河套灌区浅层地下水NO3--N时空变化及驱动因素

为探明河套灌区地下水硝酸盐污染现状、时空演变特征和主要影响因素,选择乌拉特灌域为研究区,采用统计分析、 Piper三线图、相关分析和离子比值等方法,探究了该地区地下水硝酸盐质量浓度时空变化格局和主要驱动因素.结果表明,乌拉特灌域地下水氮素主要以NO^-₃-N为主,ρ（NO^-₃-N）存在极高值(60.00 mg·L^-1),超标率达10.50%;时间分布：8月地下水ρ（NO^-₃-N）最高(平均值为6.61 mg·L^-1), 10月(6.22 mg·L^-1)和11月(6.25 mg·L^-1)次之,3月(平均值为1.77 mg·L^-1)最小,土壤中NO^-₃-N在降雨和灌溉驱动作用影响下,下渗至地下水,呈现出丰水期和灌溉集中期高于其它时期的特征;空间分布：灌域西南部(8.87 mg·L^-1)&g...     

高原湖泊周边浅层地下水:磷素时空分布及驱动因素

高原湖泊周边农田磷肥的大量施用和城镇村落的聚集造成了土壤剖面磷素不断累积和含磷污染物的大量排放,加剧了湖泊周边浅层地下水的磷污染,磷随湖泊周边区域浅层地下径流入湖也影响着高原湖泊的水质安全. 2019～2021年雨季和旱季,通过对云南8个湖泊周边农田和居民区水井进行监测,分析了452个浅层地下水样中磷浓度的时空差异及驱动因素.结果表明,季节变化和土地利用影响了浅层地下水中磷浓度及其组成,表现为雨季浅层地下水中磷浓度大于旱季,农田大于居民区;溶解性总磷(DTP)是总磷(TP)的主要形态,占75%～81%,溶解性无机磷(DIP)是DTP的主要形态,占74%～80%.8个湖泊周边近30%的样本TP浓度已超过地表水Ⅲ水标准(GB 3838),其中,洱海(52%)、杞麓湖(45%)、星云湖(42%)和滇池(29%)湖泊周边地下水磷的超标率远高于阳宗海(16%)、抚仙湖(13%)、程海(6%)和异龙湖(5%).影响浅层地下水磷浓度的关键因子是土壤剖面中水溶性磷(WEP)、含水率(MWC)、土壤有机质(SOM)、总氮(TN)、 pH和浅层地下水中pH、水位(P<0.05).土壤WEP、 SOM...     

不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质年际变化特征

绿色屋顶是海绵城市建设的重要措施之一,近年来逐渐得到广泛关注.为探究植被和使用时长对绿色屋顶径流水质的影响,于北京市区搭建了3种不同植被类型[佛甲草（Sedum lineare）、大花马齿苋（Portulaca grandiflora）和无植被（对照）]的绿色屋顶.根据2017～2019年植物生长情况、雨季雨水和绿色屋顶径流水质的长期监测,定量分析不同植被绿色屋顶径流水质的年际变化特征.结果表明,相较雨水,3种绿色屋顶在监测期内均是NH⁺₄-N的汇,浓度平均削减率在50.1%～79.2%之间,但均是PO^3-₄-P、 DCr、 DCu和DNi的源;佛甲草和大花马齿苋绿色屋顶在2017年是NO^-₃-N的汇,浓度平均削减率分别为71.4%和99.5%,在2018和2019年是NO^-₃-N的源,而对照绿色屋顶在监测期均为NO^-₃-N的源;绿色屋顶的植被类型和使用时长显著影响其径...     

红枫湖流域农业面源污染治理的生物地球化学垒体系构建初探

在点源污染得到有效控制后,流域内农业面源污染逐渐成为了湖库氮、磷等营养物质外源输入的主要贡献者。本研究选取红枫湖流域农田土壤为研究对象,对其添加改良剂并种植植物来构建生物地球化学垒,并对其氮、磷拦截效应进行了综合评估。研究结果表明,添加Al₂(SO₄)₃、CaCl₂与钠基膨润土显著提高了土壤对NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和磷的拦截率,降低其流失程度。其中,对土壤添加CaCl₂改性钠基膨润土并种植植被构建的生物地球化学垒,对NH⁺₄-N、NO^-₃-N和磷的综合拦截效果最佳,截留率分别为87%、95%、93%。而添加了FeSO₄的土壤,NO^-₃-N的淋失程度增强,不宜选取。种植植物后,植物生长对土壤中氮和磷有一定的活化作用,导致模拟径流中NH     

嘉兴南湖不同湖区浮游动植物群落结构特征与环境因子关系

为了解不同区域生态修复后环境因子对浮游动植物群落分布的影响,于2021年1月（竣工后）对南湖A、 B、 C、 D和S区的环境因子及浮游动植物开展调查.结果表明,生态修复区较未修复区水体总氮（TN）、溶解性总氮（DTN）、氨氮（NH⁺₄-N）、硝氮（NO^-₃-N）、总磷（TP）和溶解性总磷（DTP）浓度显著降低,溶解氧（DO）显著增高（P<0.05）.研究区浮游植物种类以绿藻和硅藻为主,浮游动物种类以原生动物和轮虫为主.修复区浮游植物生物量较未修复区低,浮游植物与浮游动物物种数升高.聚类与主坐标分析显示修复区浮游动植物群落差异显著（P<0.05）,其中A区和B区游动植物结构较为相似.冗余分析（RDA）结果显示,DO、 NO^-₃-N、 pH和水温（WT）是影响浮游植物群落分布的主要环境因子;DO、 NO^-₃-N、 NH⁺₄-N和TP是驱动浮游动物群落分布的主要环...     

