椒江流域地区水量水质水生态分析及调度研究

为了合理调度椒江流域地区水资源,提高水质质量和保护水生态环境,采用的技术方案是构建出新型水量水质水生态多目标耦合模型,在不同的水量和水质条件下,通过分析得到不同用途环境下的水质的需水量,并根据针对缺水问题计算椒江流域内多个水池中的需水量和污染负荷,在水资源分配和水生态保护等多个角度制定了合理的配水方案.还采用的技术方案...     

岷江上游干旱河谷地区生态环境需水量探讨

探讨了生态环境需水量的概念,将人类需水量纳入了生态环境需水量,进而初步探讨了岷江上游干旱河谷地区的生态环境需水量。分别估算了岷江上游干旱河谷地区河道内生态环境需水量、植被需水量及人类(生活和生产)需水量,得出当地生态环境需水总量为34.81×108m3,并提出在岷江上游干旱河谷地区应根据现在和将来有效供水量和生态环境年需水量综合考虑,确定适当的经济社会发展结构和规模,以维系和提高生态环境质量。     

减污节水——水资源保护的两大主题

在物质文明和精神文明高度发达的当今世界，全球却到处亮出了“水匮乏”、“水危机”的黄牌。保护水资源，保证水资源的可持续利用战略已经进入各国政府的决策系统，成为规划本国社会经济发展的决定因素之一，尤其在一些严重缺水国家和地区，更是如此。一个国家和地区的水资源，从多年平均值看，基本恒定，这是受制于天的，除非远距离调水，否则难以改变。我国水资源人均占有量相对贫乏，600多座城市中有300多座城市缺水，其中，有108座城市严重缺水。全国有7000万人口饮水困难，因干旱每年影响农业产量约200亿公斤，影响工业产值1200多亿元…     

金川公司工业废水综合利用现状

金川公司地处干旱缺水地区,经多年科技攻关,在综合利用工业废水方面取得了一定成绩,为公司在“十五”期间扩大生产能力,提高技术含呈奠定了基础,但水资源严重紧缺,仍亟须改进工业废水综合利用工艺,重新调整水价,提高水资源有效利用率。     

中国西北生态到了最危险的时候

在中国的西北地区,干旱少水使其成为中国最严重的沙漠化地区。2003年春天,中国工程院公布的有关数据显示,1999年全国荒漠化土地总面积为267.4万平方公里,其中西北地区约为218.3万平方公里。中国工程院的研究报告提出,西北地区的生态环境在长期历史演变中出现种种问题,如干旱缺水、河湖干涸、水土流失等,这些危机的综合表现则是土地荒漠化。2004年的秋天,中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所的专家再次发出警告:中国西部和北方沙漠化土地虽然局部得到治理,但“整体恶化”!专家们通过遥感监测和系统分析发现,从1998年到2000年之间,我国平均每…     

荷兰生态（有机）农业对上海农业发展的借鉴

安全高效、资源节约、环境友好型的生态农业生产技术,已成为国际农业领域研究和关注的热点;发展高效生态（有机）农业,以新的强度和效能为长三角和我国现代化农业发展作贡献,是上海社会主义新农村建设的重大战略,是上海现代农业发展的必由之路。荷兰生态（有机）农业发展提供了以下成功经验：以生态学原理指导农业生产,实现生产生态共荣;在农产品生产中应用HACCP理论,加强农业生产的过程控制和质量管理;通过制定良好农业技术规范（Eurep-GAP）,保障农业的可持续发展,保护生态环境。上海发展高效生态（有机）农业的对策建议：加强政策扶持,深化有机农业理论和技术研究,建立和规范与国际接轨的认证体系,以生态学的原理和原则指导农业生产和技术的发展。     

经济发达地区苏州生态环境建设与发展对策研究

在调查研究的基础上,客观分析了苏州农业生态环境建设现状和存在的问题,有针对性地提出了苏州生态环境保护发展的若干对策措施,对苏州生态城市建设、生态环境保护、生态农业发展和农业面源污染治理具有指导意义,对经济发达地区在发展经济的同时如何保护好生态环境具有重要参考价值。     

包头地区的生态环境建设

内蒙古包头地区属于季风尾闾区,干旱少雨,生态环境十分脆弱.近几十年来,由于多种因素的影响,本区生态环境退化现象严重,因此积极探索本区生态环境建设途径,有效遏制生态环境退化,改善区域生产、生活条件的意义非常重大.在大量实地考察和资料研究的基础上,指出了本区生态环境建设中存在的主要问题,并提出了搞好生态环境建设的对策建议.     

