Ecological properties of soil water and effects on forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau

In the Loess Plateau of China, soil water has three ecological properties: high infiltration capacity, high storage capacity and availability to deep plant roots. Soil desiccation is the most serious problem for forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau. Arid soils are the result of intensified soil desiccation caused by disturbances in plant succession, which constitute the ecological foundation of soil water. The negative effects of the arid soil layer on surface water infiltration for recharging underground water are discussed in terms of ecological hydrology. The arid soil layer disrupts the link between surface water and underground water and prevents vertical precipitation infiltration from supplementing underground water. Forest vegetation has a significant runoff-retaining efficiency that reduces total runoff from forest areas leading to low surface and ground runoff which affect the water cycle on a watershed scale.     

黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展问题

沙棘适合于在干旱瘠溥的黄土高原地区生长，在黄土高原生态恢复、环境治理和经济发展中成效显著，近年来沙棘灌丛资源发展迅速。但由于在沙棘灌丛资源保护和发展中还存在不少问题，使黄土高原区域整体效益并不理想。文章研究了黄土高原地区沙棘灌丛资源的类型，共有6个群系；分析了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源的现状和效益，其在工矿废弃地治理、砒砂岩区治理、沙化土地治理、水土保持等方面作用明显，对当地畜牧业、食品工业、医药业起到促进作用；探讨了存在的主要问题，一是资源发展问题，二是保护问题，三是管理问题，四是科学技术问题；最后从多个方面提出了黄土高原沙棘灌丛资源保护与发展的对策，     

陕北黄土区陡坡土壤水分变异规律研究

土壤水分是制约陕北黄土区陡坡林草植被建设主要限制因素,深入系统的研究陡坡土壤水分变异规律是科学开展林草植被建设的重要前提。目前,陡坡不同季节、不同坡向、不同坡度的土壤水分变异规律尚未见系统的研究。为此,本研究通过观测陕北黄土区坡面尺度的自然恢复流域陡坡土壤含水量,研究分析了陡坡土壤水分季节变化规律、陡坡土壤水分垂直变化规律,结果表明：（1）陕北黄土区陡坡的土壤水分消耗期、土壤水分积累期、土壤水分消退期和土壤水分稳定期分别对应3-6、7-9、10-11和12月-次年2月;（2）0~120 cm土层中0~60 cm土层土壤含水量变化活跃。土壤水分随着土层深度的增加而增加,且各层间的差异也越来越显著;（3）基于土壤水分的垂直变化规律,陡坡的土壤水分弱利用层、土壤水分利用层、土壤水分调节层分别为0~40、40~60和60~100 cm。（4）在垂直于陡坡坡面方向上,深度大于40~50 cm的土壤层能为植被生长提供良好的土壤水分环境,有利于人工植被建设在陡坡开展。     

东北过伐林灌木层物种多样性与林分因子的典型相关分析

研究林分特征尤其是经营上可以控制的因子对生物多样性的影响，将有助于制定合理的经营措施来维持和保护生物多样性，本文作者以我国东北过伐林区3种典型天然林类型为对象，采用典型相关分析方法，研究影响灌木层物种多样性的主要因子。结果表明：影响灌木层物种多样性的主要因子包括土壤含水率，树种多样性和林分密度；灌木层多样性组的变异被林分组第一典型变量解释的比例为68.32%,仍有31.68%的变异不能得到解释。     

植被恢复的生态效应研究进展

植被在水土保持、水源涵养及生态系统的固碳过程中起着重要的作用。植被恢复是指运用生态学原理,通过保护现有植被、封山育林或营造人工林、灌、草植被,修复或重建被毁坏或被破坏的森林和其他自然生态系统,恢复其生物多样性及其生态系统功能。目前,植被的自然及人工恢复是改善脆弱生态系统及退化生态系统生态环境现状最有效的措施。植被在恢复过程中对地上植被生态系统,物种多样性的恢复有着重要影响,同时通过凋落物及根系的输入,可以有效改善地下生态系统,增加土壤的养分含量、改善土壤的物理结构、增加土壤生物的生物量及活性。文章以地上及地下生态系统为出发点,综述了植被恢复过程中自然及人工恢复过程中不同的植被类型、不同的恢复时间下植物物种组成和多样性、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物群落的变化。植被的自然及人工恢复在一定程度上均能增加植物物种的多样性,随着恢复年限的增加物种的组成发生改变且多样性呈增加趋势,但一些特殊环境下不当的人工恢复可造成植被演替向退化方向发展,降低生物多样性。不同的植被类型由于其生长方式的不同对土壤理化性质和土壤微生物的影响存在差异,随着恢复年限的增长,土壤理化指标及微生物学指标呈现先增加而后趋于平稳的状态。针对已有的研究进展,提出在未来的研究过程中,一方面应该增加更多的对比研究,对不同环境下,不同的恢复物种,不同的恢复方式进行更深入地探讨;另外一方面应增加不同尺度的研究,现有的研究多集中在样地尺度,未来应在更大尺度上进行分析;再者,地上及地下生态系统之间的相互关系及影响机理一直是土壤学科研究的热点,植被恢复过程中应增加更多该方面的机理研究。     

