sediment reduced with time as a consequence of the depletion of loose surface materials. The maximum sediment concentration was recorded within the first few minutes of each event. The alfalfa plots had subcritical flow while the bare-soil plots had supercritical flow, which indicate that the capability of the alfalfa slope for resisting soil erosion and sediment movement was greater than for bare soil plots. Moreover, the flow resistance coefficient and roughness coefficient for the alfalfa plots were both higher than for the bare-soil plots, which indicate that overland flow in alfalfa plots had retarded and was blocked, and the flow energy along the runoff path had gradually dissipated. Finally, the ability to erode and transport sediment had decreased.     

蒙古栎林生态系统的水分循环与养分循环关系

本文从群体水平上研究了蒙古栎林生态系统中的水分循环与养分循环的关系。结果表明,降雨是系统养分的重要输入。降雨对林冠的淋洗淋溶作用有助于养分的归还及缩短养分循环的途径。蒙古栎树干茎流量大,且其中含有的养分元素较多,从而使蒙古栎的根系能获得更多的水分与养分,有助于适应干旱、瘠薄的立地环境。径流是系统的水分输出,也是养分输出。蒙古栎林的下渗流约占整个径流的90％,且养分元素含量较低,从而有助于养分的积累。降雨在蒙古栎林内的分配格局不一,导致系统养分积累的明显差异。本文还探讨了干扰对养分循环与水分循环的影响。结果表明,采伐森林导致水分分配的变化,也使系统的养分发生亏损。只有把养分循环与水分循环结合起来,才能较完整地评价森林的生态功能。     

广州市帽峰山常绿阔叶林生态系统的暴雨水文特征

采用集水区定位观测方法,对广州市帽峰山常绿阔叶林生态系统的暴雨产流特征及水文效应进行了观测研究,结果表明,常绿阔叶林冠层对暴雨的截留率为10.6%、对大暴雨的截留率为9.7%;暴雨产流率27.1%、大暴雨36.0%;暴雨发生月的24 d内降雨545.0 mm、常绿阔叶林系统产流率达到48.2%,森林生态系统的拦蓄、调节效益显著;常绿阔叶林生态系统分别调节3次暴雨的7.1%、6.3%、12.4%,二次大暴雨量的12.5%、8.3%形成为总经输出的基流量,系统的调节效应显著尤其是大暴雨;系统的水文响应逐渐接近蓄满产流特征,以此可进一步计算该森林生态系统的涵养水源容量。常绿阔叶林生态系统对3次暴雨携N、P、Pb、Cd、Ze具有较强的贮滤机能,其储虑量分别占输入量25.8%、53.1%、60.3%、54.7%、95.1%,体现出常绿阔叶林林生态系统对暴雨水化学具有显著的环境生态效应。     

红壤坡地降雨产流产沙动态过程模拟试验研究

研究以浙江省兰溪水土保持综合试验站为研究基地,通过设定特定植被覆盖度（15%）不同坡度（8°、15°、20°）的径流试验小区,小区面积为2m2,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验方法,对降雨强度（0.8～2.9mm·min-1）范围内,红壤坡地产流和产沙随雨强和坡度的变化特性进行了模拟试验。通过32场模拟降雨试验数据的分析,得出结论如下：①产沙量与雨强呈指数函数关系,产流量与雨强呈幂函数关系,径流量与产沙量的相关性大于雨强与径流、雨强与产沙;②随坡度的增大,产流时刻提前,泥沙起动和产沙突增的雨强临界减小;③随坡度增大,累积产沙量的递增速率比累积径流量的递增速率要快;④场降雨侵蚀模数与雨强的相关性随着坡度的增大而增强。     