四川石灰岩地区土地资源的开发利用

本文分析了四川石灰岩地区土地资源的特点和利用存在的问题,提出了土地资源的主要开发利用途径:①根据石灰土的生产特性,发展喜钙作物和多种经济林果木;②发挥林地优势,封山育林,创造良好的生态环境;③利用草山草坡,发展养牛、养羊;④改造低产田土,防治水土流失,培肥土壤;⑤开发利用岩溶水资源,解决石灰岩地区缺水问题,提高土地利用率;⑥开发岩溶地貌的山水风景,发展旅游事业。     

丹江口库区水源地面源污染现状与对策

丹江口库区是南水北调中线工程的渠首,是国务院决策的一项功在当代、泽被后世的宏伟工程。这项工程建设的成败关键在于能否让缺水地区人民喝上优质、洁净的丹江水。农业面源的污染与水质保护和环境保护关系十分密切。按照国家提出的＂先节水后调水,先治污后通水,先生态后用水＂的总体方针,必须加大库区水源地面源污染治理力度,改善生态环境,杜绝水质污染,确保京津冀地区饮用上放心水。笔者对南阳市水源地面源污染现状进行了科学分析,提出了7条治理对策,旨在对综合治理工作有所裨益。     

生态补水对艾里克湖环境变化的重要意义

以艾里克湖为主要研究对象，论述了艾里克湖生态补水前后区域生态环境演变，并对生态补水产生的生态环境效益及社会经济效益进行分析。说明干旱区水资源的开发利用一定要优先保护生态环境。     

塔里木河流域水资源利用与生态农业发展

从生态学角度分析塔里木河流域丰富的自然资源条件与恶劣的气候条件之间的突出矛盾,得出水资源的占有和利用是流域生态改善和农业发展之储多要素中最大限制因子的结论,从而决定了农业发展的根本出路是发展生态农业。必须根据生态脆弱指数采取有力措施保证生态用水;只有因地制宜地建立高效输水、灌溉节水、结构科学、布局合理、资源配置优化、整体功能强的高产优质高效的良性循环的农业生产模式,才能切实有地促进自然生态与生态农业的持续、协调发展。     

Are Small-Scale Irrigators Water Use Efficient? Evidence from Lake Naivasha Basin, Kenya

With increasing water scarcity and competing uses and users, water use efficiency is becoming increasingly important in many parts of developing countries. The lake Naivasha basin has an array of different water users and uses ranging from large scale export market agriculture, urban domestic water users to small holder farmers. The small scale farmers are located in the upper catchment areas and form the bulk of the users in terms of area and population. This study used farm household data to explore the overall technical efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and establish the factors influencing water use efficiency among small scale farmers in the Lake Naivasha basin in Kenya. Data envelopment analysis, general algebraic and modeling system, and Tobit regression methods were used in analyzing cross sectional data from a sample of 201 small scale irrigation farmers in the lake Naivasha basin. The results showed that on average, the farmers achieved only 63 % technical efficiency and 31 % water use efficiency. This revealed that substantial inefficiencies occurred in farming operations among the sampled farmers. To improve water use efficiency, the study recommends that more emphasis be put on orienting farmers toward appropriate choice of irrigation technologies, appropriate choice of crop combinations in their farms, and the attainment of desirable levels of farm fragmentation.     

