应用荧光原位杂交方法检测亚历山大藻

采用PCR方法对三株亚历山大藻核糖体DNA 大亚基部分序列和ITS区序列进行了特异性扩增和序列测定.ITS区测序及BLAST比对结果显示,三株藻类分别为塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense),链状亚历山大藻(A. catenella)和微小亚历山大藻(A. minimum).在此基础上,针对中国沿海分布的有毒亚历山大藻,根据其核糖体DNA大亚基(LSU rDNA)序列信息,设计了特异性的荧光标记探针,建立了基于荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)上的有毒亚历山大藻检测方法.结果表明,探针Alexp1较理想地标记选定的目标藻--塔玛亚历山大藻(YA 藻株),经探针标记的藻细胞在荧光显微镜下可以明显区分于其他非目标藻.     

应用qPCR方法检测中国近海塔玛亚历山大藻复合种的研究

亚历山大藻属的部分藻种(Alexandrium spp.)能够产生麻痹性贝毒毒素(PST),是重要的有害藻华(HAB)原因种.由于亚历山大藻属中的有毒和无毒藻种形态相似,且海水中亚历山大藻的细胞密度通常很低,因此,高灵敏度、高特异性的分子生物学方法在亚历山大藻检测方面具有重要的应用前景.塔玛亚历山大藻和链状亚历山大藻是中国近海主要的有毒亚历山大藻藻种,大多属于塔玛亚历山大藻复合种第四类核糖体型(GroupⅣ,以往称为“亚洲温带核糖体型”).因此,本研究尝试将实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)方法用于我国近海塔玛亚历山大藻复合种(GroupⅣ)的快速检测,并对方法的特异性和灵敏度进行了检验.研究表明,所建立的qPCR方法能够特异性地检测我国近海不同海域分离的塔玛亚历山大藻复合种(GroupⅣ),方法具有良好的线性响应关系和较高的灵敏度,最低可检出5个藻细胞,具有良好的应用前景.然而,实验也发现,自我国近海分离的塔玛亚历山大藻复合种的不同藻株之间,以及处于不同生长阶段的藻细胞之间,qPCR检测结果存在显著差异,反映了目标藻核糖体RNA基因拷贝数的差异和变化对qPCR检测结果的影响.因此,建议在将qPCR方法用于不同海域亚历山大藻样品检测时,应采用该海域分离的藻株专门构建标准工作曲线,以减小定量分析误差.     

中国东南沿海四株亚历山大藻的系统发育研究

通过核糖体基因大亚基(LSU rDNA)D1-D2区以及ITS序列分析,研究了采自于中国东南沿海的4株亚历山大藻(Alexandrium Halim)的系统发育.结果显示,本地的亚历山大藻与来自日本和韩国的藻株亲缘关系很近;而且通过构建系统发育树,发现本地亚历山大藻与东亚藻株聚成一个大族.与东亚藻株在rDNA序列上的高相似性也说明本地株亚历山大藻属于温带亚洲基因型,而从欧美传入的机会较小.结果同时显示,塔玛亚历山大藻(A. tamarense)与链状亚历山大藻(A. catenella)LUS和ITS序列相近,可能在遗传学上是同一种类.     

孔石莼水溶性抽提液抑制3种海洋赤潮藻的生长

研究了孔石莼水溶性抽提液对3种赤潮藻(赤潮异弯藻、中肋骨条藻和塔玛亚历山大藻)生长的影响.在实验的前4d内,孔石莼水溶性抽提液(0 25～2 0g·L-1)对各赤潮藻种的生长皆表现出明显的抑制效应,最大抑制效应表现在接种后的第2～3d.各藻种生长受抑制的量随孔石莼水溶性抽提液浓度的增加而增加,当孔石莼水溶性抽提液的浓度达2 0g·L-1时,赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻被完全致死,塔玛亚历山大藻的生长受到强烈抑制.实验后期(5d后),低浓度处理组(0 25～1 0g·L-1)的藻种加速生长,表现为促进效应.经高温处理后的孔石莼水溶性抽提液对赤潮异弯藻和中肋骨条藻的抑制效应完全消失,对塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制效应明显减弱.     

