污泥土地利用对土壤中重金属形态的影响

土地利用是资源化利用城市污水厂污泥的有效途径，随污泥中的营养成分一起进入土壤中的还有其中的重金属元素，它们有可能成为一种环境安全的隐患。本实验所用的土壤为污泥经过无害化及稳定化处理后，与上海潮滩沙土按不同比例(干污泥质量比)混配而成。种植前后分别对沙土、污泥及混配土的重金属含量及形态进行测试。选择几种花卉植物，如菊花(Calendula officinalis）等进行植物种植试验，一个生长季后对植物中的重金属含量及形态进行测试。应用Tessler连续提取法，对污泥中的重金属进入土壤后，土壤中重金属的含量、赋存状态等方面的规律进行研究，发现污泥的土地利用会明显增加土壤中的重金属含量，而且重金属的形态也有明显的变化，可交换态和碳酸盐结合态的重金属含量有明显的增加；如长期使用，则必须采取相应的措施，以消除有害的影响。     

城市污水厂脱水污泥施用对马尼拉草生长及其对重金属迁移转化的影响

以厦门市筼筜污水处理厂的脱水干化污泥作为有机肥种植马尼拉草,通过盆栽试验,探讨污泥直接施用对马尼拉草生长和产量的影响及重金属在马尼拉草-土壤间的迁移转化和积累情况.结果表明,污泥中氮、磷、钾和有机质含量丰富,重金属含量均低于城镇污水处理厂污泥处置园林绿化用泥质的标准（GB/T23486—2009）;施用适量污泥可促进马...     

施用污泥堆肥对作物和土壤的影响

污泥中的有机质、营养成分可为农业生产提供重要的有机肥源，但污泥中的重金属是制约污泥农用的重要因素，为检验污泥堆肥施用后对作物及土壤的影响，文章对污泥与稻草或木屑堆肥的产品进行了盆栽试验研究。结果表明，污泥与稻草或木屑的堆肥作为肥料施用于萝卜(Brassicacampestris)和菜心(Brassicaparachinensis),产量明显提高，部分堆肥产品增产效果优于化肥，且后效明显。堆肥施用使土壤中有机质、各养分含量增加，微生物活动增强、数量增加，然而作物和土壤中的重金属含量也有不同程度的提高。     

衡阳市大羽藓植物及其基质重金属元素含量分析

通过分析衡阳市7个样点的大羽藓植物体及相应土壤样品中的Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、As等6种重金属元素含量,大羽藓植物体内6种重金属元素平均含量分别为:40.86 mg/kg、339.27 mg/kg、19.54 mg/kg、0.32 mg/kg、0.27 mg/kg、4.77 mg/kg,基质中重金属元素平均含量分别为:48.32 mg/kg、160.40 mg/kg、22.35 mg/kg、0.21 mg/kg、0.38 mg/kg、11.62 mg/kg,均未超过国家标准2级标准.富集系数分析表明,大羽藓对Zn和Cd具有富集能力,富集系数分别为:2.12和1.52.植物体和土壤基质中重金属含量的相关性分析表明,除Pb外其它5种重金属都达到显著性差异水平(P0.05).     

浸提剂pH值对污泥中重金属浸出的影响

为了探讨浸提剂的pH对污泥中重金属释放的影响,采集了我国四个典型城市污水厂的剩余污泥,应用固体废物浸出毒性的浸出方法(GB5086.2-1997),以不同pH值的浸提剂对污泥中重金属的浸出特性进行了实验研究.实验结果表明,污泥中的Cr和Fe的最大浸出质量浓度分别出现在6.5～7.0和5.0左右的pH值范围;Mo和Ni的浸出质量浓度则随着浸提剂pH值的升高而升高;而Zn和Mn的浸出质量浓度则随着浸提剂pH的升高而降低.这表明,浸提剂的pH 值对污泥中重金属的浸出具有显著的影响,而且pH 值对污泥中重金属浸出的影响因重金属的不同而存在较大的差异.     