ENERGY AND WATER CONSERVATION STRATEGIES IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE1

ABSTRACT: Growers in California used several energy and water conservation strategies in response to the drought conditions of 1976 and 1977. The strategies included an increased use of ground water, in creased irrigation efficiencies, and shifts in cropping patterns. Drought-related losses to irrigated agriculture were minimized as a result of these modifications. Some future problems may have been created, however, by obtaining the needed water supplies for 1976–77. These problems include the effects of extensive water pumping on ground water reservoirs and ground subsidence. In addition, reduced water application by less frequent irrigation and changes in irrigation methods may affect the total salt balance for future years. Several conservation strategies that have some potential application in California were identified as: maintaining and augmenting surface water supply, increasing power use efficiencies, and improving irrigation efficiencies. Electricity savings associated with water conservation have been estimated as high as 25 percent. Specific near term actions suggested for facilitating conservation included: an expanded irrigation management system, efficient water deliveries, and a continued effort on the part of the individual growers to use resources during periods of normal rainfall as they were used under drought conditions.     

ON‐FARM WATER CONSERVATION PRACTICES IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA1

ABSTRACT: In southern Alberta, as elsewhere, pressures on limited water supplies are increasing. Not surprisingly, a great deal of attention has been focused on irrigated agriculture, which accounts for the largest share of water consumed in the region. In order to meet broadly accepted water conservation goals, some commentators have suggested that irrigation water use should be metered and that irrigators should be charged based on the amount of water used. An alternative proposal would have water management authorities rely upon the perceived adaptability of irrigators. This paper offers a perspective on the willingness of irrigators to conserve water. Based on a survey of 183 irrigation farmers conducted over the summer and early fall of 1998, we found that irrigators are generally aware of the need to conserve water and soil moisture, and that a variety of water conserving strategies were being employed. Water saving technologies specific to irrigation agriculture were less widely adopted. The findings suggest that there is considerable potential to reduce the amount of water consumed by the irrigation sector through increased efficiency, but that change will be limited if current economic circumstances and institutional arrangements persist.     

Integrated mediterranean programmes and the natural environment: A case study in Greece

Summary A pilot action forming part of the Integrated Mediterranean Programmes (IMPs) was carried out in Prespa National Park, Greece, to improve the socio-economic conditions in the area and to develop the agriculture, fisheries, manufacturing and tourism. A study on the environment of the park was carried out as part of this Programme. The study evaluated the natural conditions in the area, assessed the effects of the proposed operations on the environment, suggested opportunities for socio-economic improvement and provided guidelines for the organisation of the National Park. This paper presents certain aspects of this study and describes the mechanisms and conflicts attached to environmental conservation during implementation of the IMP.Evaluation of natural conditions was made possible by studying the land cover/use changes between 1945 and 1984 using aerial photographs. It showed a continuing concentration of land use activities in the wetland, which is the nucleus of the park. The most alarming findings were of soil erosion on the watershed, accelerating ageing and eutrophication of the lake, and destruction of the wet meadows. Evaluation of the latter revealed their remarkable biological value as feeding and resting habitats of the rare waterbird species.Assessment of the effects of the projected operations on the environment was accompanied by suggestions of alleviation measures. Further development of agriculture and an expansion of the irrigation system were expected to have a severe impact on the wetland and increase the eutrophic level of the lake. Measures for cultural practices, policy and education of the farmers were suggested. It was recognised that the projected fish breeding station would also have adverse effects on the wetland, the lake and its fisheries. Construction of the hatchery on the particular site chosen by the authorities was to cause major environmental degradation in the park.Despite the documentation provided, proposals stemming from the study and mitigation measures were disregarded. Implementation of the IMP operations had detrimental ecological effects in the area. From the first stages of the Programme, and throughout its implementation, secrecy prevailed in the procedures. There was no participation of the public nor of the local government. Lack of coordination appeared between the various levels of administration nationally and within the European Community (EC). Agencies concerned with the environment lost their jurisdiction in the area, as all decision-making was undertaken in Athens by a Ministry relatively insensitive to environmental issues. Implementation of the IMP in Prespa violated national and EC legislation as well as international treaties concerning the environment. The development plan had been prepared without integrating conservation and development while no concern was given to the impact on the environment. Lessons learned from the Prespa case should be used to improve IMPs and make development sustainable.Dr Myrto Pyrovetsi obtained her doctorate at Michigan State University, USA and is now an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki.     

