凉山杜鹃资源及其开发利用

全世界有杜鹃属植物800多种,我国约有650种。我国是世界上杜鹃属植物种类最多的国家,主要分布在云南、四川和西藏等省区的高海拔地区;其中四川约有200种,资源非常丰富。杜鹃属植物既是绿化和观赏植物,又是很有价值的药用植物。多年来,经我国广大医药科研人员的努力,从杜鹃属植物中已分离出防治慢性气管炎的有效成分,并     

四川彭县中草药资源概况

据统计,彭县有药用植物630余种,隶属150科。其中药用低等植物10种,主要为蝉花、长松萝,节松萝、雪茶等。药用蕨类植物40种,主要有石松、木贼、海金沙、单芽狗脊蕨、槲蕨、石苇等。药用种子植物580余种,其中裸子植物有银杏、侧柏等5种、双子叶植物460余种,单子叶植物93种,主要有首乌、药用大黄、川牛膝、连、黄连、三叶木通,牡丹、厚朴、杜仲、贴梗海棠、杏、橘,吴茱萸、黄皮树、楝、酸枣、紫花地丁、羽叶三七、川芎、蒿本,重齿毛当归、防风、北柴胡、紫花前胡、益母草、薄荷、玄参、双边瓜蒌、忍冬、党参、桔梗、牛蒡、白术、云木香、红花、泽泻、天南星、天门冬、米贝母、玉竹、土茯苓、藜芦、射干、姜、白芨、天麻等。药用动物有40余种,分属33科,主要有地龙、蝉蜕、九香虫、僵蚕、虻虫、蜂蜜、蜂蜡、羌活鱼、龟板、鳖甲、乌梢蛇、鸡内金、夜明砂、狗肾、豹骨、穿山甲,牛黄、猴骨等.矿物药有空青石、绿矾、滑石、禹余粮、硫磺,自然铜和种乳石等7种.目前彭县中草药已正式收入中国药典1985年版的     

四川省植物种质资源保护与可持续利用

植物种质资源是人类赖以生存的资源，是一个国家和地区重要的基础性战略物质，四川植物种质资源无论是种类还是数量在全国都居重要地位。在分析四川种质资源特点和利用现状的基础上，对积极开展四川种质资源保护利用进行了探索和研究，提出了大力开展植物种质资源及其保存和利用现状的全面调查，摸清家底，逐步建立植物种质资源保护利用数据库和网络信息平台，大力开展多种形式的示范工程建设，积极开展植物种质资源监测网络建设，加强植物种质资源的研究开发，加强植物种质资源管理运行机制建设，搭建种质资源共享平台，加强人才队伍建设等植物资源保护和可持续利用对策及其保障措施。     

天门洞拒绝苏—27

3月17日,就在国内外多家媒体对“俄罗斯重型战机穿越天门洞”的消息炒得沸沸扬扬的时候,新华社发布了“俄战机苏-27不穿越天门洞”的消息,宣告这一事先被“俄罗斯空军张家界特技飞行表演”策划方以及承办方大肆张扬的最大“卖点”被取消。3月19日俄罗斯空军在中国张家界的飞行表演结束,主办方声称的另外两种轻型飞机苏-26、雅克-52运动型飞机也未穿越天门洞。至此,“俄罗斯重型战机穿越天门洞”事件落下了帷幕。“俄战机穿越天门洞”惹争议2005年8月,张家界市藉即将举办“中俄友好年”之机,盛情邀请俄罗斯空军到张家界实地考察。俄方在考察…     

网络版摘要

冬草莓无公害栽培技术 雷庆华,黄德平（四川省峨眉山市农业局,四川峨眉山614200） 采用地膜、小拱棚、大棚三膜覆盖设施栽培冬草莓,从品种选择、培育壮苗、施足基肥、扣棚及地膜覆盖、田间管理、病虫害防治等方面介绍其栽培技术措施;采取标准化生产,从而达到冬草莓安全、优质、高产、高效的生产目的。     

雅玛里克山植被类型及物种多样性的特征

采用典型样地法对雅玛里克山进行了植被调查，结果表明，该区的植物群落类型有14种；植物种类有223种植物．分属37科147属，植物生活型有9类；短命和类短命植物获得一定发育，旱生类型的植物占绝对优势，一年生植物占有一定比例等。     