蒙古裸腹溞对有毒赤潮生物塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食研究

在实验室条件下研究了枝角类蒙古裸腹溞(Moina mongolica)对有毒赤潮生物塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食。结果表明,单一饵料试验中,蒙古裸腹溞摄食率在一定范围内随塔玛亚历山大藻细胞数的增加而增大,在塔玛亚历山大藻和亚心形扁藻组成的混合饵料试验中,当前者细胞数为低值时,摄食率不随后者细胞数的变化而变化,而当前者的细胞数高于1920/mL时,摄食率随亚心形扁藻细胞数的增大而升高。     

酚酸类化感物质对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响

探讨了不同浓度酚酸类化感物质香草醛、没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素对赤潮藻-塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandriumtamarense)生长的影响.结果表明,没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素的浓度为4,20,40mg/L时均能有效抑制塔玛亚历山大藻的生长,且具有明显的剂量依赖关系,浓度为40mg/L时,藻的生长被完全抑制.香草醛的浓度为40mg/L时对塔玛亚历山大藻的生长有明显的抑制作用.没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的抑制作用比香草醛明显,提示香草醛、没食子酸和(+)-儿茶素抑制赤潮生物生长的机制可能与自氧化有关.     

烷基糖苷季铵盐选择性抑藻活性研究

以甲藻门的东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻、裸甲藻,黄藻门的赤潮异弯藻,硅藻门的中肋骨条藻等典型的赤潮生物以及绿藻门的青岛大扁藻和亚心形扁藻两种非赤潮生物为目标生物,探讨了烷基糖苷季铵盐(APG-131)类表面活性剂的抑藻活性。结果表明,该表面活性剂在较低的浓度范围内(0.5 mg/L),对东海原甲藻、塔玛亚历山大藻和赤潮异弯藻等赤潮生物的生长有明显的抑制作用。当该季铵盐的浓度增加至1.0 mg/L以上时,可完全抑制中肋骨条藻的生长,而在相同的浓度范围内,对裸甲藻和所选2种非赤潮生物生长影响不明显,表现出了抑藻作用的种属特异性。结合各海洋微藻的脂肪酸组成分析,证实了该表面活性剂选择性抑藻作用与不同海洋微藻的多不饱和脂肪酸的含量明显相关。     

应用荧光原位杂交方法检测赤潮异弯藻

根据对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)核糖体大亚基(LSU)和核糖体转录单元内间隔区 (ITS) 序列信息的分析,设计了以胞质rRNA和胞核rDNA为靶序列的特异性探针,建立了赤潮异弯藻的全细胞和细胞核荧光原位杂交快速检测方法.结果表明,探针能分别使整个细胞质和细胞核呈现强烈的绿色荧光;探针是特异性的,不与其他受试藻进行交叉反应.同时,用该方法成功的从模拟自然海区混合样品中检测出赤潮异弯藻.该研究方法可以适用于对实验室和自然海区赤潮异弯藻样品的快速、准确、特异和半定量检测.     

3种赤潮微藻生长过程中pH的变化及其耐受力研究

在实验生态条件下,采用一次性培养法对3种赤潮微藻:赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)、塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)生长过程中pH的变化以及对pH的耐受力进行了研究。结果表明:(1)塔玛亚历山大藻对pH具有极高的耐受力,在pH值昼夜变化为9.0～10.3时,仍能进行指数生长,其培养液的最高pH值为10.4;(2)中肋骨条藻在pH值8.9～9.6时仍能进行指数生长,其培养液达到的最高pH值为9.7;(3)赤潮异弯藻在pH8.7～9.4可进行指数生长,其培养液达到的最高pH值为9.5。在培养过程中3种赤潮微藻培养液的pH值都有较大的变化范围;3种赤潮微藻,尤其是塔玛亚历山大藻对pH具有极高的耐受力,这可能是它们容易形成赤潮的原因之一。     

