农业开发重在立项

农业开发重在立项赵旭明（江苏省涟水县生物技术指导站，涟水２２３４０１）黄克清（江苏省涟水县农业开发局，涟水２２３４００）发展社会主义市场经济对农业综合开发提出了新的要求，需要突破过去的传统做法，寻求新思路，采取新办法，把农业综合开发纳入市场经济轨道。...     

发挥区域资源优势,发展“一优两高”农业：岩头镇农业资源优势的…

本文分析评价了永嘉县岩头镇农业综合开发的优势条件，开发潜力，提出了开发农业的方向，区域布局和开发项目和开发措施。     

发挥区域资源优势，发展“一优两高”农业──岩头镇农业资源优势的开发布局探讨

本文分析评价了永嘉县岩头镇农业综合开发的优势条件、开发潜力，提出了开发农业的方向、区域布局和开发项目和开发措施。     

洞庭湖区农业开发战略研究

本文论述了洞庭湖区资源环境特征，分析了与农业开发有关的区域生态经济问题，推出了农业综合开发的战略与途径。     

市场经济体制下农业资源综合开发的长期性

本文总结了近年来农业开发的经验，从提高开发意识、增加开发投资力度、强化开发管理机制、优化开发资金投向等方面，对农业综合开发长期发展问题进行了探讨。     

农业开发贵在综合

农业开发贵在综合王伟伦（常熟市农业资源综合开发管理局，常熟市农业区划办公室，常熟２１５５００搞农业开发，首先要从观念开发入手，关键要在“综合”上做文章。１观念开发１．１变粮食观念为食物观念传统的农业观，搞农业就是种粮食，种粮食就是为了吃饱肚子。由于“...     

现代农作物废弃物的生态效应及资源化利用

通过分析我国农业废弃物对生态环境的影响以及农业废弃物资源化开发的现状，阐述了农业废弃物资源化开发利用存在的问题。提出生物技术、绿色工艺及开发节能环保建材等无害处理农业废弃物新途径，指出发展循环农业的有效模式，即建立生态农业多途径循环开发模式，植物、动物和微生物资源组成的“三维结构”的绿色新型农业，建立和推广生态型家庭经济模式，为推进农产品高效流通，促进农产品深度综合开发提供借鉴。     

"四荒地"开发中面临的问题与对策

“四荒地”的开发利用是农业生态环境建设的重要手段和实现农业产业化的重要内容。林业科技成果的配套应用是开发荒山、荒沙、荒地、荒滩地的必然选择，经济、法律和行政手段的综合运用是发展生态经济，实现农业可持续发展的根本保证。     

磐安县农业后备土地资源开发潜力与途径

磐安县农业后备土地资源开发潜力与途径吕思田（淅江省磐安县农业区划办公室，磐安３２２３００）１９９１年，我县开展了由县农业区划办牵头，农业、林业、水电、土地管理等部门参加的全县农业综合开发后备土地资源评价研究工作。从全县农业后备土地资源调查看，“四低”...     

市场经济条件下江西农业资源的综合开发

本文简述了市场经济的基本特征及其对农业资源综合开发提出的新要求，分析了目前江西农业资源开发利用中存在的问题，提出了在社会主义市场经济体制条件下，综合开发江西农业资源，发展高产优质高效农业应遵循的原则及应采取的对策和措施。     

德阳市城市生活垃圾处理技术的研究与实践

本文以德阳市城市生活垃圾的研究及垃圾处理工程的建设为主线，论述了德阳市在生活垃圾处理实践中不断探索和改造的实情；以满足城市发展需要的垃圾处理方式及转运工作为主线，介绍了生活垃圾处理场不断进行科研和实践的工作。     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

Sustainable Land Use Requires Attention to Ecological Signals

This case study details the difficulties of landscape management, highlighting the challenges inherent in managing natural resources when multiple agencies are involved, when the land users have no incentive for conservation, and when government agencies have too few resources for effective management. Pumping of groundwater from the aquifer of La Costa de Hermosillo in the state of Sonora, Mexico, began in 1945 and developed so quickly that by the late 1950s salinity intrusion from the Gulf of California was occurring in the wells. In the 1970s, the irrigatable land in La Costa peaked at 132,516 ha and the extracted volume of water from the aquifer peaked at around 1.14 billion cubic meters annually. By the 1980s, 105 wells of the total of 498 were contaminated with seawater and, therefore, identified for closure. At present La Costa de Hermosillo still represents 15% of the total harvested land, 16% of the total annual production, and 23% of the gross agricultural production of the state of Sonora. However, there are approximately 80,000 ha of abandoned fields due to salt water intension, lack of water and/or lack of credit available to individual farmers. This unstable situation resulted from the interplay of water management policies and practices, and farm-land policies and practices. While government agencies have been able to enforce better water use for agricultural production, there remains a significant area that requires restoration from its degraded state. For this piece of the ecosystem management puzzle, government agencies have thus far been unable to affect a solution.     