阳离子聚丙烯酰胺联合稻壳粉调理城市污泥脱水的研究

实验研究了阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)联合稻壳粉在污泥调理脱水中的应用。以污泥比阻(SRF)和污泥净产率(YN)作为污泥脱水性能的主要参考指标,优化CPAM与稻壳粉联合调理污泥的投加顺序以及投加量。结果表明,当CPAM的投加量为5.01 g/kg污泥干重,稻壳粉的投加量为50%污泥干重时,污泥的脱水性能达到最优,与单独投加CPAM相比,污泥比阻由原来的13.3×10~9m/kg降低为4×10~9m/kg,污泥净产率由原来的65.96 kg/(m^2·h)升高为226.95 kg/(m^2·h)。通过污泥滤液Zeta电位、污泥泥饼微观结构以及可压缩性系数分析CPAM联合稻壳粉调理污泥的机理,表明稻壳粉本身不具有电荷中和作用,其主要作用在于改变污泥泥饼的微观结构,使污泥内部形成一个多孔和多通道的骨架结构,从而有效提高污泥的脱水性能。     

可控湿法氧化聚沉工艺对城市污泥中重金属的稳定化影响

采集了长沙市污水厂的剩余污泥（S1）和湿法氧化聚沉工艺处理的深度脱水污泥（S2）,对比分析了处理前后污泥的形貌变化及重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As的形态分布,初步探讨了重金属稳定化机理,对脱水污泥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As进行了稳定性评估.结果表明,脱水污泥中重金属的总量均低于我国污泥农用标准中的酸性限值,符合B级污泥泥质要求.处理后,污泥中Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As主要以硫化物有机结合态和残渣态（稳定态）存在,不稳定态在不同程度上向稳定态发生了转变,Cu、Hg的增幅最大,达21.1%.S2中重金属的生物可利用性较S1都有显著的降低,平均降幅达73.1%,S2中重金属的生物可利用性顺序为：Zn〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd〉As〉Hg.污泥经过湿法氧化聚沉工艺处理后,污泥中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd、Hg和As得到了明显的稳定化,为污泥后续资源化、安全化提供了科学依据.     

新乡市公园土壤重金属污染

通过对新乡市区6个有代表性公园土壤重金属含量的调查,结果发现市区公园表层土壤Pb、Cr、Cd和Zn的平均含量分别为63.22 mg/kg、91.35 mg/kg、0.57 mg/kg、115.63 mg/kg。以河南省土壤背景值为标准,用内梅罗指数法综合评价,结果表明:6个公园土壤中重金属Cr、Zn为轻度污染;Pb为中度污染;Cd为重度污染。所有公园土壤都存在Pb、Cd和Zn污染。     

城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合堆肥及其利用评价

利用城市污水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰混合进行堆肥，分析评价不同物料配比堆肥的物理化学性质变化及其农用价值，探讨了污肥绿化利用的土壤环境容量。结果表明：采用广州市大坦沙污水处理厂脱水污泥与稻草、粉煤灰按照4：1：0．6～1．2的比例（质量比）混合堆肥，60d后，堆肥的植物可利用的有效态养分提高，重金属含量比原污泥有较大幅度降低，粉煤灰对污肥中的重金属有一定的钝化作用，堆肥后的物质疏松，臭味消失；由最小限制因子重金属Cd决定的污肥年最大施用量（连续20a）为82．0t／hm^2（污肥B）和72．1t／hm^2（污肥C），由N决定的污肥年最大施用量分别为31．33t／hm^2（污肥B）和32．49t／hm^2（污肥C）。     

化学方法降低城市污泥的重金属含量及其前景分析

城市污泥含有丰富的氛、磷、河和有机质,农用前景广阔。但其中重金属含量常超标而受到限制。利用化学试剂如酸、有机物、表面活性剂等与污泥中的重金属发生作用,形成溶解性的金属离子或金属－试剂络合物,再通过淋滤．可以剔除污泥中大量的重金属,使其降低到符合农用标准。本文介绍了化学方法去除污泥事金属的原理和效果,分析了影响因素,包括重金属种类、污泥特性、操作方法、剔除时间等。并对该法的应用前景进行了讨论。     

