论环境侵害损害赔偿的归责原则

论述了环境侵害损害赔偿，实行无过错归责原则等的适用问题，对正确运用归责原则具有现实意义。     

恢复性司法在生态环境刑罚中的定位重构

传统刑事法律对生态环境犯罪的规制仅以"自由刑+罚金刑"的模式对犯罪行为人进行惩罚,却对受损的生态环境本身缺乏关注.生态环境保护的迫切需求使得恢复性司法被引入生态环境犯罪领域并得到广泛应用,它应用的理论基础包括:符合刑罚轻缓化与刑罚人道主义的发展趋势;新型环境正义观的要求;理念与生态环境刑罚的目的相契合.但恢复性司法在中...     

生态修复的刑事责任方式研究

环境法益的有效保护最终必须借助与环境犯罪相适应的、具有针对性的刑事责任方式实现。补植作为一种生态修复的刑事责任方式,诞生于森林资源犯罪司法实践中,并不断拓展适用于其他环境犯罪。修复性司法、生态人形象以及刑事责任根据是生态修复的刑事责任方式的存在理据。通过确立修复原则、设置复合责任以及细化修复方式等,可完善生态修复的刑事责任方式。     

论强化政府环境责任

中国环境法律施行效果不理想的重要原因是政府环境责任的缺失,应当将<中华人民共和国环境保护法>(以下简称<环境保护法>)的修改和这一现状的改变结合起来,在<环境保护法>中强化政府环境责任.界定了政府环境责任的涵义,分析了加强政府环境责任的必要性,并介绍了美国、日本和俄罗斯联邦的环境基本法有关政府环境责任的规定,提出了修改<环境保护法>的立法建议.从国情出发,<环境保护法>应当规定积极和消极两个层面的政府环境责任.重点构建了积极层面的政府环境责任体系:提供环境公共产品(服务),在各项决策过程中执行环境影响评价,公开环境信息.     

美国的环境犯罪投诉下降

美国的一个名为“环境责任公众雇员”的组织在其最新报告中说 ,在克林顿执政期间 ,环境犯罪的投诉急剧减少。与美国司法部抱怨环境投诉增加的情况相反 ,该报告指出在 1 994年和 1 996年间环境投诉率下降 52 % ,环境犯罪率下降 60 %。美国的环境犯罪投诉下降     

论环境风险社会放大的制度根源与法律应对

环境风险的社会放大是指公众对环境风险的感知及其行为反应超越了环境风险应有的影响程度。环境风险的社会放大具有信息判断的主观性、形成原因的复杂性和影响后果的多层性,对社会稳定、经济发展和政府形象都会产生不良影响。中国环境风险社会放大的制度根源在于环境风险评估制度不科学、环境风险信息交流制度不健全、环境风险责任分配制度不合理。为了避免环境风险社会放大所带来的不必要的损失,法律应从环境风险评估、环境风险信息交流、环境风险责任分配等3个方面进行制度完善。     

中国建立环境责任保险制度的路径与选择

随着中国市场经济的发展,环境保护问题愈来愈凸显出其重要性和必要性.由于环境污染具有突发性、累积性、持续性等特定属性,其带来的损害是难以估量的,具有很高的风险.因此,适时地建立环境责任保险制度是解决该冲突的有效途径之一.通过对西方发达国家环境责任保险发展经验的研究,为中国建立环境责任保险制度的路径提供了选择,如建立完善的环境保护法律法规、选择合理的模式、规范承保范围、科学组建承保机构、严格限定责任限额等.     

河南省煤化工行业环境风险等级划分研究

基于目前国家建立环境污染责任保险制度的规划需求和河南省当前新发展形势需要,选择以河南省典型高污染、高风险行业(即煤化工行业)为研究对象.在对相关理论进行分析的基础上,识别影响河南省煤化工行业的环境风险因子,并确定指标的评估标准(权重及评分结果).遵照指标体系的建立原则,采用层次分析法,从内在性和外在性两方面因素构建煤化工行业环境风险等级划分指标体系,进一步将评分结果与环境风险等级比对,最终将煤化工行业的环境风险等级划分为5个等级,为河南省环境污染责任保险制度的建立奠定基础.     

