西安市街尘中重金属赋存形态和污染特征分析

城市街尘是重金属等污染物质的依附载体,居民日常活动频繁接触使得污染物很容易进入人体,对居民健康危害极大,因此街尘污染控制受到广泛关注。为了开展街尘重金属污染状况及特征研究,针对西安市街尘聚集量较多的冬春季节,选择不同路况特征的8个区域作为街尘样品采样点,运用Tessier顺序提取法对样品中的重金属元素进行分步提取,采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)测定了街尘中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、铜(Cu)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)等6种重金属元素的含量及赋存形态。与陕西省土壤重金属环境背景值对比显示:8个采样点处,街尘中6种重金属元素含量均显著超过环境背景值,平均超出倍数分别为Cd49.6倍、Pb15.7倍、Zn8.1倍、Cu3.8倍、Mn2.5倍、Fe2.3倍。偏差分析显示:Cd含量受采样点环境影响较大,Fe在各点处较为均衡,其他元素略有差异;主干路和次干路段街尘中的Cd、Pb和Zn富集较支路严重,沥青路面上Cd和Cu积累高于水泥路面而Pb和Zn低于水泥路面。赋存形态分析发现:西安市街尘中,Cu主要以有机物结合态赋存,Fe和Zn主要以铁锰结合态赋存,Mn主要以铁锰结合态和有机结合态赋存,Pb主要以可交换态和铁锰结合态赋存,Cd主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态赋存。道路等级越高,其街尘重金属的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态比例也越高;沥青路面上更容易产生或聚集可交换态和碳酸盐结合态重金属。各重金属生物有效性顺序为:CdPbCuZnMnFe。     

成都市部分区域淡水混养池塘水体与沉积物中重金属风险评价及分配特征

为探讨成都市部分区域淡水混养池塘环境中重金属的生态风险和分配特征,对成都市10个淡水混养池塘水体和沉积物中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cr、Ni这6种重金属进行检测,采用BCR连续提取法分析沉积物中6种重金属的赋存形态,并评价其潜在生态风险。结果表明,除S8和S10样点Zn年均浓度超出GB 11607—1989《渔业水质标准》外,其余元素均未超标,重金属浓度总体呈现出春、夏季高于秋、冬季的特征。沉积物除S3、S4和S8样点Cu年均含量超出生物低影响阈值(ERL)外,其余元素均未超标,Cd为研究区域沉积物中主要生态风险因子,沉积物中重金属无明显季节变化规律。沉积物中Cd的弱酸提取态比例高于其余元素,为22. 91%～64. 51%,Pb和Cu可还原态比例较大,Zn以残渣态为主,同时存在较大比例的弱酸提取态和还原态,Cr和Ni主要以残渣态和可氧化态存在。水体-沉积物中重金属分配系数由高到低依次为Ni、Pb、Cr、Cu、Cd和Zn。因此,应加强成都市淡水混养池塘Cd元素的污染防控。     

孝妇河水体沉积物中重金属的污染及形态分布特征

为了解孝妇河流域淄博段的水体沉积物的重金属污染特征,采集了9个表层沉积物样品,测定了沉积物的理化性质、重金属Cu、Cr、Pb和Ni的总量及其化学形态,并采用潜在生态风险指数法对重金属的污染程度及存其在的生态风险进行了分析.结果显示,孝妇河沉积物中Cu、Cr、Pb和Ni的总体含量分别为18.6—42.3mg.kg-1,13.6—31.6mg.kg-1,11.1—30.4mg.kg-1,17.6—29.4mg.kg-1;且均主要以结晶态存在,其次为可氧化态,可还原态及酸溶态所占的比例较低;其中,Cu的酸溶态所占比例为0—12.8%,迁移性最强,发生复溶的可能性最大.潜在生态生风险指数法分析表明,孝妇河表层沉积物受Cu、Ni污染程度达到中度,存在生态风险相对较大,应予以重视.     