CASE STUDIES OF AGRICULTURAL WATER CONSERVATION1

Farmers from four irrigation districts in Texas and California were questioned about water conservation practices they are now using, those they plan to adopt, and potential incentives that government might offer to induce still further water conservation on their part. While responses differed somewhat from place to place and among individual farmers, the general results were: a) farmers reported that “water conservation” is not new to them, it is something they practice regularly; b) recent innovations such as laser controlled land leveling devices have permitted some substantial water use reductions in recent years; and c) even greater incentive mechanisms that government could provide and that farmers would accept as useful incentives, such as long term low interest loans for water saving equipment, would probably not be able to reduce water use in agriculture much further than 15 percent below current levels. It is recommended nonetheless that Federal agencies and local water districts and individuals should nonetheless pursue water conservation training and education programs, demonstrations of conjunctive use and water banking opportunities for water saving, and increased loan programs for installation of water saving equipment.     

TRENDS IN WESTERN UNITED STATES AGRICULTURE: IRRIGATION ORGANIZATIONS1

ABSTRACT: From 1940 to 1978, irrigated acreage in the Western United States increased by over 150 percent, irrigated acres per farm increased by 204 percent, and the number of irrigation organizations grew by 31 percent. Understanding the factors affecting these trends (in the structure of irrigated agriculture) is the key to formulating policies for efficient allocation and transfer of water in the west. Four variables that impact the composition of irrigation organizations are farm size changes, organizational efficiency, intersectoral competition for water, and governmental policies. The conclusions show that from 1940 to 1978, the total number of irrigated farms and organizations declined, and the average farm size increased, and larger management oriented organizations such as districts and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation have become more prevalent. With respect to total quantities of water delivered, districts have increased over 50 percent since the 1959 Census and over 100 percent since the 1950 Census, while unincorporated mutuals have declined by approximately 20 percent. Future organizational structure tends to be moving in the direction of more management control as opposed to user control. Changes in water use, delivery, investment, transfers, and laws will continue to change the structure of irrigation organizations and institutions in the west.     

基于流域视角的水环境综合治理规划研究——以江苏省淀山湖为例

以流域为单元进行水资源综合规划和管理是实现水环境改善的重要途径。本文以太湖流域第二大省界湖泊—淀山湖为例,在综合分析流域水环境质量基础上,利用GIS 分析工具划分流域治理片区并制定分区管控策略。根据流域所含骨干河流流向、骨干河流与淀山湖交汇特点、上中下游不同河段及镇域行政边界,将淀山湖流域分为吴淞江流域、千灯浦- 淀山湖流域、昆南湖荡流域、元荡湖荡流域、太浦河流域五大片区138 个子评价单元。通过水环境容量与压力两类空间叠加分析,构建形成污染重点减排区、污染综合治理区、产业绿色化提升区、生态环境保育区等四个类型区域,并提出差异化的产业准入和环境治理措施。本研究不仅为以流域为治理单元的水环境治理规划提供了较为可行的技术体系,而且为太湖流域水环境综合整治思路创新提供了可借鉴的案例。     

WATER-ENERGY LINKAGES IN NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT Nebraska is well endowed with water, particularly groundwater, but has few fossil fuel reserves. However, it is located adjacent to states which have almost no water but have enormous quantities of coal and oil shale. Recent court cases facilitate the movement of water from water-rich states such as Nebraska to water-short states, such as Colorado and Wyoming. The possibility of an energy-water partnership exists and raise numerous policy questions. Within Nebraska, energy consumption patterns are similar to those of the nation's, with consumption of electricity in the agricultural sector growing fastest. Water consumption in the state is dominated by agriculture, and future development of groundwater for irrigation is expected to be intense. Although water and energy are both factors of economic production, an equivalent amount of water consumption provides more jobs in the energy industries than in agriculture. Water and energy are also interdependent. Each is required to produce the other and conservation of one will cause conservation of the other. If both agriculture and electricity are involved, such as in irrigation, the conservation effects are synergistic. Current water policy in Nebraska is biased toward agriculture relative to the energy industries and provides little incentive for water conservation. Given recent court cases and economic conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of the sale of water for export or the use of water with Wyoming coal for energy development need to be compared systematically with those of using water only for agriculture.