AB工艺减少污泥重金属的效果

在AB工艺中,利用A段活性吸附去除重金属从而降低B段污泥中重金属含量,使其达到农用标准（GB4284-84酸性土壤控制标准）。利用小型污水处理实验场,模拟研究了AB工艺A段中重金属的去除情况,对AB运行控制参数进行优化探讨,以使A段能有效去除大部分重金属,并尽可能降低有毒有害污泥产量。结果表明：溶解氧质量浓度控制在0.5mg·L-1,污泥质量浓度调节为约500mg·L-1时,Cu2＋去除率可达87.6%,Zn2＋的去除率为78.7%,Ni2＋去除率为51%。当污泥质量浓度在1000～1500mg·L-1时,A段处理后污泥沉降性能好转,对重金属离子的去除有较好的效果,且不过多截留污水中的有机物。且B段剩余污泥中的Cu2＋、Zn2＋、Ni2＋含量都基本达到酸性土壤污泥农用控制标准。因此,适当控制AB工艺相关参数条件,利用A段活性污泥去除大部分重金属,降低B段产泥中重金属含量,达到农业控制标准是可行的,污泥经处理后进行土地资源化利用可成为我国污泥处置与利用的一种有效途径。     

不同来源重金属污染的土壤对水稻的影响

采用人工污染土壤、尾矿砂、污泥等不同载体的污染源来模拟土壤污染 ,研究其对水稻生长、吸收养分和吸收重金属的影响。结果表明 ,不同污染载体对水稻生长的影响不同 ,其影响的大小顺序为人工污染土壤 >尾矿砂 >污泥 >尾矿砂 +污泥。不同污染载体对水稻吸收重金属的影响亦不同 ,以纯化学试剂的形式添加到土壤中的重金属最易被提取出来 ,植物从中吸收的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd最多 ,而从以污泥为污染载体的土壤中吸收的Zn、Pb、Cd最少。研究表明 ,用添加纯化学试剂的方法来模拟污染土壤对生态与环境的影响是可行的 ,确定土壤负载容量是安全的 ,因为在实验条件下它对供试植物的影响最明显     

Sewage sludge ditch for recovering heavy metals can improve crop yield and soil environmental quality

• Indirect use of sludge in ditches alongside plants was tested in field experiments. • The dried and stabilized sludge in ditches was recovered with heavy metals. • Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn in the planted soil were all in a safe range. • The indirect use of sludge increased plant yield, soil N content and C storage. The treatment and disposal of municipal sewage sludge (MSS) is an urgent problem to be resolved in many countries. Safely using the nutrients within MSS to increase crop yield and enhance the fertility of poor soil could contribute to achieving sustainable development. An indirect use of MSS in ditches alongside Pennisetum hybridum plants was studied in field plots for 30 months and the contents of heavy metals and macronutrients were monitored in soil, sludge and plant samples. We found that the yield of P. hybridum was significantly increased by 2.39 to 2.80 times and the treated plants had higher N content compared with no sludge. In addition, the organic matter (OM) and N contents in the planted soil increased significantly compared with the initial soil. The OM content in the planted soil of the MSS treatment was 2.9 to 5.2 times higher than that with no sludge, and N increased by 2.0 to 3.8 times. However, MSS had no significant effect on the N, P and K contents in the soil at the bottom of the MSS ditch, and the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn) were also within the safe range. Moreover, the moisture content and phytotoxicity of MSS after this indirect use were reduced and the heavy metal contents changed little, which is favorable to the further disposal of recovered MSS. Therefore, this indirect use of MSS is beneficial to agricultural production, soil quality and environmental sustainability.     