龙塘镇电子垃圾拆解区土壤和河流底泥重金属赋存形态及生态风险

龙塘镇是珠三角电子垃圾拆解区之一,采用AAS方法对该地土壤和河流底泥沉积物中5种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb)含量进行测定分析,结果显示周围农田土壤中Cd含量是《国家土壤质量标准》二级标准的3倍左右,是广东省土壤背景值的20倍左右;拆解区土壤Cd超标最为严重,最高达5.67倍,超过广东省土壤背景值达36.17倍;拆解区下游0—1500 m河流底泥中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb含量大幅增加且部分金属超标,Cd在0—40 cm深度内含量总体逐渐降低,仍远超背景值,Cu含量采样深度内递减规律最显著且在0—10 cm内含量超标,Cr、Zn和Pb除部分点位在表层积累较多外,其余与背景值相差不大且未超标.采用BCR(the Community Bureau of Reference)法提取重金属不同形态可知,底泥中Cd主要以弱酸溶态和可还原态为主,Cu主要以可氧化态存在,Cr主要以残渣态存在,而Zn和Pb则以可还原态为主;其中Cd的可提取态比例较高(60%),容易释放出来形成"二次污染".潜在生态风险结果表明,河流底泥中Cd生态危害程度属于极强(Ei320);其他金属Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb危害风险程度属于轻微(Ei40);金属Cd对整个RI值贡献最大(88%),应重点加强对Cd污染的防控.     

北京市土壤重金属形态分析

采用Tessier连续提取法对北京市朝阳、通州、石景山、海淀、顺义等地土壤进行重金属元素锌、铅、铬的形态分析,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定了重金属元素的含量。研究结果表明,在所测区土壤中,铬主要以可交换态和残渣态存在,说明元素铬较活泼,具有潜在的环境影响能力;锌元素主要以有机结合态和残渣态存在,说明元素锌相对比较稳定;而铅则主要以可交换态形式存在,说明铅最为活泼,应该给予更多的关注。     

娄山河表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及风险评价

测定了娄山河表层沉积物间隙水中重金属(Cu、As、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd和Ni)的质量浓度,采用改正的BCR顺序提取法分析了沉积物中重金属的赋存形态,并分别基于美国水质基准(CCC、CMC)和风险评价编码法(RAC)、潜在生态风险指数法对间隙水和表层沉积物中重金属的毒性及生态风险进行评价.结果表明,娄山河表层沉积物间隙水中Cr、Pb可能对水生态系统产生急性或慢性毒性.沉积物中7种重金属的含量均高于土壤背景值,呈现累积效应.沉积物中As、Ni主要赋存于残渣态,Cu、Cr主要赋存于可氧化态和残渣态,Pb、Zn在多数点位以残渣态为主,Cd以酸可溶解态为主要赋存形态.除As外,其余重金属的可提取态含量高于残渣态,有较高的二次释放潜力.RAC的评价结果表明,表层沉积物中Cu、As、Pb和Cr处于无风险到低风险级,Zn、Ni处于低风险到高风险级,Cd以高风险和极高风险级为主,不同重金属RAC的平均值依次为CdZnNiPbCuAsCr.潜在生态风险指数法的评价结果表明,Zn为低生态风险,其余重金属均存在点位处于中等及以上生态风险,RI值表明研究区采样点有中等到极强生态风险.     

干旱区绿洲城郊排污渠沉积物重金属污染与释放特征

在白银市城郊东大沟沿程采集了8个沉积物样品,采用Tessier五步连续提取法和静态释放试验研究了沉积物中重金属的污染特征及在不同离子强度条件下沉积物中重金属的释放规律.结果表明:(1)东大沟沉积物中Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn的含量均超过了甘肃省土壤元素背景值,其平均值分别为背景值的128.83、12.71、26.90、17.99倍.(2)沉积物中Cd和Cu主要以残渣态和有机结合态存在,Zn主要以有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合化态存在,Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在;沉积物中重金属的活性顺序为ZnPbCdCu.(3)随着离子强度的增大,沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn的释放量随之增加,沉积物中Cd的释放量则是先增加后减少.     