杉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响

研究了杉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻生长的影响。结果显示,一定量的杉木粉对塔玛亚历山大藻的生长具有明显的抑制作用。杉木粉用量为0 .5g/L时,3d后对藻密度为2 .88×10 6 和6.0 8×10 6 /L的塔玛亚历山大藻的抑制率高达80 %。提示杉木粉可能是一种潜在的可有效控制赤潮的新材料。     

热点7亚欧首脑会议发表《可持续发展北京宣言》

2008年10月24-25日,亚洲16国和欧洲27国的国家元首、政府首脑以及欧盟委员会主席和东盟秘书长齐聚北京,在第七届亚欧首脑会议上共同发布了<可持续发展北京宣言>.     

《饮食业油烟排放标准》(试行)中存在的若干问题

本文探讨了<饮食业油烟排放标准>(试行)中存在的问题,阐明作者一些观点,并为今后新标准的颁布提出一些建议.     

A new type of infrared organ in the Australian "fire-beetle" Merimna atrata (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

 The Australian buprestid beetle Merimna atrata (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) approaches forest fires because its larvae develop in freshly burnt wood. So far nothing is known about possible sensory systems enabling the beetles to detect fires and to cope with the thermal environment close to the flames. We found that M. atrata has two pairs of infrared (IR) organs on the ventrolateral sides of the abdomen. Each IR organ consists of a specialized IR-absorbing area which is innervated by one thermosensitive multipolar neuron. The primary dendritic branches ramify into more than 800 closely packed terminal endings which contain a large number of mitochondria. We called the special morphology of the dendritic region a terminal dendritic mass. The type of IR receptor found in M. atrata is unique in insects and can best be compared with the IR organs of boid snakes. Received: 14 August 2000 / Accepted in revised form: 18 October 2000     

The "Linh Duong" Pseudonovibos spiralis (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) is a new buffalo

The controversial phylogenetic position of the recently described South-East Asian endemic bovid, Pseudonovibos spiralis, was evaluated on the basis of phylogenetic analyses of originally obtained nearly complete 12S mitochondrial rDNA sequences for this species and Bubalus bubalis and 26 sequences of Bovidae from the Genbank using Cervus elaphus (Cervidae) as outgroup. In most of the phylogenetic analyses performed using PAUP 4.0 (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and neighbour-joining), Bovidae consisted of two major clades: Bovinae including the tribes Bovini, Tragelaphini and Boselaphini, and Antilopinae + Caprinae, incorporating all other bovids. In most trees P. spiralis fell within the buffalos (subtribe Bovina) between Bubalus and Syncerus. Therefore, our phylogenetic analyses of bovid mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene sequences suggest the close relationship of this enigmatic species with the buffalos and its placement within the subtribe Bovina.     

Ethylenediurea (EDU) pretreatment alleviated the adverse effects of elevated O3 on Populus alba “Berolinensis” in an urban area

Ethylenediurea(EDU)has been used as a chemical protectant against ozone(03).However,its protective effect and physiological mechanisms are still uncertain.The present study aimed to investigate the changes of foliar visible injury,physiological characteristics and emission rates of volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in one-year-old Populus alba"Berolinensis"saplings pretreated with EDU and exposed to elevated O_3(EO,120μg/m~3).The results showed that foliar visible injury symptoms under EO were significantly alleviated in plants with EDU application(p0.05).Under EO,net photosynthetic rate,the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII and the photochemical efficiency of PSII of plants pretreated with 300 and600 mg/L EDU were similar to unexposed controls and significantly higher compared to EOstressed plants without EDU pretreatment,respectively.Malondialdehyde content was highest in EO without EDU and decreased significantly by 14.9%and 21.3%with 300 and600 mg/L EDU pretreatment,respectively.EDU pretreatment alone increased superoxide dismutase activity by 10-fold in unexposed plants with further increases of 88.4%and 37.5%in EO plants pretreated with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment,respectively(p0.05).Abscisic acid content declined under EO relative to unexposed controls with the effect partially reversed by EDU pretreatments.Similarly,VOCs emission rate declined under EO relative to unexposed plants with a recovery of emission rate observed with 300 and 600 mg/L EDU pretreatment.These findings provided significant evidence that EDU exerted a beneficial effect and protection on the tested plants against 03 stress.     