四川盆地冬水田改造利用的气候适应性分析

四川冬水田形成的历史悠久,占稻田的比例大,是一个待开发利用的生产潜力。在无水源保证和农田条件差的地区,保持一定冬水田比例,无疑对于稳定稻田面积、提高水稻生产,都将起到积极的作用。但是,冬水田比例过大,集约化程度不高,土地利用率低,势必影响粮食生产进一步提高。因此,     

年产100tL-丙氨酸

目前我国氨基酸的生产品种少、产量小 ,大部分依赖进口。现建成 2 0 0ｔＬ -丙氨酸 ,产品全部出口美国。该产品是合成ＶＢ6的重要原料 ,是营养剂 (补糖氨基酸营养输液 )和肝脑病新药 (14氨基酸注射液 - 80 0 )的重要组成部分 ,广泛用于食品、调味品、腌制品、酒类等 ,在日本有“味之素”之称。主要原料Ｌ -天门冬氨酸、活性炭、细菌培养基。设备和技术费 195 5万元 ,装机容量 10 0ＫＶＡ ,厂房 34 0ｍ2 ,工人 31名 ,年销售收入 80 0万元 ,总成本 377 5万元 ,年利税 42 2 5万元。本项目是投资少见效快的好项目 ,可行性报告 80元 /份年产100…     

皖南山区桑科植物资源及其开发利用初探

皖南山区共有桑科植物7属14种2变种,多数植物未能得到充分的开发利用.对皖南山区桑科植物资源的种类分布及价值进行了分析,对其进一步开发利用提出了建议,希望能为山区经济发展提供参考.     

四川重楼属药用植物资源研究

经调查鉴定,四川重楼属药用植物有10种7变种,均在我省民间广泛应用。目前川产商品重楼原植物有3种6变种,除中国药典收载的华重楼和滇重楼外,其分布广、产量大的还有七叶一枝花、狭小重楼和短梗重楼等3种4变种。     

13种花卉植物受硫氧化物混合气体污染的伤害症状及其抗性表现

通过熏气的方法，比较了在硫氧化物混合污染气体的作用下，木本花卉（月季Rosa chinensis，杜鹃Rhododendron simsii，一品红Euphorbia pulcherrima，茉莉花Jasminum sambac），一、二年生花卉（一串红Salvia splendens，凤仙花Impatiens balsamina），宿根花卉（君子兰Clivia miniata），室内观叶植物（文竹Asparagus setacens，吊兰Chlorophytum comosum，沿阶草Ophiopogon bodinieri，朱蕉Cordyline fruticosa，吊竹梅Zebrina pendula，白斑万年青Dieffenbachia bowmannii）中13种花卉植物的叶片伤害症状及植物抗性表现，并对植物受害后的恢复情况进行了追踪观察。发现在同种污染气体的作用下，不同种类的植物表现出不同的伤害症状。植株不同叶龄的叶片对污染气体的敏感性存在一定的差异，幼龄叶不一定比中老龄叶敏感性强。当污染浓度不超过一定阈值时，花卉植物都有不同程度的恢复能力。利用“花卉植物叶片伤害评价系统”对试验植物叶片伤害症状进行了评价，依据评价结果，对试验植物进行了抗性分级。为保证对植物抗性等级划分的准确性，建议制定统一的熏气浓度标准和评价标准。     

Biodiversity conservation through a traditional beliefs system in Indian Himalaya: a case study from Nakuleshwar sacred grove