1980—2015年青藏高原植被变化研究

青藏高原地形复杂,气候类型独特,是北半球气候变化的调节器。全球气候变化直接影响植被变化,探讨植被变化对了解青藏高原的环境状况及环境保护与恢复具有重要意义。选取青藏高原作为研究区域,基于1980年和2015年的1 km土地利用数据利用转移矩阵研究植被的转换变化,利用1981—2015年的GIMMS-NDVI数据借助趋势分析法分析土地利用未变化区域的植被覆被变化,并通过相关分析法研究植被变化与气候因子的关系。研究表明:1980—2015年,青藏高原植被的转换变化表现为转入面积大于转出面积,植被面积整体增加。植被类型变化的主要表现形式为农作物和草地面积增加,乔木林地和灌木林面积减少;草地的面积变化最大,农作物、乔木林地和灌木林面积变化很小。从不同植被类型和生态分区来看,植被覆被变化表现为农作物面积较小,分布于半干旱地区,NDVI呈上升趋势;乔木林地位于东南部湿润半湿润地区,生长状况呈现退化趋势;灌木林位于东部边缘和东南部的湿润半湿润和半干旱地区,呈退化趋势;草地分布范围最大,生长情况趋于改善。近35年来,青藏高原的植被覆盖整体趋于好转,低覆盖度、干旱半干旱地区趋于改善,高覆盖度、湿润半湿润地区出现退化。研究时段内,青藏高原趋于暖湿化,NDVI变化与年平均气温、年降水量变化呈正相关,对降水变化更为敏感。不同植被类型对气候变化响应不同,农作物相关系数最高。乔木林地与气温和降水变化呈负相关,农作物和草地则呈正相关,灌木林与降水变化呈正相关,与气温变化呈负相关。     

Integrated effects of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a small catchment in a hilly loess area,China

This study addressed the integrated effect of slope aspect and land use on soil nutrients in a loess hilly catchment in the western Loess Plateau of China. Soil samples were collected from five land-use types: wasteland, cropland, woodland, shrubland and abandoned cropland, at two depths (0–20 and 20–40 cm) in the middle slope position of both north-facing and south-facing slopes. Soil nutrient changes and the relationships between soil nutrients and slope aspect were investigated, based on statistical analysis and expert knowledge. Soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K of the 0–20 cm soil layer differed significantly between land uses and slope aspects. Soil nutrients in the north-facing slope were better than in the south-facing slope. Revegetation has an enrichment effect, especially on soil organic matter, total N, total P, nitrate nitrogen and available K. Planting of trees, shrubs and grasses could improve soil fertility and favours a policy of revegetation and sustainable land use in the hilly loess area of China. Conversion of slope farmlands into more sustainable land uses, such as shrubland or grassland is a cost-efficient way to achieve soil conservation and ecological restoration. Terracing and the use of agro-techniques for soil conservation, such as furrow-ridging tillage and leaving crop residues on fields, can increase the input of C to soils. Growing crops in rotation with alfalfa and beans could be a promising choice for the sustainability of agriculture and the environment.     

紫色土区裸露地植被恢复技术

通过现场调查和样方调查法,分别调查衡阳市紫色岩裸露地的地形、地貌、气候、母岩、土壤等因子,以及植被分布、生态环境、植物生长等.在此基础上,采用对比研究法,有选择地进行植物及其配置模式的适宜性试验、整地方式的对比试验、宜林型紫色土经济林树种选择试验,评价不同立地条件类型下的植物适宜性与不同配置模式群落的生态适宜性及水土保持能力,最终筛选出不同立地条件类型下适宜的植物及其配置模式与整地方式,为紫色土裸露地植被恢复与宜林地经济开发提供理论依据和技术基础.表18,参11.     