有机碳源种类及位置对黄铁矿生物滞留设施淹没区水质的影响研究

在生物滞留设施内构建淹没区并添加碳源是目前广泛采用的雨水强化脱氮方式,这使得淹没区成为反硝化作用发生的主要场所,并显著影响生物滞留设施脱氮效能。但是目前尚无研究清晰揭示生物滞留设施中碳源的种类和位置对淹没区水质的影响。基于提升黄铁矿同步脱氮除磷的能力,在黄铁矿基质生物滞留设施中通过改变碳源的种类(玉米芯、稻壳、树皮)和添加位置探究了其对淹没区水质的影响。结果显示,3种碳源对强化NO^-₃-N的去除的能力顺序为树皮>稻壳>玉米芯,且树皮不会造成NH⁺₄-N去除效率的下降。对淹没区水质的进一步研究发现,添加树皮后淹没区NH⁺₄-N、PO₄^3--P浓度更低,且NO^-₃-N去除速率更快。碳源添加在覆盖层促进了NH⁺₄-N和PO₄^3--P去除,但NO^-_...     

改进型A2NSBR工艺参数及其除磷脱氮特性

以模拟生活污水为处理对象,在常规A₂NSBR工艺厌氧释磷后插入一段曝气吸磷过程,通过运行条件的优化,寻求解决后续缺氧段中硝酸盐与磷酸盐浓度的匹配问题,并在此基础上研究了改进后A₂NSBR工艺的除磷脱氮特性及其缺氧段的运行控制问题。结果表明：在厌氧释磷后插入一段曝气吸磷过程,控制后续的缺氧搅拌初始ρ(NO^-₃-N)/ρ(PO^3-₄-P)为1.15～1.3时,可以提高系统反硝化除磷过程的稳定性,可避免因ρ(NO^-₃-N)/ρ(PO^3-₄-P)过低而出现“二次无效释磷”现象,并可将pH在线参数由上升转为下降的峰值点,作为在线控制缺氧段反硝化除磷过程结束的依据;取SBR池的充排水比为0.67时,系统能为其缺氧段初提供的NO^-₃-N量仅约为进水NH⁺₄-N的40%;优化后改进型A_2<...     

水产养殖废水循环利用及多余藻类生物量资源化

论文采用多个池塘循环养殖生态系统,利用"藻类-螺类-鲈鱼-微生物"营养链关系对养殖废水中多余有机质、营养盐的去除,研究了养殖废水净化、循环利用及水体多余藻类生物量资源化。结果表明,在系统运行的各个时期TN、NO^-₃-N、NO^-₂-N的平均去除率都超过80%,对总氨(NH⁺₄＋NH₃)去除率达97.17%,效果最好;TP的去除率达94.17%,COD_cr的去除率为71.87%。出水口TN、TP、叶绿素平均值均达到湖泊Ш类水标准;COD_cr达到了Ⅰ类水质标准。NO^-₃-N、NO^-₂-N、总氨(NH⁺₄＋NH₃)、溶解氧含量都符合渔业水质标准要求。该系统处理能力的稳定性较高,可以调控藻类种群结构、充分利用水体藻类和营养物质、将其转化为螺贝类或者价格更高的鲈鱼等增加养殖效益,还可以节约水资源,减少养殖废水排放量。     

长河流域枯水期水体硝酸盐源解析

通过识别研究区枯水期地表水和浅层地下水中溶解态无机氮(DIN)的分布特征,结合硝酸盐稳定同位素技术与水化学方法,并利用贝叶斯稳定同位素混合模型(SIAR),定量解析长河流域水体硝酸盐污染源,为流域水生态环境的修复治理提供理论支持。结果显示,研究区枯水期水体溶解态无机氮(DIN)以NO^-₃-N为主,NO^-₃-N平均占比为91.56%;水体生物地球化学过程以硝化作用为主;硝酸盐主要来自粪便和污水;SIAR模型计算结果表明,粪便和污水、土壤氮、化肥、大气沉降对研究区地表水硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为40.80%、30.60%、25.60%和3.00%;对浅层地下水硝酸盐的贡献比例分别为39.92%、32.11%、25.87%和2.10%。研究显示,人类活动对研究区水体影响强烈,加强排污设施基础建设,改善污水排放现象,是减少区域氮污染的关键因素。     

长株潭城市群PM2.5中二次无机离子特征及生成机制

二次无机离子是大气PM_2.5的主要组分,其对城市霾污染的驱动作用愈发明显.目前长株潭城市群秋冬季PM_2.5污染形势依旧严峻,但该区域的二次转化对冬季霾污染过程以及秋冬季SNA差异特征的影响尚不明晰.2020年11月和2021年1月在长株潭城市群4个典型站点进行PM_2.5连续采样,并定量分析了SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃和NH⁺₄等组分.结果显示,秋季和冬季PM_2.5中ρ(SO₄^2-)、ρ(NO^-₃)、ρ(NH⁺₄)平均值(μg·m^-3)分别为(5.2±2.5)、(7.9±4.8)、(4.1±2.2)和(7.2±4.2)、(17.1±10.5)、(7.8±5.2).在冬季霾污染过程中,ρ(SO₄^...     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.