林地的水分动态及其对树木生长的影响——以香桂（Cinnamomum subavenium）人工林为例

土地利用变化引起的水分条件变化反过来又会影响植被的生长,然而,森林-水分-植物生长之间相互作用关系的研究还很少。以香桂（Cinnamomum subavenium）人工林为例,在盐亭生态试验站开展观测,研究了无枯落物林地（FB）、有枯落物林地（FL）和裸地（BL）的水分动态（土壤水分、径流组成和径流量）,比较了FB和FL样地树木高、基径、叶面积、比叶面积（SLA）、地上和地下生物量。研究结果表明：①FL样地的土壤含水量最高,其次是FB样地,而BL样地的土壤含水量最低;②地上径流展现了与土壤水分相反的趋势（FLFB〉BL）,3个样地的总径流量则没有表现出一个明确的大小关系。在观测期间,BL、FB和FL的地表径流量分别为284.68、222.93和68.98cm,地下径流分别为57.83、134.00和289.52 cm,总径流量依次为343.16、356.93和358.35 cm;③在观测早期,FL样地和FB样地植物形态学特征、SLA以及地上和地下生物量均没有显著差异（p〉0.05）。在观测期末,虽然两个样地的基径和SLA无显著差异,然而其他指标差异极显著（p〈0.005）。在观测末期,除SLA外,FL样地植物的高、基径、叶面积、地上生物量和地下生物量分别高于FB样地,表明该样地植物生长条件更好。这些结果表明森林改善了自身的水分环境,而水分环境的改善又反过来促进了森林的生长,森林植被-水分条件的这种相互促进作用是森林系统生存策略的一种表现。     

Assessment of the erosion control function of forest ecosystems based on GIS: a case study in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park,China

Erosion control is one of the most important functions of forest ecosystems, and its accurate assessment is useful to illuminate the importance of forest ecosystem services for humans so as to rationally conserve forest resources. This paper examines Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, the first national forest park in China, to seek practical methods for assessment of the forest erosion control function using a geographical information system (GIS). The results show that the potential and actual amounts of soil erosion are 2.92 million ton and 0.14 million ton per year, respectively, in Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. The total reduction in soil loss reaches 2.77 million ton per year with the existence of a forest ecosystem. The erosion control function of near mature, mature and over mature broadleaf forest is excellent, and natural forest conservation and natural restoration of the degraded forest ecosystem can provide the largest benefits in soil erosion control. Nearly all the near mature, mature and over-mature forest in the park is at the top and in steep mountain areas, and could be rationally cut and utilized by local communities, but extensive timber felling should be strictly prohibited.     

A model of rainfall redistribution in terraced sandy grassland landscapes

A simple model of rainfall redistribution within a terraced sandy grassland landscape has been developed. The model assumes that rainfall redistribution is driven by rainfall impulses and is controlled by characteristic field capacity of soils. When the rainfall intensity is large enough to render soil water content greater than its characteristic field capacity, the excessive soil water can drain very quickly by means of large amounts of non-capillary pores of sandy soils or by means of surface runoff. Exponential distribution of rainfall impulses was assumed and tested with measured daily rainfall at two meteorological stations in the sandy grassland area of north China. The model was solved to give the equivalent rainfall at each terrace in the landscape.     

Inf luence of Season and a Sympatric Congener on Habitat Use by Stephens' Kangaroo Rat

We examined habitat use by the endangered Stephens' kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys stephensi) in different seasons and assessed whether this may be influenced by a sympatric congener, the Pacific kangaroo rat (Dipodomys agilis). Trapping on three plots over 2 years revealed these species were rarely captured at the same trap stations. Spatial segregation was highly significant when both species were at high density. The spatial distribution of these species was temporally stable where both species were relatively abundant, but where D. agilis was relatively uncommon the distribution of D. stephensi varied from one census to another. The abundance of three microhabitats (grass, debris, and bare ground) followed a regular seasonal pattern of variation that was consistent across 2 years of substantially different rainfall. A canonical discriminant analysis showed that the five quantified microhabitats (those above and bush and rock cover) provided highly significant discrimination between the trap stations occupied by the two species. Dipodomys stephensi was associated with trap stations where grass cover and bare ground were abundant but where bush and rock were uncommon. Dipodomys agilis was associated with stations that had large amounts of bare ground and average abundances of bush and rock cover. The spatial segregation of these species appears to be mediated by habitat preferences; D. stephensi prefers grassland and D. agilis prefers sage scrub. This suggests that habitat management for D. stephensi should include (1) controlling the spread of shrubs into grassland and (2) creating dispersal corridors of open habitat to link areas of suitable habitat where none presently exist. Each of these options may be needed to maintain viable populations in all reserves designated for the conservation of D. stephensi.     