环境因子和火干扰因子对喀纳斯泰加林柳兰分布的影响

喀纳斯泰加林植被的生长和分布受火干扰和环境因子的共同作用,为了解喀纳斯泰加林林下柳兰分布与生态因子的关系,促进种群扩繁,共设置了35个样地进行调查和分析。建立柳兰重要值与生态因子矩阵,利用CCA分析法对不同火烧林分中柳兰的生长分布状况与林火烈度、火后时间、海拔、坡度、坡向、郁闭度、土壤pH值、速效钾、土壤有机质、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度和草本层物种多样性指数等20个生态因子的关系进行了分析。结果显示,第一轴主要反映林火烈度、海拔、坡向,灌木层盖度、pH值、有机质、全钾和速效钾的变化;第二轴主要反映林火烈度、火后时间、草本层盖度、坡向、坡位、土壤容重、电导率、有机质、有效磷和全氮的变化。对柳兰分布有显著影响的生态因子是林火烈度、有机质、海拔、坡向、灌木层盖度、土壤容重、全钾和速效钾,前两轴的累计贡献率为72.48%。柳兰适合在土壤呈弱酸性、海拔低、阳坡、土壤容重小、土壤有机质、全钾和速效钾含量高的环境中生长。柳兰是阳性植物,是火烧后的先锋植物。对影响柳兰分布的生态因子进行定量分离,结果发现环境因子和火干扰因子对柳兰样地物种分布的解释能力为88.2%,显示出较好的排序效果。喀纳斯泰加林受人为干扰较少,柳兰所在植物群落与环境保持了良好的对应关系,生态因子与物种分布呈显著相关(P=0.003),表明CCA排序结果可以解释生态因子对物种分布的影响程度。     

长春市不同土地利用生境土壤昆虫幼虫群落组成与生态分布

对长春市郊区天然次生林、市内公园风景林、郊区防护林和农田等土地利用生境进行土壤昆虫幼虫调查,研究土地利用差异对土壤昆虫幼虫群落特征的影响。研究区共捕获土壤昆虫幼虫35科411只,其中鞘翅目幼虫14科319只,双翅目幼虫13科64只,鳞翅目幼虫8科28只。研究结果表明:不同土地利用生境土壤昆虫幼虫群落组成与生态分布存在差异,防护林和农田土壤昆虫幼虫的类群数和个体密度显著减少;除农田外,其他生境土壤昆虫幼虫群落个体密度和类群数主要集中分布在0～5cm土壤层,生境凋落物的移除对土壤昆虫幼虫群落组成影响不明显;此外,鞘翅目、双翅目和鳞翅目幼虫对土地利用和植被类型变化的响应也不同。     

南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量及其分配格局

以南亚热带中幼龄针阔混交林为研究对象,通过典型样地调查法,对森林生态系统各个层次进行取样调查,采用12个样地实测数据和已有生物量模型相结合的方法计算乔木层生物量,灌木层、草本层和凋落物层采用全部收获法测得其生物量,对土壤层的调查采用剖面法加土钻法,代表性样品碳含量的测定采用重铬酸钾-水合加热法。在此基础上,分析了中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量及其分配格局。结果表明,主要造林树种树根、树杆、树枝和树叶碳含量均值分别为45.07%、46.73%、46.30%和47.72%。植物碳含量表现为乔木〉灌木〉草本。乔木碳储量占植被总碳储量比例介于63.38%-94.08%之间,灌木碳储量所占比例介于3.55%-12.67%之间,而草本碳储量仅介于为1.28%-23.95%之间,不同林龄段乔木和灌木碳储量均值随林龄的增加呈上升趋势,而草本碳储量呈下降趋势。土壤碳储量介于106.73-136.61 t·hm^-2之间,土壤碳储量随林龄的增加呈现出先降低后升高的趋势。针阔混交林总碳储量介于134.79-162.60 t·hm^-2之间,分配格局表现为土壤层〉植被层〉凋落物层。土壤层碳储量所占总碳储量比例范围为78.34%-94.45%,植被层所占比例介于4.84%-20.16%之间,凋落物层仅介于0.71%-1.50%之间,中幼龄针阔混交林碳储量主要以土壤固碳为主。研究结果为树种选择、人工林生态系统固碳潜力以及人工碳汇林的经营管理等研究提供科学参考。     

