公路交通噪声防治措施探讨

本文针对公路交通建设项目的特点，探讨了公路交通建设项目环境影响评价中的噪声防治措施，包括合理规划、路面降噪、交通管理、敏感建筑物保护等措施。     

秦皇岛市蔬菜农药污染的主要原因及其防治对策

本文在对秦皇岛市蔬菜农药污染的情况调查研究的基础上，指出了蔬菜受农药污染的主要原因为农药种类多，使用量大，品种结构不合理；农药产品合格率低，高效低毒新农药少；农民缺乏农药科学知识。合理预防和控制农药污染的措施包括农业措施、生物防治、物理防治、化学防治、综合防治等。     

水库周围农田氮素流失影响因素及控制措施

分析了水库周围农田氮素流失的影响因素,包括降雨强度、地形坡度、土地利用方式等。讨论了主要控制措施及其作用,包括合理施肥、保护性耕作、节水灌溉等农田管理措施,以及植被缓冲带等生态工程措施,建议采用综合措施控制农田氮素的流失。     

我国企业环境信息披露存在的障碍及对策

针对我国企业环境信息披露现状，分析了企业环境信息披露在环境信息计量、成本分配、环境会计准则等方面存在的主要障碍；并借鉴国外环境信息披露的成功经验，提出了从健全环境会计法规、形成合理的环境价格体系、加强环境会计的社会和政府监督等方面消除企业环境信息披露障碍的措施。     

城镇生态创建过程中产生的问题及对策探索

随着全国各地生态城镇创建工作的开展，污染物集中排放使河水纳污负荷剧增，简易垃圾填埋场造成的二次污染与填埋不够等问题日益突出，本文分析了问题产生的原因，提出了合理规划建设城镇污水处理厂，提高内河纳污能力，建设垃圾处理场，建立垃圾分类管理制度，开发区、工业区建立ISO14001环境管理体系等措施。     

城市公园湖泊污染治理实践

城市公园湖泊水体保护和水污染治理越来越受到人们的重视。公园内水体往往补充水源不足，自净能力脆弱，当受到污染，湖水会变黑发臭，破坏公园美景。深圳市东湖公园人工湖污染治理过程中结合了水利防洪、环境保护、园林绿化等措施进行综合治理，通过截污、清淤、补充水、湖泊堤岸及拦水橡胶坝的恢复等措施，使湖泊水质得到彻底改善。合理的设计使人工湖具有滞洪防洪功能，还可对公园内地下水起到调节和补充作用，清澈的湖水又使人工湖成为公园内秀丽的景点。该项目为城市公园湖泊污染综合治理进行了一次探索和实践。     

济南市农村居民点用地分析及节约利用对策

随着城市化水平的提高以及城市规模的扩大，耕地日趋减少，城市用地需求量不断增加，用地矛盾加剧。通过对济南市农村居民点用地现状分析，指出了农村居民点用地存在的问题，土地利用程度低、土地资源浪费是农村居民点用地普遍存在的现象。在当前建设节约型社会的形势下，从提高土地利用程度等方面提出了节约用地的措施，指出平原地区是今后土地利用的重点；采取合理的经济措施，是解决农村居民点用地流转的新途径。     

岷江上游生态环境现状与可持续发展对策

岷江上游是成都平原的生态屏障和水源生命线。但几十年来，该地区植被的大量砍伐和土地的不合理利用引起了一系列生态恶化问题。在概述岷江上游生态环境现状的基础上，分析了其形成原因：地貌不稳定性、人口过度增长、土地资源的不合理利用。最后提出了实施有计划地退耕还林还草、综合农业措施改良、控制人口增长和推动剩余劳动力转移、构建自然资源可持续利用的战略体系、加强法制监督等可持续发展对策。     

化肥施用与土壤退化

不当的化肥施用将导致土壤发生各种形式的退化，严重威胁着农业的持续发展。治理土壤退化需要采取各种综合性对策和措施，如有机肥与化肥配合施用、平衡施肥、合理科学有效施肥、提高化肥利用率、研制新型化肥和增加高效化肥用量、调整化肥流向等。实践证明，这些措施能改善土壤肥力现状，同时防止发生新的土壤退化现象。     

水平衡测试在降低钻井生产耗水量中的应用

针对石油天然气勘探钻井过程中存在的不合理用水问题，运用水平衡测试方法进行对比、分析，提出了节约用水措施，健全了用水管理制度，使钻井生产耗水量降低到合理值，有效地控制了废水的产生量。     

无烟煤循环流化床锅炉的节能设计及应用

结合Ⅱ类无烟煤的特点,分析探讨了针对低挥发分循环流化床20t/h无烟煤锅炉的节能设计,其中采用较高炉膛及较低空截面气速,在密相区布置合适数量的埋管受热面等环保技术措施。     

Purebred Dogs and Canine Wellbeing

Breeders of purebred dogs usually have several goals they want to accomplish, of which canine wellbeing is one. The purpose of this article is to investigate what we ought to do given this goal. Breeders typically think that they fulfil their wellbeing-related duties by doing the best they can within their breed of choice. However, it is true of most breeders that they could produce physically and mentally healthier dogs if they switched to a healthier breed. There are a few breeds that are healthier than other breeds as well as mutts; we could maximize wellbeing for the next generations by focusing all our breeding resources on those. However, in the long run such a strategy would severely deplete the canine gene pool. If we are to breed for wellbeing in the long run, we must thus weigh the benefits of selection against physical and mental problems against the benefits of genetic diversity. The optimal breeding strategy for canine wellbeing is to preserve many breeds, though not all of them. Furthermore, we ought to combine strict health programs with looser barriers between breeds. Such a policy conflicts with the goal of breed preservation, at least if we think of breeds as populations registered within kennel clubs rather than types of dogs, but not with the goal of producing good working dogs capable of performing various tasks.     