环境保护部等四部委联合发布《企业环境信用评价办法(试行)》

正环境保护部有关负责人2014年1月2日向媒体通报,环境保护部近日会同国家发改委、人民银行、银监会联合发布了《企业环境信用评价办法(试行)》(以下简称(《办法》),指导各地开展企业环境信用评价,督促企业履行环保法定义务和社会责任,约束和惩戒企业环境失信行为。企业环境信用评价,是指环保部门根据企业环境行为信息,按照规定的指标、方法和程序,对企业遵守环保法律法规、履行环保社会责任等方面的实际表现,进行环境信用评价,确定其信用等级,并向社会公开,供公众监督和有关部门、金融等机构应用的环境管理手段。开展企业环境     

彰显公平追求和谐——全面施行新修订的《水污染防治法》之哲学思考

新修订的《水污染防治法》，通篇洋溢着时代的气息和创新精神，为消除政府、市场“双失灵”的不良倾向，努力克服“地方保护主义”，引导市场客观地反映环境成本，宽严相济，刚柔并用，突出制度创新和机制创新，强调政府责任，主张公民权利，大幅度地提高了违法成本，强力推进了市场主体的外部不经济性内部化，旨在实现社会主义市场经济条件下的公平与和谐。当前，在“两高一低”（守法成本高，执法成本高，违法成本低）的态势之下，无疑必须严格执法，方能彰显公平，追求和谐。在严格执法的同时，应十分注重拓宽守法空间，拓宽创新空间，拓宽法律实施的有效空间，进一步强化政府责任，强化公众参与，调动方方面面保护环境的内在动力，以推动社会经济的全面、协调、可持续发展。     

Guidelines and Resources for Conducting an Environmental Crime Investigation in the United States

Common environmental crimes in the United States include the illegal disposal of hazardous waste, unpermitted discharges to sewer systems or surface water, discharge of oil by vessels to waters within United States jurisdiction, the misapplication of pesticides, the illegal importation of ozone-depleting substances, data falsification, and laboratory fraud. Federal, state, and sometimes local statutes and regulations are in place to protect the water, air, land, and human health. From a federal perspective, these include the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) for hazardous wastes, the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) for toxic substances, the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Clean Water Act (CWA), the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) for abandoned waste sites, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) for pesticides. Each of these laws contains some standard methods for sampling and analyses to prove environmental crimes. The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) contains the specific requirements of the laws. Within the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the Criminal Investigation Division (CID) of the Office of Criminal Enforcement, Forensics and Training (OCEFT) has the responsibility to investigate criminal offenses.Criminal offenses are more serious in nature than civil violations in the United States. To successfully prosecute an environmental criminal case, the government has to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that a corporation or person knowingly violated an environmental statute containing criminal sanctions. The same environmental forensic techniques used to provide scientifically defensible data prevail in both civil and criminal cases; the only distinction between the two types of cases is legal.     

Reconciling different approaches to environmental management

Environmental management is often regarded as the domain of the natural scientist with decision criteria developed within strict methodological boundaries. The argument is put forward that economic criteria have tried to emulate scientific methodology to the exclusion of important socio-economic factors. Concern over the monetary valuation of the environment has lead to calls for cost-effectiveness as the safe alternative. However, this approach is shown to be no different from cost-benefit analysis in its conception of value and therefore an inadequate response to the concerns driving the original criticism of environmental economics. Both socio-economic and scientific perspectives are necessary in the formulation of environmental policy. This then requires individual researchers to be open-minded in their work, rather than relying on institutional groupings of mono-disciplinary individuals to carry the responsibility for interdisciplinary research.     

Can corporate environmental responsibility improve environmental performance? An inter-temporal analysis of Chinese chemical companies

The empirical research on the relationship between corporate environmental responsibility and environmental performance remains in the one-way positive impact and lacks the research on nonlinear relationship between them. Based on the stakeholder theory, this paper selects A-share chemical–listed companies in China from 2006 to 2017 as the research samples and uses generalized method of moments (GMM) model to investigate the impact mechanism between corporate environmental responsibility and environmental performance. The results showed that corporate environmental responsibility positively impacted on environmental performance; however, the impact was not significant. The corporate environmental performance positively and significantly impacted on environmental responsibility. Moreover, results reported that industry competition played a positive regulatory role in corporate environmental responsibility affecting environmental performance and has played a positive role in corporate environmental impact on environmental responsibility. A nonlinear relationship (inverted “U” shape) between environmental responsibility and environmental performance was found. The study results stress to establish a fair and perfect market competition mechanism to improve the environmental performance of chemical industries in China.