Heavy metals in contemporary Chinese sewage sludges

The heavy metal content in sewage sludges from a big Chinese city was investigated. Concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) in the sludges were 258–4050 mg kg^‐1, bd: 994 mgkg^‐1, 8.3–566 mg kg^‐1, 26.3–370mgkg^‐1 4.2–113 mg kg^‐1 0.9–6.4 mg kg^‐1 and 1.8–12.4 mg kg^‐1 respectively. The concentrations of Zn and Pb in the sewage sludges from the residential areas were higher than those in the mixed ones (from both residential and industrial areas). The concentrations of heavy metals in the flocculently dewatered sewage sludges were higher than those in the sediment of the centrifuged undewatered sewage sludges. After centrifuging, more than 60% of heavy metals remained in the sludge sediment with an exception of Cd. The content of organic matter, total phosphorus (T‐P) and total potassium (T‐K) in these sewage sludges was also measured.     

Heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to Sorghum plants

We studied the mobility and transport of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb, from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to sorghum plants. The total and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extractable heavy metals in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge (DWS) samples were determined. The correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge was investigated. The total and extractable heavy metals in soil, sewage sludge and sorghum grain were analysed by flame and electro thermal atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS/ETAAS), after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically good correlations were obtained between the total contents of all heavy metals and their respective extractable fractions in soil and domestic wastewater sludge. Transfer factors of all heavy metals from domestic sewage sludge to sorghum grains were determined.     

Eco-friendly approach for leaching out heavy metals from sewage sludge

Sewage sludge contains rich organic matter and nutrients essential for the growth of plants but the presence of toxic heavy metals restricts its land application. To overcome this, the study aims an eco-friendly approach for leaching out heavy metals. Sewage sludge from sewage treatment plant, Chennai, India was characterised. The analysis of total heavy metal concentration was done by digesting in nitric acid and different forms were extracted by community bureau of reference sequential method. Heavy metals: As, Cd, Cr, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry Perkin Elmer Optima 5300 DV. The experimental set-up for heavy metal leaching was held for five consecutive days at different concentrations of humic acid (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) at varied pH (5–9). Results revealed that at the end of fifth day at pH 8, 1% humic acid is capable of leaching out 75.5% cadmium, 66.0% nickel, 52.0% lead, 51.2% zinc, 31.2% copper and 8.5% cadmium from sewage sludge. Statistically positive correlation (0.7088) existed between the percentage of heavy metals leached out and the sum of soluble and reducible fractions. Thus, from ecological point of view, humic acid can be used to leach out heavy metals from sewage sludge serving the need in restoration of soil fertility upon land application.     

The correlation of total and extractable heavy metals from soil and domestic sewage sludge and their transfer to maize ( Zea mays L.) plants

A study to understand the mobility and transport of heavy metals (HMs) from soil and soil amended with sewage sludge to maize plants was carried out. The total and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA)-extractable HMs in agricultural soil and untreated domestic sewage sludge samples, and the correlation between the total and extractable metals in soil and sewage sludge were carried out. Pot experiments were performed to study the transfer of HMs to maize grains, grown in soil (control) and in soil amended with sewage sludge (test samples). The total and extractable HMs in soil, sewage sludge, and maize grains were analysed by FAAS/ETAAS (flame atomic absorption spectrometer/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer) after digestion in microwave oven. Statistically significant correlations were obtained between the total contents of Cu, Cd, As and their respective extractable fractions in soil, while in domestic wastewater sludge (DWS) the better correlation was observed only for Ni and Cd. The edible part of maize plants (grains) from test samples presented high concentration of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cu, As, and Cr concentrations (80.7–85.6, 3.8–3.95, 2.35–2.5, 0.75–0.82, 3.21–3.29, 0.23–0.27, and 0.22–0.29?mg?kg^?1, respectively). Good correlations were found between metals in exchangeable fractions of both soil and DWS and total metals in control and test samples of maize grains. The transfer factor of all HMs from DWS to maize grains was also determined.