以设计精准修复方案为目标的土壤重金属形态分布研究

农田土壤原位钝化/稳定化修复是通过向土壤中添加化学药剂以降低重金属活性、抑制土壤重金属向农作物迁移进而降低重金属风险的一种修复技术。针对河南省某重金属污染农田土壤,为制定精准的原位稳定化修复方案,采集32个表层土壤样品测定其Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr 7种元素全量,并利用BCR连续提取法测定弱酸提取态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态4种形态含量。结果表明:土壤Cd、Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Ni和Cr含量的平均值分别为1.90、144.91、7.33、32.24、91.40、28.80和19.76 mg·kg-1,Cd和Pb含量分别超过HJ/T 332—2006《食用农产品产地环境质量评价标准》的3.17和1.81倍。BCR形态分析表明,弱酸提取态Cd含量占全量比例较高,平均值为24.06%;土壤80.35%的Pb以可还原态存在,其余5种元素主要以残渣态存在。基于不同元素的弱酸提取态含量与全量建立回归分析模型,结果显示各元素的弱酸提取态含量随全量呈线性变化且两者的正相关关系显著;根据Cd、Pb 2种元素全量与弱酸提取态含量的空间分布差异对研究区域进行分区,基于土壤全量Cd和弱酸提取态Cd含量的分区结果有一定差异,而基于弱酸提取态Cd与弱酸提取态Pb含量的分区结果大致相同,能够为设计精准的修复方案提供依据。最后,分别以重金属全量与有效态含量为出发点对研究区域重金属的污染程度与存在风险给予评价,Hakanson风险评价结果表明土壤Cd存在极强的潜在生态风险,风险评价编码法评价结果则显示Cd为中等风险,两者之间的差异提示土壤重金属修复需综合考虑不同评价方法的评价结果,这为重金属的修复评价奠定基础。     

宁东基地不同工业园区周边土壤重金属污染特征及其评价

为了解宁东基地不同工业园区周边土壤重金属污染特征,采集并测定了土壤样品的重金属含量(Cr、Cd、Pb、As和Hg),进一步采用Tessier连续提取法对Cr、Cd、Pb和Hg含量超出背景值的土壤样品进行了重金属形态分析。采用单因子污染指数和综合污染指数对研究区土壤重金属污染程度进行分析,并利用潜在生态风险指数法对其进行生态风险评价,旨在为宁东基地土壤环境保护及生态系统维护提供科学理论依据。结果表明:研究区土壤中上述5种重金属含量的平均值分别为63.26、0.13、21.11、8.77和0.17 mg?kg~(-1),均没有超过《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)二级标准(p H7.5)和《展览会用地土壤环境质量评价标准(暂行)》(HJ350—2007)A级标准限值,但Cr、Cd和Pb和Hg的平均值超过了宁夏土壤背景值,其中Cr、Cd和Pb的平均值与对应背景值相差不大,Hg的平均值是背景值的8.5倍。重金属形态分析表明,Cr和Hg主要以稳定的残余态形式存在,Cd和Pb主要以非残余态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态)形式存在,分别占对应总量的65.09%和66.05%。经单因子污染指数和综合污染指数评价,各重金属元素的污染等级均为清洁(安全)水平,研究区土壤表现为无重金属污染状态。潜在生态风险指数评价结果进一步表明,研究区土壤整体呈轻微生态风险。尽管宁东基地不同工业园区周边土壤目前受重金属污染影响较小,但Hg积累明显,Cd和Pb的非残余态含量和比例较高,这3种元素对土壤环境的影响应予以关注。     

喀斯特深水湖泊富硒沉积物中Se的赋存特征

采用硒的循环提取技术,改进后对湖区沉积物中重金属元素硒进行地球化学形态分析.分析结果表明,红枫湖沉积物中Se的硫化物结合态平均含量最高,占总量的45.7%,其含量顺序为硫化物结合态>残渣态>有机结合态>可交换态>酸溶态>水溶态.并采用次生相富集系数法(SPEF)评价红枫湖沉积物中的Se,结果得KSPEF=2.58,即重金属元素Se可能存在某种人为污染.利用配备X射线能谱的电子显微镜进行微形貌的观察,结果表明,沉积物中除去土壤中常见的元素含量外,S的含量较高,约为0.61%(重量比),但并未发现自然Se的存在.应用X射线多晶衍射仪对沉积物中Se的晶型进行分析,红枫湖沉积物中MSe、MSeO4、MSeO3、MSe2O5和含Se的有机化合物是Se元素存在的主要晶型(其中M为金属离子).加之沉积物中有机质及Se的可利用态含量较高,故红枫湖沉积物经植物修复后,可用于富硒农作物的种植.     