协定水污染物间接排放标准的法律问题探究

以协商的方式确定水污染物间接排放标准的规定打破了人们对标准确定性、强制性的传统认识。协定标准的优势在于充分利用污水处理厂的污水处理能力,减轻企业的污水处理负担,使企业可以集中力量搞生产。协定标准具有灵活性和优越性,应充分利用。通过对协定标准概念和重要性的分析,指出协定标准存在效力不确定、缺少对协定范围的限制等问题,造成协定标准在实践中通常被忽视或者滥用。并从明确协定标准的范围、加强排污企业的管理和协定标准的监督等方面,进一步提出了限制和完善水污染物间接排放标准的建议。     

Environmental assessment of packaging: Sense and sensibility

The functions of packaging are derived from product requirements, thus for insight into the environmental effects of packaging the actual combination of product and package has to be evaluated along the production and distribution system. This extension to all related environmental aspects adds realism to the environmental analysis and provides guidance for design while preventing a too detailed investigation of parts of the production system. This approach is contrary to current environmental studies where packaging is always treated as an independent object, neglecting the more important environmental effects of the product that are influenced by packaging. The general analysis and quantification stages for this approach are described, and the currently available methods for the assessment of environmental effects are reviewed. To limit the workload involved in an environmental assessment, a step-by-step analysis and the use of feedback is recommended. First the dominant environmental effects of a particular product and its production and distribution are estimated. Then, on the basis of these preliminary results, the appropriate system boundaries are chosen and the need for further or more detailed environmental analysis is determined. For typical food and drink applications, the effect of different system boundaries on the outcome of environmental assessments and the advantage of the step-by-step analysis of the food supply system is shown. It appears that, depending on the consumer group, different advice for reduction of environmental effects has to be given. Furthermore, because of interrelated environmental effects of the food supply system, the continuing quest for more detailed and accurate analysis of the package components is not necessary for improved management of the environmental effects of packaging.     

Negotiating in the absence of trust: exploring the interactions between officials and residents in a waste management project in Copacabana,Bolivia

This study investigates the effects of the absence of trust in shaping relationships between officers and managers in Copacabana, Bolivia, particularly regarding the construction of a sanitary landfill for the city. The article builds on an abductive thematic analysis of observation and interview data. The data suggest that prior negative experiences and the absence of shared values are common arguments used by the residents to negotiate the conditions of public programme implementation. The study is inspired by the literature identifying the specific components of trust and the literature on lack of trust and distrust as it highlights the positive effects of scepticism. I conclude that a climate in which trust is absent leads residents to counter the risks involved in accepting the project. These findings can be used to revise and refine the well-established thesis that lack of trust leads to rejection.     

GROUND WATER OF THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: The geochemistry and nature of the flow of ground water not only control the supply potential but constitute clues to the whole geology of an area. A study has been made of the largest available assemblage of data from 161 wells for the Island of Montreal collected by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1951–53. Data indicated that the system is generally subartesian, flowing from the principal topographically high areas towards the shores of the Island. As the probable use is about 13% of the estimated recharge of 140 million liters per day, most wells could be supplied by local recharge. The study has confirmed the predominance of calcium bicarbonate ground water from the carbonate sequence. The waters appeared to be saturated with respect to CaCO₃ in all but 10 wells. The presence of other types of waters suggests the effects of the igneous intrusions of the area, the post-glacial marine submergence and the upward movement of waters from deep sources through fault and other structural zones. Confirmation of the significant variations in chemical composition in some neighboring wells indicated the future need for repetitive sampling from specific horizons for chemical and isotopic analyses.     

海洋石油开发中含油污水处理与溢油防治技术

海洋石油工业清洁生产的关键是防止油污染,而油污染的主要来源是日常排放的含油污水中的油及事故性溢油。首先概述了海上含油污水的处理方法及其原理,并结合实际论述了主要采用的处理工艺,并分析了各工艺技术的处理效果和存在的问题。文章还叙述了海上溢油事故及防止溢油事故发生所应采取的多方位预防措施;建立管理体系,加强管理,通过培训来提高全员操作管理水平,建立溢油处置应急计划和组织系统。在溢油控制方面建立海上溢油漂移模拟程序,对溢油进行实时监控,并对采用的溢油处理装置及方法进行了评述