密云水库上游流域不同林分土壤有机碳分布特征

在全球气候变化背景下,森林土壤有机碳库作为全球土壤碳库的重要组成部分,已成为全球碳循环研究的重点之一。以密云水库上游流域天然次生山杨（Populus davidiana Dode）、白桦（Betula platyphylla Suk.）混交林、天然次生辽东栎（Quercus wutaishanica Blume）林、人工华北落叶松（Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr.）林、人工油松（Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.）林和灌丛等5种典型林分为研究对象,选取典型样区,进行密集采样和试验分析,探讨了不同林分土壤有机碳质量分数和密度的分布特征。结果表明：在整个土壤剖面上（0~40 cm）,不同林分土壤有机碳质量分数和密度大小顺序均为：杨桦林〉辽东栎林〉灌丛〉落叶松林〉油松林,总体上呈现出随土地利用强度和人为干扰程度增加而降低的变化趋势,即天然次生林比人工林更有利于土壤有机碳的储存和积累;不同林分类型土壤有机碳质量分数和密度均在表层（0~10 cm）最大,并随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,剖面分布差异明显;此外,不同林分在0~20 cm土层中的单位面积土壤有机碳储量均占其剖面总储量的57%以上,即土壤有机碳富集在0~20 cm深的表层土体中。因此,为增加森林土壤固碳,应加强对天然次生林的保护,减少人类活动对森林及其表土层的干扰。     

Spatial decoupling of facilitation and competition at the origin of gapped vegetation patterns

Spatially periodic vegetation patterns, forming gaps, bands, labyrinths, or spots, are characteristic of arid and semiarid landscapes. Self-organization models can explain this variety of structures within a unified conceptual framework. All these models are based on the interplay of positive and negative effects of plants on soil water, but they can be divided according to whether they assume the interactions to be mediated by water redistribution through runoff/diffusion or by plants' organs. We carried out a multi-proxy approach of the processes operating in a gapped pattern in southwest Niger dominated by a shrub species. Soil moisture within the root layer was monitored in time and space over one month of the rainy season. Soil water recharge displayed no spatial variation with respect to vegetation cover, but the stock half-life under cover was twice that of bare areas. A kernel of facilitation by the aboveground parts of shrubs was parameterized, and soil water half-life was significantly correlated to the cumulated facilitative effects of shrubs. The kernel range was found to be smaller than the canopy radius (81%). This effect of plants on soil water dynamics, probably through a reduction of evaporation by shading, is shown to be a better explanatory variable than potentially relevant soil and topography parameters. The root systems of five individuals of Combretum micranthum G. Don were excavated. Root density data were used as a proxy to parameterize a kernel function of interplant competition. The range of this kernel was larger than the canopy radius (125%). The facilitation-to-competition range ratio, reflecting the above-to-belowground ratio of plant lateral extent, was smaller than 1 (0.64), a result supporting models assuming that patterning may emerge from an adaptation of plant morphology to aridity and shallow soils by means of an extended lateral root system. Moreover, observed soil water gradients had directions opposite to those assumed by alternative mathematical models based on underground water diffusion. This study contributes to the growing awareness that combined facilitative and competitive plant interactions can induce landscape-scale patterns and shape the two-way feedback loops between environment and vegetation.     

不同等级石漠化环境下人工乔木林的植被与土壤物理特征

目前石漠化地区的植被恢复是生态系统研究的一大难题.以武陵山石漠化综合治理国家长期科研基地人工林为研究区,通过野外踏查选定樟树-马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用单因素方差分析、相关性分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,研究该地区樟树Cinnamomum camphora-马尾松Pinus massoniana林在无石漠化、轻度石漠...     

植被-侵蚀动力学模型参数的确定及在黄土高原的应用

植被-侵蚀动力学是研究流域植被与侵蚀在人类活动影响下演变规律的一门新的边缘学科。由植被-侵蚀动力学模型可绘制植被-侵蚀状态图,以预测停止人为干扰后植被及侵蚀变化趋势,评价水土保持措施成效,提出小流域优化治理方略。植被-侵蚀动力学模型4个参数a、c、b、f是流域重要特征参数,其值的确定是进行植被-侵蚀动力学模拟及绘制植被-侵蚀状态图的前提和基础。它们依赖于流域气候、土壤和地形地貌。本文以黄土高原典型小流域为例,采用试算法确定了它们的取值,通过相关分析发现参数a与P、T,参数c、b、f与D50、S之间存在明显的相关关系,并得到了相关关系式。将其用于吕二沟小流域植被-侵蚀动力学模拟,结果与实际情况符合较好。绘制了各参数的取值分布图。最后以燕儿沟小流域为例,将以上相关关系式用于植被-侵蚀状态图的绘制,及小流域自然状况、植被-侵蚀状态及水土保持效果的评价。     

Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

森林土壤种子库研究进展

土壤种子库与物种多样性存在密切相关性,森林土壤种子库是植被天然更新的物质基础。文章阐述了森林土壤种子库的内涵、森林生态系统土壤种子库的基本特征及其主要研究方法,探讨了影响种子库的基本因素及当前极为关注的热点问题。在受损森林生态系统目标树种培养、植被群落快速恢复和生态系统科学管理等领域仍存在一些理论和实践急待解决的问题,如随着群落进展演替土壤种子库种子数量在增加而质量却在逐渐下降,面临如何解决生态系统健康稳定发育和物种多样性长期维持问题。文章认为今后应加强土壤种子库与生物多样性保护、防止外来物种入侵乡土物种利用及对全球变化的响应等领域的研究工作,以期为从事森林土壤种子库研究和退化森林植被群落恢复实践提供理论指导。     

Response of soil microorganisms to vegetational succession in Ziwuling Forest

This study investigates the changes in soil microbial populations as vegetational succession progress from abandoned farmland to climax forest in the Ziwuling Forest, which is located in the northern part of the Loess Plateau, China. Different organic C and total extractable N between the fumigated and non-fumigated soils were assumed to be released from soil microorganisms. Soil microbial C was calculated using Kec = 0.38 and microbial N was calculated using Ken = 0.45. The released P was converted to microbial biomass P using Kep = 0.40. Soil bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes increased as the vegetational succession progressed. Microbial C was of the highest amount in farmland. Microbial C, N, and P generally increased from abandoned land to climax community. The results indicated significant (P < 0.05) diversities of soil microbial biomass under different vegetation. There was a significant correlation between microbial biomass and soil nutrients. Knowledge about soil microbial populations is important for forecasting vegetational succession and determining the ecological condition of the environment.     

Microbial relationships in surface-mine revegetation

The establishment and interrelationships of microorganisms with soil and plant processes during reclamation are greatly influenced by the composition of the planting medium and vegetation practices. While in some instances the parent material may be used as the vegetation medium, the practice of topsoiling, particularly the direct haul method, may be beneficial in introducing microorganisms and improving the quality of the plant growth medium of spoils that are chemically or physically less desirable than the native soils. The influence of different vegetation types on soil development on surface mines may be a reflection of physioiogical differences that affect microbial development in the rhizosphere. Such differences include levels of carbohydrate translocated to the root system and/or released into the surrounding soil; the plant's effectiveness as a mycorrhizal host; and the rate of degradation of plant residues. It has become apparent that microbial interactions are an important part of plant and soil processes in reclamation. While some of the microorganisms important in plant growth and soil development can be introduced readily by management practices, the majority usually are disseminated by natural means and only gradually become a part of the microbial population. More research is needed on developing new methods or refining current procedures for early introduction of these microorganisms in reclamation practices.     

Leaching-induced migration and compositional form change of Cu,Zn, and Cd from sludge to loess

Land utilization of sewage sludge has become one of the major issues in environmental mitigation in China. This is particularly important in the Loess Plateau of Northwest China. Sludge enriched with organic matter and nutrients might effectively help to resolve the problems of silty loess soils as evidenced by porosity defect, structural alterations and absence of fertility. After sludge flows into the loess, irrigation water contains heavy metals that leach and migrate into sludge and consequently related human health risks may occur that raise concerns; and this situation needs to be rectified. The characteristics of the vertical migration and composition form change of Cu, Zn, and Cd from composted sludge to loess, and corresponding influencing factors, were investigated by performing a soil column simulation test under the leaching treatment of a one-year irrigation water capacity. Results demonstrated that: (1) composted sludge significantly improved loess fertility, and irrigation leaching transported only a small quantity of organic matter in sludge in the plough layer; (2) although some of the Cu, Zn, and Cd in composted sludge migrated to and concentrated in the middle and upper layers of the soil column during leaching, these metals were mostly retained in the plough layer; and (3) after the leaching treatment of the one-year irrigation water capacity, the compositions of Cu, Zn, and Cd (particularly Cu and Zn) in both plough layer and loess began to stabilize with low concentrations in the exudate. These findings confirmed the applicability of composted sludge in loess regions. This study provided a new insight into the sludge reuse in alkaline soils in arid and semi-arid region.