芜湖市区土壤重金属污染评价及来源分析

对芜湖市区153个土壤样品中9种重金属的含量进行测定和评价,利用多元地统计方法进行污染来源分析。结果表明：芜湖市区土壤Zn、Fe、Mn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cd、Ni、Cr的平均含量分别为96.8、30600.1、466.1、35.0、29.1、16.7、1.2、26.3、78.3mg/kg;除Fe、Mn、Ni外,其他元素均高于相应土壤背景值,Zn、Cu、Pb、Co、Cd、Cr分别是背景值的1.26、1.09、1.17、1.20、6.11、1.29倍,说明这些元素出现了一定程度的积累。单因子评价结果表明Cd污染最为严重,Zn、Cu、Pb、Co和Cr为轻度污染,Fe、Mn和Ni没有污染。综合相关性、聚类及主成分分析可知,Fe和Mn为＂自然源因子＂,不同功能区分布主要受成土母质控制;Zn、Cu、Pb和Cd为＂交通及工业活动因子＂,Cu、Cd高值区均分布在开发区,Zn和Pb的高值区分布在镜湖区;Ni、Co和Cr为＂农业活动因子＂,其空间变异受成土母质及农业活动等因素影响。     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Octopus vulgaris from coastal waters of Alexandria (Eastern Mediterranean)

Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in various tissues (hepatopancreas, branchial hearts, salivary gland, gills, genital tract, mantle, arms and skin) of Octopus vulgaris collected from three different contaminated sites in front of Alexandria (Egypt) during 2000. All collected tissues displayed high enrichment factors when compared to ambient levels. Heavy metal concentrations in most tissues displayed significant differences among sites, sizes and sex. This study suggests that hepatopancreas, and to a lesser extent branchial hearts, are better indicators of chronic Cu, Fe, Zn and Cd contamination than edible tissues. The enrichment factor (EF) for heavy metals in the hepatopancreas and in edible tissues allowed discriminating our samples into three main groups; (1) EF?>?55 (Cu), (2) EF ranging from 15 to 7.5 (Fe, Cd and Zn) and (3) EF?相似文献   

Scalp hair metal analysis in the assessment of the occupational exposure of arc welders

Eleven metals (Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Pb) were estimated in hair samples of metal arc welders and a control group with the same socioeconomic background. Nitric acid–perchloric acid wet digestion procedure was adopted for the estimation of endogenous metal contents by ICP-AE technique. The study exhibited the following increasing order of the metal concentrations: Cd??1, dry weight, respectively. On average, the levels of Mn, Ni, Pb and Fe were found to be 1.5–2.4 times higher in the hair of welders compared with controls. Besides age and exposure which were strongly correlated, Cu–Mg, Mn–Mg, Ca–Co and Cd–Zn also showed significantly positive correlations. The identification of metal sources, done by cluster and principal component analyses, revealed four factors: age and exposure; Cu, Mg, Mn and Fe; Ca and Co; Cd, Zn, Ni and Pb. High levels of Fe were found to have a depleting impact on Co levels. The arc welders were feared to accumulate heavy metals in their bodies due to long-term endogenous exposure.     