Managing climate change vulnerabilities: formal institutions and knowledge use as determinants of adaptive capacity at the local level in Sweden

Though managing vulnerabilities posed by climate change calls for effective strategies and measures, its challenges have hitherto not been fully understood. In Sweden, municipalities have recently started incorporating vulnerability management into their political and administrative agendas. This study discusses such experiences and explores how institutional determinants may influence adaptive capacity within a local case study area, to illustrate emerging challenges and opportunities for Swedish municipalities in managing climate vulnerabilities. Specifically, formal institutional structure and the use of knowledge are analysed, concluding that vulnerability management often is focused on technical and reactive fixes, due to limited co-operation between local sector organisations, lack of local co-ordination, and an absence of methods and traditions to build institutional knowledge. Even so, opportunities, such as a high capacity to examine risks to technical systems and important establishments which in turn facilitates protection of technical infrastructure exposed to climate variability and change, also exist.     

大巴山区化学药剂防治与农业生态环境保护对策

本文对大巴山区农业生产中用化学药剂防治状况及存在的主要问题进行了分析研究。在此基础上，提出开展农药区划和区域性宏观调控，建立农药污染监测管理机制，进一步提高综合防治技术水平和专业化防治程度，加强防止污染微观技术的研究与推广控制策略和措施，以实现对化学药剂防治与农业生态环境保护。把农业环境保护工作纳入农业发展和国家农业环境保护的总体规划。     

焉耆盆地石油勘探开发低污染示范井位的研究

设计和建设低污染示范井位是敏感地区石油勘探开发重要的环保措施之一。结合焉耆盆地实际情况和油田开发的工艺特点,探讨了建立示范井位的程序和分类,根据开发生产过程可分为钻井、试油阶段的示范井位和采油生产阶段的示范井位;根据环境特点,又可分为三种类型进行建设,即农田区示范井位、湖滨区示范井位和盐碱荒地区示范井位。在建设示范井过程中,严格规范技术指标及有效性分析。通过类比调查结果表明：采油期间各种井下作业时产生的落地原油、废水等污染物基本可控制在井场范围以内,管理简单方便,实用性好,对周围环境无明显影响     

艾比湖流域生态环境分区治理研究

针对艾比湖所处的特殊地理位置及周边环境状况，对艾比湖流域生态退化问题提出了分区治理措施。将流域分成4大区8个小区，根据不同区域在艾比湖生态链中的作用和各区域的特点，提出相应的禁牧、砾石覆盖、防风林等保护和治理措施。可为艾比湖生态环境恢复提供参考。     

A plea to implement robustness into a breeding goal: poultry as an example

The combination of breeding for increased production and the intensification of housing conditions have resulted in increased occurrence of behavioral, physiological, and immunological disorders. These disorders affect health and welfare of production animals negatively. For future livestock systems, it is important to consider how to manage and breed production animals. In this paper, we will focus on selective breeding of laying hens. Selective breeding should not only be defined in terms of production, but should also include traits related to animal health and welfare. For this we like to introduce the concept of robustness. The concept of robustness includes individual traits of an animal that are relevant for health and welfare. Improving robustness by selective breeding will increase (or restore) the ability of animals to interact successfully with the environment and thereby to make them more able to adapt to an appropriate husbandry system. Application of robustness into a breeding goal will result in animals with improved health and welfare without affecting their integrity. Therefore, in order to be ethically acceptable, selective breeding in animal production should accept robustness as a breeding goal. L. Star, E. D. Ellen contributed equally to this work. Star belongs to the Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University, and the rest of the authors belong to the Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University.     

Flourishing Dogs: The Case for an Individualized Conception of Welfare and Its Implications

Martha Nussbaum argues that animals (including ourselves) are entitled to a flourishing life according to the norm for their species. Nussbaum furthermore suggests that in the case of dogs, breed norms as well as species norms are relevant. Her theses capture both common intuitions among laypeople according to which there is something wrong with the breeding of “unnatural” animals, or animals that are too different from their wild ancestors, and the dog enthusiast’s belief that dogs departing from the norms for their breed are tragic. I argue that the high diversity of the dog species and the ultimate arbitrariness of breed norms support the thesis that a conception of welfare must be tied to what the individual requires in order to flourish. In the second part of the paper, I discuss the implications that an individualized (but sufficiently sophisticated) welfare conception has for the breeding of dogs for conformation shows, for the pet market and for the performance of various tasks for which we need working dogs.     

萨北区块井下作业清洁生产技术的应用

分析了萨北区块井下作业产生污染物的类型和特点,介绍了油井作业应用SVO型油水回收装置、水井作业使用SVW型污水回收装置、起下油管使用油管自封器、起下抽油杆使用抽油杆自封器、井口操作使用井口溢流收集装置、工具清洗使用油水收集装置等井下作业清洁生产技术的应用情况。通过以上技术措施的应用,累计回收原油约400 m3,同时减排了污水、削减了固体废物。     

浅论新疆开发区的管理状况及其保护对策

文章主要对新疆各类开发区目前的环境管理状况及存在的问题作了分析,提出推动开发区区域环境规划或加强环境影响评价的对策.明确开发区环境保护的总体要求,合理规划开发区内外的总体布局,加强开发区的环境监督管理,建立跟踪监测制度,采取有效手段推进环保设施建设.控制开发区污染物总量的排放和加强开发区的生态环境建设,落实事故风险防范和应急措施,从而更有效地为开发区的企业提供服务.