大气中全氟与多氟有机化合物研究进展

全氟与多氟有机化合物(PFCs)作为表面活性剂被广泛应用于工业生产及生活家居领域,部分PFCs已被列为斯德哥尔摩公约受控持久性有机污染物(POPs).PFCs具有一些特殊的理化性质(如高表面活性、憎水憎油性等),使其采样、分析、环境迁移转化过程等都不同于"传统"POPs(如PCBs、PAHs等).相对于其它环境介质(水、沉积物和生物等)研究,大气中PFCs的研究相对较少.本文针对大气中PFCs的研究现状进行综述,内容涵盖了大气PFCs的样品采集、前处理、仪器分析、含量水平和迁移转化过程,其中重点概述了大气中PFCs的气-颗粒两相分配、长距离迁移、干湿沉降和大气降解,并提出了今后的重点研究方向建议.     

氧化石墨烯的环境行为和毒性效应研究进展

由于具有优异的光学、力学、电学特性,氧化石墨烯纳米材料被广泛应用于传感、航空航天、新能源、疾病诊断等方面。随着氧化石墨烯的大量生产和广泛应用,其对环境的健康风险也日益引起关注。阐明氧化石墨烯的潜在毒性效应及其作用机制,对于科学客观评价其对人体和生态环境健康风险具有十分重要的意义。文章在总结了纳米氧化石墨烯在不同环境介质中的迁移、转化行为基础上、系统综述了氧化石墨烯对水生生物、陆生植物、大鼠以及微生物的毒害效应并探讨了氧化石墨烯生物毒害效应的可能机制。研究发现,氧化石墨烯在环境介质中主要形成稳定胶体且具有难以降解和易于多介质间迁移等特点;同时,氧化石墨烯还可以进入藻类、鱼类、植物、大鼠以及微生物细胞内并引起氧化应激反应导致炎症发生、多种细胞器损伤和组织器官形态异常。此外,研究还发现纳米氧化石墨烯还会导致DNA氧化损伤和DNA断裂等遗传毒性和诱导生殖毒性相关的小RNA异常表达。因此,对不同环境介质中纳米氧化石墨烯的环境行为和毒性效应进行深入研究具有十分重要的意义。今后可在纳米氧化石墨烯的暴露定量分析,纳米氧化石墨烯与生物大分子间的交互作用及长期低剂量下纳米氧化石墨烯的毒性效应3个方面加强研究。文章可为进一步阐明氧化石墨烯的健康风险提供理论参考。     

全氟化合物的生物富集效应研究进展

研究污染物的生物富集效应,对于预测污染物在生物体内的含量、建立环境标准以及评估污染物的生态风险具有重要的意义。结合近年来国内外报道的有关全氟化合物（PFCs）的生物浓缩因子（BCF）、生物富集因子（BAF）、生物放大因子（BMF）和营养级放大因子（TMF）等参数,对PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素进行了综述。研究结果表明,氟代碳原子数高于7的PFCs一般在生物体或食物链（网）上具有生物富集效应,而氟代碳原子数低于7的PFCs的生物富集效应较低。PFCs的理化性质（碳链长度、碳链末端基团类型和是否含有支链等）、生物的种类及其生理生化参数（体长、体重和性别等）和环境条件（生态系统的组成、水温和污染物含量等）等都影响PFCs在生物体内或食物链（网）上的富集。综观当前研究成果,PFCs在食物链（网）上生物放大效应研究主要集中于极地地区海洋食物网,应加强其他区域（特别是典型污染区域）、各种类型食物网（如淡水食物网和陆生食物网）上PFCs的生物富集效应及其影响因素研究,为全面评估PFCs的生态风险提供基础数据。     

苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂在环境中的检测、分布及其毒性效应

苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂(benzotriazole UV stabilizers,BUVSs)因具有良好的紫外吸收能力广泛应用于个人护理品及工业产品中。由于其环境持久性、生物累积性,以及对生物体具有潜在的毒性效应,近年来得到广泛关注。对环境中典型BUVSs的分析方法、在不同环境介质中的浓度水平及其毒性效应进行了综述,预测了BUVSs的生物活性(毒性作用模式),并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