Distribution and speciation of heavy metals in Apulian coastal sediments

In the framework of the Interreg II Project Italy–Greece, distribution and speciation of trace metals in surface coastal sediments of Apulian regions were studied. A sequential extraction technique was used to determine the chemical association of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn, Cu and Cd) with major sedimentary phases (acid soluble phases, easily reducible fraction and oxidizable matter). The relationship between the metals' content and the grain-size composition of the sediments was also considered: generally the elements resulted associated with the fine fraction, even if in some cases (Cu in the oxidizable phase) the opposite behaviour was observed. The studied area is not particularly polluted, except for some defined zones, as for example Brindisi's harbour. Speciation analysis revealed that the major part of the heavy metals are not easily mobilizable and bioavailable. Even in this case, there are some exceptions to the general behaviour: Cu and Pb in several samples are largely present in the oxidizable phase, which even if not immediately available can become a source of associated elements when redox conditions change.     

The investigation of metal concentrations in street dust samples in Aqaba city,Jordan

The concentrations of metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Cd, Ni, Mn and Co) in 140 street dust samples were collected from Aqaba city, Jordan. These samples were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion with aqua regia. The highest levels of metal concentrations were found in the samples from heavy traffic. While the lowest levels of metal ions were noted in the street dust samples from hospital and health centers and school gardens. The results of this study were compared with several cities around the world. The levels of the metal concentrations found were generally below the mean world-wide values of street dust samples. Metal values in urban street dust samples were several times higher than the control levels. The statistical analyses were applied to the data matrix to determine the analytical results and to identify the possible source of pollution in the studied area. Correlations between the metal concentrations of the street dust samples were obtained. Factor analysis showed that the area was mainly influenced by three sources, namely lithogenic, traffic, and industrial.     

淮南市城区地表灰尘重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

城市地表灰尘中重金属会对人体健康和生态环境产生危害,为研究城市中不同功能区地表灰尘重金属的含量和潜在生态危害水平,以典型煤炭资源型城市淮南市的地表灰尘为研究对象,采集工业区、商业区、交通区、文教区、居住区和公园绿地等6种功能用地共40个点位的地表灰尘。采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）和DMA-80直接测汞仪测定Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的含量,分析其在不同功能区地表灰尘中的分布特征、相关性及可能的来源;并应用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属在不同功能区的潜在生态危害进行评价。结果表明：1）淮南市地表灰尘中 Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均质量分数分别是202.59、74.63、62.74、110.69、0.57、35.82、12.18、50.95和0.105 mg·kg-1,其中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni、Hg的平均含量分别是淮南市土壤背景值的3.47、3.17、2.04、1.21、9.50、1.12、2.56倍,是中国土壤背景值的2.73、2.87、2.78、1.81、5.88、1.33、1.62倍。2）9种重金属中,Zn和V的含量在不同功能区分布相对均匀,其他重金属在不同功能区含量均表现出较明显的空间异质性。3）不同功能区中,Zn、Pb、Cu、Ni、Co、V、Hg的平均含量在工业区最高,Cr 和 Cd 的平均含量在交通区最高。4）不同重金属的相关性表明,Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni 等5种元素有同一来源,Co 和 V 有同一来源。5）单项潜在生态危害系数大小为 Cd〉Hg〉〉Pb〉Cu〉Ni〉Co〉Zn〉Cr〉V。不同功能区9种重金属复合生态危害均处于强生态危害水平（300≤RI〈600）,其中工业区和交通区潜在生态危害水平最高。     

Accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and plants from fly ash contaminated area

The present investigation deals with the accumulation of heavy metals in fields contaminated with fly ash from a thermal power plant and subsequent uptake in different parts of naturally grown plants. Results revealed that in the contaminated site, the mean level of all the metals (Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Mn and Fe) in soil and different parts (root and shoots) of plant species were found to be significantly (p<0.01) higher than the uncontaminated site. The enrichment factor (EF) of these metals in contaminated soil was found to be in the sequence of Cd (2.33) > Fe (1.88) > Ni (1.58) > Pb (1.42) > Zn (1.31) > Mn (1.27) > Cr (1.11) > Cu (1.10). Whereas, enrichment factor of metals in root and shoot parts, were found to be in the order of Cd (7.56) > Fe (4.75) > Zn (2.79) > Ni (2.22) > Cu (1.69) > Mn (1.53) > Pb (1.31) > Cr (1.02) and Cd (6.06) approximately equal Fe (6.06) > Zn (2.65) > Ni (2.57) > Mn (2.19) > Cu (1.58) > Pb (1.37) > Cr (1.01) respectively. In contaminated site, translocation factor (TF) of metals from root to shoot was found to be in the order of Mn (1.38) > Fe (1.27) > Pb (1.03) > Ni (0.94) > Zn (0.85) > Cd (0.82) > Cr (0.73) and that of the metals Cd with Cr, Cu, Mn, Fe; Cr with Pb, Mn, Fe and Pb with Fe were found to be significantly correlated. The present findings provide us a clue for the selection of plant species, which show natural resistance against toxic metals and are efficient metal accumulators.     