推进耕地草原河湖自然恢复切实提升我国生态环境质量——《耕地草原河湖休养生息规划(2016-2030年)》解读

国家发改委、环境保护部等八部委近日联合出台的《耕地草原河湖休养生息规划(2016-2030年)》(以下简称《规划》),是国家推进耕地草原河湖资源可持续利用和生态恢复的重要举措.《规划》明确了今后一个时期我国耕地、草原、河湖等生态资源保护和修复的指导思想、基本原则、主要任务、长效机制和保障措施.本文分析了《规划》出台的背景和意义、特点与亮点,提出了将《规划》实施与生态保护红线划定、环境污染防治行动计划相结合等建议.     

关于《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》中锌限量值的讨论

按照现行的《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》(GB4284-84),锌超标问题是限制中国城市污泥农用的首要因素.从环境保护、土壤、植物营养、农业生产、人体营养及锌污染风险等角度综合分析了该标准中锌限量值的不合理性.中国的土壤普遍缺锌,是世界锌肥施用量最大的国家,人们在食品中也添加锌或用药物补锌;但中国现行的污泥农用标准中污染物控制对锌的控制过于严格,已成为城市污泥处理处置和资源化利用的羁绊,因此,该标准中关于锌的限量值应该重新修订.修订标准时,不仅要考虑土地利用类型,还需要考虑锌的土壤环境容量.     

A "spare" compensates for the risk of destruction of the elongated penis of earwigs (Insecta: Dermaptera)

Male animals in several groups have multiple intromittent organs that outnumber the corresponding female gonopore. In Dermaptera (earwigs), males of the family Anisolabididae have paired, elongated male intromittent organs (virgae), while females have a single sperm-storage organ (spermatheca). Several authors have assumed that one of the paired virgae is non-functional, because it points in the "wrong" direction. We investigated the mating success of handicapped males of Euborellia plebeja in which one of their paired virgae was removed experimentally. These handicapped males succeeded in inseminating a mate. Males with genital damage are found in the field, suggesting that the "spare" functions under natural conditions. Based on phylogenetic information on earwigs, we discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for this genital peculiarity.     

Evidence for a male-produced pheromone in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetropium fuscum</Emphasis> (F.) and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tetropium cinnamopterum</Emphasis> (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

(E)-6,10-dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-ol (geranyl acetol), termed here fuscol, was identified as a male-produced pheromone emitted by Tetropium fuscum (F.) and Tetropium cinnamopterum Kirby. In field experiments, traps baited with synthetic fuscol alone were not significantly attractive, but the combination of fuscol plus host volatiles (a synthetic blend of monoterpenes plus ethanol) attracted significantly more male and female T. fuscum and female T. cinnamopterum than did host volatiles alone. This is the first homoterpenoid alcohol to be described in the Cerambycidae, and the first pheromone reported from the sub-family Spondylidinae.     

Food offering in jackdaws (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Corvus monedula</Emphasis>)

Food sharing among unrelated same-sex individuals has received considerable interest from primatologists and evolutionary biologists because of its apparent altruistic nature and implications for the evolution of complex social cognition. In contrast to primates, food sharing in birds has received relatively little attention. Here we describe three types of food sharing in jackdaws, with the initiative for the transfer either with the receiver or the giver. The latter situation is of particular interest because the food transfer takes place through active giving. Compared to primates, jackdaws show high rates of food sharing. Finally we discuss the implications of food sharing in jackdaws, and in birds in general.