Woody plants in grasslands: post-encroachment stand dynamics

Woody plant abundance is widely recognized to have increased in savannas and grasslands worldwide. The lack of information on the rates, dynamics, and extent of increases in shrub abundance is a major source of uncertainty in assessing how this vegetation change has influenced biogeochemical cycles. Projecting future consequences of woody cover change on ecosystem function will require knowledge of where shrub cover in present-day stands lies relative to the realizable maximum for a given soil type within a bioclimatic region. We used time-series aerial photography (1936, 1966, and 1996) and field studies to quantify cover and biomass of velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina Woot.) following its proliferation in a semidesert grassland of Arizona. Mapping of individual shrubs indicated an encroachment phase characterized by high rates of bare patch colonization. Upon entering a stabilization phase, shrub cover increases associated with recruitment and canopy expansion were largely offset by contractions in canopy area of other shrub patches. Instances of shrub disappearance coincided with a period of below-average rainfall (1936-1966). Overall, shrub cover (mean +/- SE) on sandy uplands with few and widely scattered shrubs in 1902 was dynamically stable over the 1936-1996 period averaging approximately 35% +/- 5%. Shrub cover on clayey uplands in 1936 was 17% +/- 2% but subsequently increased twofold to levels comparable to those on sandy uplands by 1966 (36% +/- 7%). Cover on both soils then decreased slightly between 1966 and 1996 to 28% +/- 3%. Thus, soil properties influenced the rate at which landscapes reached a dynamic equilibrium, but not the apparent endpoint. Although sandy and clayey landscapes appear to have stabilized at comparable levels of cover, shrub biomass was 1.4 times greater on clayey soils. Declines in shrub cover between 1966 and 1996 were accompanied by a shift to smaller patch sizes on both sandy and clayey landscapes. Dynamics observed during the stabilization phase suggest that density-dependent regulation may be in play. If woody cover has transitioned from directional increases to a dynamic equilibrium, biomass projections will require monitoring and modeling patch dynamics and stand structure rather than simply changes in total cover.     

Rapid assessment of postfire plant invasions in coniferous forests of the western United States.

Fire is a natural part of most forest ecosystems in the western United States, but its effects on nonnative plant invasion have only recently been studied. Also, forest managers are engaging in fuel reduction projects to lessen fire severity, often without considering potential negative ecological consequences such as nonnative plant species introductions. Increased availability of light, nutrients, and bare ground have all been associated with high-severity fires and fuel treatments and are known to aid in the establishment of nonnative plant species. We use vegetation and environmental data collected after wildfires at seven sites in coniferous forests in the western United States to study responses of nonnative plants to wildfire. We compared burned vs. unburned plots and plots treated with mechanical thinning and/or prescribed burning vs. untreated plots for nonnative plant species richness and cover and used correlation analyses to infer the effect of abiotic site conditions on invasibility. Wildfire was responsible for significant increases in nonnative species richness and cover, and a significant decrease in native cover. Mechanical thinning and prescribed fire fuel treatments were associated with significant changes in plant species composition at some sites. Treatment effects across sites were minimal and inconclusive due to significant site and site x treatment interaction effects caused by variation between sites including differences in treatment and fire severities and initial conditions (e.g., nonnative species sources). We used canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to determine what combinations of environmental variables best explained patterns of nonnative plant species richness and cover. Variables related to fire severity, soil nutrients, and elevation explained most of the variation in species composition. Nonnative species were generally associated with sites with higher fire severity, elevation, percentage of bare ground, and lower soil nutrient levels and lower canopy cover. Early assessments of postfire stand conditions can guide rapid responses to nonnative plant invasions.     