     

生物质燃气高温过滤材料的研究

日趋严格的环保要求和某些工艺过程的特殊需要，对生物质燃气中灰尘的数量和粒度提出了更高的要求，即对生物质气化系统中的过滤工艺有了新的要求。针对生物质气化工艺的特点及其灰尘的特性，重点研究了针刺过滤毡和金属多孔材料两类高温过滤材料。通过研究比较，两种材料各有优缺点，针刺过滤毡过滤精度高，运行工况比较稳定，但是过滤气速小，适用温度低，设备比较庞大；金属多孔材料过滤精度相对较低，但是过滤气速和使用温度高，设备相对紧凑。     

The impact of corporate environmental responsibility on financial performance—based on Chinese listed companies

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In recent years, environmental protection issues have come under the spotlight. This paper constructs a corporate environmental responsibility...     

Associations of long-term ambient air pollution and traffic-related pollution with blood pressure and hypertension defined by the different guidelines worldwide: the CHCN-BTH study

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The assessment of the generalization of the strict hypertension definition in the 2017 ACC/AHA Hypertension Guideline from environmental condition...     

What Price Air Quality the Cost of New Jersey’s Inspection/Maintenance Program

Selection of acceptable sites for industrial facilities, especially hazardous waste management facilities, can be made using a relatively new technique referred to as “fuzzy set analysis.” The methodology presented is applicable to multiple alternative decision making, when criteria are of unequal importance, and is based on the concept of establishing a subjective value for each alternative according to each criterion, and then raising the subjective value to a power commensurate with the relative importance of the criterion. This exponential weight is calculated on the basis of a preferential analysis of criteria comparisons. Apart from the ranking of the alternatives, fuzzy set analysis provides a quantitative representation of the community opinion of the order of importance of the criteria, regardless of the sites being considered. Based on the importance factors averaged from a cross section of the community, public concern could also be ranked.     

The Clean Air Act: New Enforcement and Liability Provisions

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 establish new criminal and civil liability provisions that can potentially impose substantial fines and penalties. This article reviews the Act's new enforcement and liability provisions. The authors recommend that because of the new enforcement tools available to the federal government, the regulated community should implement effective self-auditing and compliance programs at facilities to help reduce the risk of criminal liability.     

论环境经济办法

一个好的经济政策应该是一个好的环境政策,反之亦然。这里所说的环境经济办法是一个全新的环境经济政策体系,它是由绿色税收、环境收费、绿色资本市场、生态补偿、排污权交易、绿色贸易、绿色保险等方面构成的。它们是市场经济的产物,与强制性环境政策相对应,两者共同构成一个比较完整的内在相通的政策体系。新的环境政策体系的理论基础是环境价值观、价值规律和价格形成机制。     

Noise Control Legislation

The national Environmental Protection Agency is expected to issue its recommendations on noise legislation some time during the latter part of 1973. This agency will assume primary responsibility for enforcing noise limits on new products, such as vehicles, construction equipment, electrical equipment, etc. Primary responsibility for community noise control will remain with local governments. Local EPA’s, now involved in air and water pollution, will be given the additional responsibility to enforce anti-noise legislation.This legislation will cover noise emissions fromvehicles, industries, construction equipment, residential air conditioners, and power equipment, and the noises that pervade multifamily dwellings. Responsibility for controlling aircraft noise will be shared with the FAA.

The noise ratings used in this legislation must be capable of easy measurement and yet correlate well with subjective response. For most noises the decibel level read on the A-scale of a sound level meter (dBA) is adequate. For aircraft noise a more complex rating scale must be used which includes consideration of the duration of the noise and the presence of a pure tone (engine whine). For still other noises (industries, construction) some consideration must be given to the total daily exposure time of the noise, along with its dBA rating.

New community noise ordinances will draw on the research and experience associated with the present Chicago, III., ordinance. Some modifications of this ordinance are expected, however, to improve enforcement procedures and to lower vehicle noise levels, which are considered the worst of all the community noise pollutants.