长江南京段近岸沉积物中重金属富集特征与形态分析

在对长江南京段八卦洲和杨中两个冲积洲近岸沉积物及其优势野生植物中A1、Cu、zn、Cr、Pb、Nj和Cd元素含量分析的基础上,分别考查了这些重金属的富集系数(EF)和生物富集因子(BCF),并采用BCR连续提取法对Cd的赋存形态进行了研究.结果表明,本区域长江近岸沉积物和野生植物中重金属存在不同程度的富集现象,两洲沉积物中Cu、Cr、Pb、Ni、Cd均有富集趋势,各元素EF>1的样品占总样品比例分别为Cu 50%、Cr40%、Pb40%、Ni 40%、Cd20%.而在野生桐蒿和芦蒿两种优势植物中Cd富集显著,其中桐蒿的BCF平均值高达2.57.采用BCR连续提取法对沉积物中Cd进行形态分析,结果显示,沉积物中Cd主要以酸溶/交换态(B1)和可还原态(B2)为主,二者分别为31.7%和45.5%,占到总量的70%以上,B1态远高于一般土壤和沉积物中重金属的分布,表现出很强的迁移性和生物可利用性.新生成沉积物较老沉积物中的B1态有显著增加,反映出沉积物越新,Cd的迁移性越强的趋势.研究结果说明长江城市段近岸沉积物中Cd受近期人为因素影响明显,具有一定的生态风险.     

填埋场内重金属总量及其形态分布对迁移性的影响

以杭州市天子岭填埋场为例,对不同深度填埋层中的重金属总量、重金属迁移率和重金属形态分布进行了研究．结果表明,尽管填埋层中的重金属总量是土壤背景值的数十倍,超出土壤环境质量标准,但是重金属的迁移率却很低．另外,重金属迁移率与可交换态含量相关;Cd,Cu,Pb,Cr,Ni和Zn在填埋层中均以残渣态为主,填埋场中重金属都得到了有效固定,迁移性很差;各元素的易还原态与难还原态是重金属除残渣态之外主要的结合态(除Cr),铁锰氧化物循环是控制填埋场中重金属转化行为的主要机制之一;Cu的酸可溶态与易还原态具有较好的相关性,说明cu这两种形态的转化行为相似．     

Distribution and mobility of metals in agricultural soils near a copper smelter in South China

The distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the paddy soils surrounding a copper smelting plant in south China was investigated. We assessed the degree of metal contamination using an index of geoaccumulation. The metals were divided into two groups: (1) Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, whose concentrations were heavily affected by anthropogenic inputs, and (2) Ni, Co and Cr, which were mainly of geochemical origin. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb in the polluted soils were higher than the Chinese soil quality criteria. The chemical partitioning patterns of Pb, Zn and Cu indicated that Pb was largely associated with the residual and NH₂OH HCl extractable fractions. In contrast, Cd was predominantly associated with the MgCl₂ extractable fraction. A large proportion of Cu was bound to the acidic H₂O₂ extractable fractions, while Zn was predominantly found in the residual phase. The fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful to the environment, was found to be elevated compared to unpolluted soils in which heavy metals are more strongly bound to the matrix. The mobility of the metals was studied by water extraction using a modification of Tessier’s procedure, and the order of mobility was Zn > Cd > Cu  > Pb.