The impacts of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion in the Loess Plateau,China

The impacts of vegetation on soil erosion are closely associated with the combined effects of above- and below-ground components. In this study, we explore the effects and contributions of Robinia pseudoacacia litter cover and roots on soil erosion. Experiment sites under natural conditions with vegetation cover, plant roots and bare ground plots were investigated for overland flow discharges of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0?L?s^?1 and slope gradients of 8.7%, 17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4% and 46.6%. Results indicate that litter cover and roots have a significant impact on sediment reduction; soil loss was reduced by about 57% and plant roots had a greater impact on the reduction of soil erosion than litter cover. The combination of litter cover and plant roots had a significant effect on decreasing K_r, increasing τ_c and consequently strengthening soil resistance capacity to erosion. When plants and roots existed on the slopes, K_r decreased by 81% and 66%, and τ_c increased by 319% and 246%, respectively, in comparison with bare slopes. These results illustrate the importance of high-forest in controlling soil erosion by quantifying the specific contributions of litter cover and plant roots in erosion reduction in the Loess Plateau.     

白盆珠水库库区坡面径流侵蚀规律初步研究

在对白盆珠水库库区开展水土流失实地调查的基础上,选择库区典型的侵蚀地貌类型与植被类型进行降雨-径流-产沙规律的初步研究.通过6个径流小区试验对比,分析了在不同植被条件下产流、产沙的差异,结果表明缺乏地表草本植被的纯飞播造林的水土保持效益十分有限;库区降雨径流产沙是白盆珠水库淤积的重要来源.     

森林生态系统的水文调节功能及生态学机制研究进展

森林水文调节功能是森林所实现的重要服务功能之一,可是由于森林资源被无节制的开采利用,导致人们不断遭受森林破环所带来的洪旱灾害。因此关于森林生态水文功能研究已成为生态学和水文学的研究重点之一。近年来,国内外对森林水文调节过程及其生态学机制进行了广泛深入的研究,所以文章从森林的水文过程出发,对林冠截留、树干流、凋落物层截留、林地水分涵养和蒸发蒸腾及其影响因子的国内外研究现状进行了归纳分析,研究认为林地各冠层均能够截留降雨,降低雨水动能,从而减少地表径流的产生和对地表的冲击;凋落物层能蓄留水分、抑制蒸散、减缓地表径流;而树干流改变降雨水平空间格局,影响水分入渗以及土壤水源涵养。森林结构复杂,明显改变了降雨分配过程,而森林水文过程及调节功能又受到森林结构的制约,因此定量定性探讨森林生态系统的结构、过程与水文调节功能之间关系,是未来森林生态水文功能研究的重点。     

Patterns and drivers of forest land cover changes in tropical semi-deciduous forests in Ghana

This study was conducted to determine the patterns and drivers of forest land cover changes in Bobiri and Oboyow Forest Reserves (BFR and OFR, respectively), Ghana. Landsat images were employed to determine forest land cover types and changes in 1990, 2000 and 2010 using supervised classification method. Factors that drive forest land cover changes in the forest reserves were determined using a semi-structured questionnaire and field observations. Generally, closed-canopy forest decreased by 49% in both forests over 20-year period resulting in a tremendous increase in open-canopy forest (BFR: 85%; OFR: 46%) and non-forest land cover types (BFR: 48–80% OFR: 127–350%). Factors such as logging manual illiteracy among timber operators, offences of authorised timber operators, ineffective community participation, harvesting schedule revision, chainsaw logging, illegal logging, bushfires, fuel gathering and weak penalty for offences were identified as contributing to rapid depletion of closed canopy forest cover in the forest reserves.