Sacred groves are well recognized in the world in terms of biodiversity conservation. The present study was conducted in the Nakuleshwar sacred grove, in the valley of Thal kedar hill in the Kumaon region of Pithoragarh district in Indian Himalaya, in appreciation of its role in biodiversity conservation. The study aimed at the documentation and inventory of the sacred grove, its phytodiversity, threats and conservation in the Himalayan region, and to achieve this, systematic field surveys were conducted during 2007?C2010 covering all four seasons. A total of 83 species from 71 genera and 50 families were identified, of which 43 species are flowering plants, including 7 trees, 7 shrubs, 4 climbers and 25 herbs, and 40 species are non-flowering plants of which lichens are represented by 12 species from 8 genera, bryophytes 6 species from 5 genera, and pteridophytes 7 species from 9 genera, while gymnosperms are represented by a single species. Acer oblongum, Cinnamomum tamala, Cedrus deodara, Coriaria nepalensis act as keystone species in the grove. Ophiopogon inermis is a common herb during the rainy season while Goodyera hemsleyana (Orchid) is a new distribution record for the western Himalaya. A total of 43 species from 38 genera are used ethnobotanically by local people for various ailments. Mahonia nepaulensis, Asparagus adscendens, Thalictrum foliolosum, Cinnamomum tamala and Berberis asiatica are highly exploited species and need to be conserved. Climatic conditions of the grove are moderate and the floristic patch of the grove is completely different from the plant diversity of the surrounding area and matches with the diversified floral wealth of comparatively higher altitudes. Due to anthropogenic pressure, this grove is facing new threats of degradation, hence needing special attention.     

Modeling the environmental fate of cadmium in a large wastewater irrigation area

The fate of cadmium in soils is governed by spatially heterogeneous processes that proceed from decades to centuries. This study aimed at modeling the fate of Cd within the wastewater irrigation area (WIA) of Braunschweig (Germany). The sandy soils (mainly Dystric Cambisol or Typic Haplumbrept) at this site (28 km2) have received considerable loads of heavy metals by irrigation of municipal wastewater for up to 40 yr. The soils of the WIA are in agricultural use. The main crops are sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). As a result of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cropping, about 15% of the soils have been converted to Rigosols. In 1996, we measured the vertical distribution (0 to 1.2 m) of soil pH, organic carbon content, and the EDTA-extractable content and the solution phase concentration of Cd at 153 sites. At sites not used for asparagus cultivation, Cd has migrated on average to a depth of about 0.5 m. Due to deep plowing, which accelerates migration, Cd has been displaced on average to about 0.7 m at the Rigosol sites. To model the fate of Cd at the scale of the WIA, we used different parallel soil column approaches. In each column the local model SEFAH was used to simulate both displacement and plant uptake of Cd. The model was fed with measured or randomly generated soil data. The results of retrospective simulations from 1957 to 1996 agreed well with observed Cd profiles. The better the spatial variability of sorption was described, the better the performance. Our simulation results show that Cd pollution of soil at first affects the soil-plant pathway. The breakthrough of Cd to the groundwater is dampened and is delayed for many decades.     

NPS MODEL PARAMETER UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS FOR AN OFF-STREAM RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: Parameter uncertainties exert a significant effect on nonpoint source pollution (NPS) modeling results. A decision made on the basis of such results may thereby be inappropriate. In this work, the parameter uncertainty is analyzed to explore an improved modeling procedure. Drainage patterns generated from digital elevation data and rainfall are the major parameters examined. A case study for the watershed of the Posan off-stream reservoir is implemented. A significant spatial variation of NPS distribution simulated with a drainage pattern generated from varied methods is observed. The effects of rainfall randomness on the spatial loading distribution are assessed and computed based on a Monte Carlo simulation. The proposed procedure is capable of improving the quality of modeling results and the decision for an appropriate control strategy.     

The role of environmental impact assessment in coal production and utilization

Large-scale exploitation of fossil fuels and nuclear power can have an adverse effect on the human and natural environment. That need not be the case, if the effect on the environment is carefully assessed to ensure the development of a sustainable approach. This paper examines the process of environmental impact assessment (EIA) for coal from an international perspective. The concept of EIA is not new. A formalized process of EIA was introduced in the USA in 1970, and more recently similar legislation has been implemented in other countries. The member states of the European Community are required to adopt EIA regulations, as set out in Directive 85/337/EEC. Elsewhere, in Japan and Australia, there are requirements for EIA and a growing need for the process can be seen in developing countries. A comparison is made of the EIA process for coal in the international arena, and exemplary procedures are highlighted. Potential problems such as delays, modifications and additional costs are analysed, and the benefits of EIA, both to industry and environment, are discussed. A database of coal-related EIA would facilitate an exchange of information on the subject.     