全氟化合物发育神经毒性研究进展

全氟化合物(PFCs)在工业生产和生活中广泛应用,已成为环境中一类普遍的污染物。由于PFCs污染表现出全球性、持久性和富集性等特征,其毒性备受关注。近期研究结果显示,PFCs除对肝脏、免疫系统和生殖内分泌系统等有明显影响外,还具有发育神经毒性。在总结了近年来PFCs发育神经毒性的研究进展基础上,讨论了PFCs发育神经毒性可能的几个机制,并且分析该领域研究存在的问题,提出应该加强环境相关剂量下PFCs发育神经毒性研究,关注PFCs与其他神经毒物复合暴露的发育神经毒性,以推进对实际环境中PFCs所产生的神经损伤的认识。     

硝基苯环境效应的研究综述

硝基苯污染威胁着人类和生态系统健康,国外有关硝基苯的环境毒理的研究已经广泛展开,但我国仍处于起步阶段.文章综述了国内外硝基苯环境效应的研究进展,介绍了其基本理化性质、用途、环境基准和标准值、污染的生态毒理效应以及其在生态系统中的迁移转化规律.研究认为环境中的硝基苯属于低毒污染物,但难溶于水,易溶于有机溶剂,难以降解,造成水体和土壤污染的持续时间长,且能够在生物体内积累,产生生物放大效应,因此,高浓度的硝基苯对生态系统和人体健康造成较大的生态风险;不过,阳光中的近紫外线、γ射线、声波振荡以及生物分解等作用可自然环境中硝基苯有降解作用,而生物和物理吸附能降低其浓度,从而降解其毒性.目前,有关自然生态系统中硝基苯迁移转化过程之间协同作用与相互影响的研究还有待于进一步深入.     

硝基苯环境效应的研究综述

硝基苯污染威胁着人类和生态系统健康,国外有关硝基苯的环境毒理的研究已经广泛展开,但我国仍处于起步阶段.文章综述了国内外硝基苯环境效应的研究进展,介绍了其基本理化性质、用途、环境基准和标准值、污染的生态毒理效应以及其在生态系统中的迁移转化规律.研究认为环境中的硝基苯属于低毒污染物,但难溶于水,易溶于有机溶剂,难以降解,造成水体和土壤污染的持续时间长,且能够在生物体内积累,产生生物放大效应,因此,高浓度的硝基苯对生态系统和人体健康造成较大的生态风险;不过,阳光中的近紫外线、γ射线、声波振荡以及生物分解等作用可自然环境中硝基苯有降解作用,而生物和物理吸附能降低其浓度,从而降解其毒性.目前,有关自然生态系统中硝基苯迁移转化过程之间协同作用与相互影响的研究还有待于进一步深入.     

抗生素环境行为及其环境效应研究进展

抗生素作为一类抗菌性药物广泛用于预防和治疗人类和动物疾病,并且在畜牧和水产养殖业中用于促进动物的生长.进入人和动物体内的抗生素不能被生物体完全吸收,大部分以原药或代谢物的形式经由尿液和粪便排出体外进入环境中.抗生素是环境中一类新型污染物,由于其使用量大和诱导产生抗生素耐药菌株,对人类健康和生态环境构成威胁,近年来受到日益广泛的关注.抗生素诱导产生的抗性基因(ARGs)也已经被定义为环境中一类新型污染物.本文介绍了抗生素的使用现状、环境来源以及不同环境介质中抗生素的分析方法和污染现状,并且对其吸附降解行为、毒性效应以及ARGs进行了讨论,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望.在今后,应该更加系统地研究环境中抗生素的污染现状及其迁移转化等行为;开展低剂量长期慢性毒性和复合毒性效应研究;加强对环境中ARGs的污染现状和环境行为研究.     

邻苯二甲酸二(异)丁酯及其替代品的内分泌干扰效应研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(di-n-butyl phthalate,DnBP)和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(diisobutyl phthalate,DiBP)是广泛用于塑料、树脂和橡胶制品中的邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂,曾在各种环境介质中频繁检出.现有研究表明,DnBP和DiBP对人类和其他动物具有显著的内分泌干扰效应以及生殖发育毒性等不...     

新型有机污染物氯代多环芳烃分析方法及其污染现状研究进展

氯代多环芳烃(Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,Cl-PAHs)作为多环芳烃的氯代衍生物,具有类似二英的致癌、致畸、致突变毒性,并且广泛存在于环境介质中,对生态环境和人类健康具有一定的潜在威胁.本文介绍了Cl-PAHs在不同环境介质中的分析方法、污染现状、迁移转化及其毒性效应,最后对其未来研究方向进行了展望.在今后,应该加强污泥和沉积物等复杂环境基质中Cl-PAHs的分析方法研究;系统研究ClPAHs在环境介质中的污染现状和迁移转化行为,并开展Cl-PAHs的环境风险和人体健康风险研究.     

北京部分地区地下水中全氟化合物的污染水平初探

全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)因具有持久性、生物蓄积性和毒性,近年来得到全世界的广泛关注。我国对PFCs环境污染水平的研究主要集中在污水、河水、湖水等浓度较高的水体,针对地下水中PFCs的存在情况研究较为缺乏。为了解北京市地下水中PFCs的污染水平,采集和分析了6个采样地段26眼监测井中的地下水。结果表明:18种目标PFCs中有11种存在不同程度的检出,以C4~C9的全氟羧酸(MQLs~42.9 ng·L-1)和C4~C8的全氟磺酸(MQLs~23.2 ng·L-1)为主。风险评价结果显示,地下水中PFCs未达到对生态环境和人体健康具有风险的水平。本研究提供了北京地区地下水中PFCs污染水平的初步数据,有利于后续开展地下水中PFCs监测和风险评估等研究。     

Toxicology of perfluorinated compounds

Perfluorinated compounds [PFCs] have found a wide use in industrial products and processes and in a vast array of consumer products. PFCs are molecules made up of carbon chains to which fluorine atoms are bound. Due to the strength of the carbon/fluorine bond, the molecules are chemically very stable and are highly resistant to biological degradation; therefore, they belong to a class of compounds that tend to persist in the environment. These compounds can bioaccumulate and also undergo biomagnification. Within the class of PFC chemicals, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorosulphonic acid are generally considered reference substances. Meanwhile, PFCs can be detected almost ubiquitously, e.g., in water, plants, different kinds of foodstuffs, in animals such as fish, birds, in mammals, as well as in human breast milk and blood. PFCs are proposed as a new class of 'persistent organic pollutants'. Numerous publications allude to the negative effects of PFCs on human health. The following review describes both external and internal exposures to PFCs, the toxicokinetics (uptake, distribution, metabolism, excretion), and the toxicodynamics (acute toxicity, subacute and subchronic toxicities, chronic toxicity including carcinogenesis, genotoxicity and epigenetic effects, reproductive and developmental toxicities, neurotoxicity, effects on the endocrine system, immunotoxicity and potential modes of action, combinational effects, and epidemiological studies on perfluorinated compounds).     

近岸海水中全氟化合物的液相色谱-离子阱质谱法测定

建立了利用高效液相色谱-电喷雾离子阱质谱(HPLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS)测定近岸海水中多种常见全氟化合物(PFCs)的分析方法.采用固相萃取法(SPE)对海水中的PFCs净化富集,用HPLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS多反应离子监测(MRM)模式对各组分(全氟己烷磺酸、全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟辛烷磺酰胺、全氟己酸、全氟庚酸、全氟辛酸、全氟壬酸、全氟癸酸、全氟十一酸、全氟十二酸)进行测定.在最佳实验条件下,采用基质匹配标准曲线法定量,以消除海水基质的影响,8种目标化合物的检出限介于0.50—1.00 ng·L-1,9种PFCs的回收率在71.0%—130.2%之间,能满足近岸海水中多种PFCs检测的要求.青岛沿岸表层海水样品测定结果显示,全部采样站点的海水样品中均检测到≥4种PFCs,说明青岛沿岸海水中已有一定程度的PFCs污染.     

Perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs) in surface and tap water around Lake Taihu in China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are ubiquitously distributed in the environment mainly as perfluoro-carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFASs). In this paper, six PFCAs and two PFASs were quantified in surface and tap water samples from 12 sites around Lake Taihu near Shanghai City in East China. Predominant PFCs were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), of which the concentration ranges were 6.8–206 and 1.2–45 ng·L⁻¹, the geometric means were 35.3 and 9.4 ng·L⁻¹, and the median (quartile range) values were 31.4 (34.4) and 10.4 (10.7) ng·L⁻¹, respectively. Other PFCs were also detected but in much lower concentrations than PFOA. The sources of the PFCs were expected to be direct industrial discharges in the Lake Taihu area, and this area was also a possible source of PFCs contaminations in Shanghai district in the downstream. PFCs distributions were found different in the upstream, downstream and north part of Lake Taihu. Occurrences of PFCs in the tap water in Lake Taihu area indicated their exposure to the local people. A brief estimation of the environmental risks by PFCs implied no acute or immediate risks from PFCs to local human health, but chronic risks from PFOA in the tap water should be considered in the downstream regions.     

Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on behavioural activity,regeneration and antioxidant enzymes in planarian Dugesia japonica

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a persistent organic pollutant and has been found to be the predominant perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in the environment. In the present study, planarian Dugesia japonica is employed to investigate the toxicity of this compound. The behavioural activity, survival, regeneration and antioxidant enzyme activities of the D. japonica exposed to PFOS were investigated. The results showed that the planarian D. japonica is very sensitive to low concentration pollutants including PFOS and suitable for toxicological bioassays. PFOS has severe toxicity in inducing oxidative stress, regeneration and development toxicity in planarians. The toxicity is indicated by reduced planarian locomotor velocity (pLMV), reduced appearance of auricles in regenerating animals, changed in antioxidant enzyme SOD and CAT activities. The information presented in this study will help elucidating the PFOS-induced toxicity in aquatic organisms.     

Determination of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in water and suspended particulate matter in the river Elbe and North Sea, Germany

The distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the dissolved and particulate phase and their discharge from the river Elbe into the North Sea were studied. The PFCs quantified included C₄-C₈ perfluorinated sulfonates (PFSAs), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (6:2 FTS), C₆ and C₈ perfluorinated sulfinates (PFSiAs), C₄-C₁₂ perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs), perfluoro-3,7-dimethyl-octanoic acid (3,7m₂-PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA), and n-ethyl perfluroctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE). PFCs were mostly distributed in the dissolved phase, where perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) dominated with 2.9–12.5 ng/L. In the suspended particulate matter FOSA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) showed the highest concentrations (4.0 ng/L and 2.3 ng/L, respectively). The total flux of ΣPFCs from the river Elbe was estimated to be 802 kg/year for the dissolved phase and 152 kg/year for the particulate phase. This indicates that the river Elbe acts as a source of PFCs into the North Sea. However, the concentrations of perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) in the North Sea were higher than that in the river Elbe, thus an alternative source must exist for these compounds.     

Thermal defluorination behaviors of PFOS,PFOA and PFBS during regeneration of activated carbon by molten salt

• New method of mineralizing PFCs was proposed. • Activated carbon was regenerated while mineralizing PFCs. • Molten NaOH has good mineralization effect on PFOS and PFBS. Current study proposes a green regeneration method of activated carbon (AC) laden with Perfluorochemicals (PFCs) from the perspective of environmental safety and resource regeneration. The defluorination efficiencies of AC adsorbed perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS) using three molten sodium salts and one molten alkali were compared. Results showed that defluorination efficiencies of molten NaOH for the three PFCs were higher than the other three molten sodium salts at lower temperature. At 700°C, the defluorination efficiencies of PFOS and PFBS using molten NaOH reached to 84.2% and 79.2%, respectively, while the defluorination efficiency of PFOA was 35.3%. In addition, the temperature of molten salt, the holding time and the ratio of salt to carbon were directly proportional to the defluorination efficiency. The low defluorination efficiency of PFOA was due to the low thermal stability of PFOA, which made it difficult to be captured by molten salt.The weight loss range of PFOA was 75°C–125°C, which was much lower than PFOS and PFBS (400°C–500°C). From the perspective of gas production, fluorine-containing gases produced from molten NaOH-treated AC were significantly reduced, which means that environmental risks were significantly reduced. After molten NaOH treatment, the regenerated AC had higher adsorption capacity than that of pre-treated AC.     

生产企业及周边环境中全氟化合物的污染特征

生产企业作为全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)的直接来源地,现今被认为是PFCs污染的主要来源之一,同时其对周边环境具有更加直接而重大的影响。我国对生产企业周边环境中PFCs污染特性研究的报道较缺乏,补充丰富各地生产企业周边环境的PFCs污染特征,可为PFCs点源分析和污染溯源提供依据。以湖北省孝昌县某化工有限公司为典型生产企业,采集7个采样点的水体和土壤样品,分析典型地区环境介质中PFCs的污染现状与特征。结果显示,11种目标PFCs污染物在水体中有7种、土壤中有6种不同程度地检出,环境水体中PFCs的总浓度介于4.70~40.22μg·L-1,土壤中PFCs的总浓度介于58.22~2 075.60 ng·g-1之间。全氟辛基磺酸(PFOS)为典型行业周边水体和土壤中最主要的PFCs污染物,其次是水体中的全氟己基磺酸钾(PFHx S)、全氟丁烷磺酸钾(PFBS)和土壤中的全氟辛酸(PFOA)、全氟己基磺酸钾(PFHx S)。PFCs检出浓度的大小与采样点距典型企业的距离极其相关,距离与污染物总量之间呈显著负相关性,但周边环境中PFCs的种类和构成比,不受与点源之间距离的影响。