Natural environmental impact assessment: A rational approach

A method is presented which combines environmental indices and estimates of inputs from various land uses to aid in environmental impact assessments. Unweighted pair/group cluster analyses are used to obtain relationships between easily observable environmental indices, such as vegetation types, soils, and geology, based on their mutual recurrence. These relationships are shown by using an ordination technique which shows the nature of complex impacts on a natural system. Results are used to develop anenvironmental effects sequence diagram based on known scientific and engineering principles and observed natural relationships. The diagram may be used in conjunction with land use data to estimate the possible magnitude of impacts on the pre-existing system which may result from such land use. Several examples are developed which quantify inputs from various land uses and which compare them with environmental inputs including point source and non-point source liquid and atmospheric emmissions, land modifications, and resource consumption. Known average values are used and a separate comparison is made in describing the vast differences between the project phases of construction versus longterm operation. A hypothetical environmental impact assessment is given for a small residential development in Chambers County, Texas, U.S. of A.     

Allocation of Streamflow Depletion Impacts under Nonlinear Conditions

A method is proposed for the equitable allocation of impacts of groundwater pumping on streamflow. The method is intended for cases in which the pumping activity of multiple entities has impacts on streamflow and these impacts are computed by perturbation. It is shown that when the response of streamflow to pumping is nonlinear, simple methods for impact calculation can fail. The proposed method is developed for the case when there are four entities that impact streamflow. The method relies on the calculation of impacts by perturbation of the simulation model from different base pumping levels. When four entities are evaluated, 16 runs of the simulation model are required. It is shown the proposed method produces estimated impacts for each individual entity that are equitable because they meet the requirement that the impacts of each entity sum to the total impacts of all entities acting together and the impacts attributed to each entity do not depend on the order of calculation. A brief example demonstrates the approach.     

THE IMPACT OF WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES ON URBAN WATER SUPPLY PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Optimal policies for supplying rapidly expanding urban centers with additional water supplies are shown to be dependent on water quality goals for the urban effluent. As effluents are required to meet increasingly stringent standards, the unit costs associated with adding capacity to existing wastewater treatment systems to renovate some waters for reuse are shown to substantially decrease. A nonlinear elimination algorithm is developed to delineate optimal policies. A model employing the technique was applied to the wastewater treatment system of a typical urban system and the water quality objectives varied. A comparison of costs with and without various levels of reuse were made and unit costs of reused water under these conditions determined.     

Modeling liquid distribution in soil after pocket injection

Information on liquid distribution after injection of liquid manure is important to the evaluation of injection methods and the design of injection tools. A two-dimensional numerical model was developed to predict liquid distribution in the soil around a soil pocket. Model outputs are the lateral spread (L), vertical thickness (T), and cross-sectional area (A) of the liquid infiltration zone. Values of L do not vary with injection depth, whereas T and A increase with the injection depth. These model outputs are sensitive to effective saturated soil content (the difference between saturated and initial water contents). At greater effective saturated water content, values of L, T, and A are lower. Values of L vary from 0.13 to 0.23 m, values ofT vary from 0.09 to 0.19 m for injection depths from 0.05 to 0.15 m, and values of A vary from 0.009 to 0.030 m2. The model results were compared with field measurements taken from six forage fields with sandy loam and clay soils. The model better predicts L than T and A. The relative average error between the predictions and field measurements vary from 10.3 to 101.9%.     

Application of a system dynamics approach for assessment and mitigation of CO2 emissions from the cement industry

A system dynamics model based on the dynamic interactions among a number of system components is developed to estimate CO(2) emissions from the cement industry in India. The CO(2) emissions are projected to reach 396.89 million tonnes by the year 2020 if the existing cement making technological options are followed. Policy options of population growth stabilisation, energy conservation and structural management in cement manufacturing processes are incorporated for developing the CO(2) mitigation scenarios. A 42% reduction in the CO(2) emissions can be achieved in the year 2020 based on an integrated mitigation scenario. Indirect CO(2) emissions from the transport of raw materials to the cement plants and finished product to market are also estimated.