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1.
EXPOLIS is a European multicenter (Athens, Basel, Grenoble, Helsinki, Milan, and Prague) air pollution exposure study. It is the first international, population-based, large-scale study, where personal exposures to PM2.5 aerosol particles (together with volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide) are being monitored. EXPOLIS is performed in six different centers across Europe, the sampled aerosol concentrations vary greatly, and the microenvironmental samples are not collected with the same equipment as the personal samples. Therefore careful equipment selection, methods development and testing, and thorough quality assurance and quality control (QA & QC) procedures are essential for producing reliable and comparable PM2.5 data. This paper introduces the equipment, the laboratory test results, the pilot results, the standard operating procedures, and the QA & QC procedures of EXPOLIS. Test results show good comparability and repeatability between personal and microenvironmental monitors for PM2.5 at different concentration levels measured across Europe in EXPOLIS centers. 相似文献
3.
This paper synthesizes data on aerosol (particulate matter, PM) physical and chemical characteristics, which were obtained over the past decade in aerosol research and monitoring activities at more than 60 natural background, rural, near-city, urban, and kerbside sites across Europe. The data include simultaneously measured PM 10 and/or PM 2.5 mass on the one hand, and aerosol particle number concentrations or PM chemistry on the other hand. The aerosol data presented in our previous works (Van Dingenen et al., 2004, Putaud et al., 2004) were updated and merged to those collected in the framework of the EU supported European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical action COST633 ( Particulate matter: Properties related to health effects). A number of conclusions from our previous studies were confirmed. There is no single ratio between PM 2.5 and PM 10 mass concentrations valid for all sites, although fairly constant ratios ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 are observed at most individual sites. There is no general correlation between PM mass and particle number concentrations, although particle number concentrations increase with PM 2.5 levels at most sites. The main constituents of both PM 10 and PM 2.5 are generally organic matter, sulfate and nitrate. Mineral dust can also be a major constituent of PM 10 at kerbside sites and in Southern Europe. There is a clear decreasing gradient in SO 42? and NO 3? contribution to PM 10 when moving from rural to urban to kerbside sites. In contrast, the total carbon/PM 10 ratio increases from rural to kerbside sites. Some new conclusions were also drawn from this work: the ratio between ultrafine particle and total particle number concentration decreases with PM 2.5 concentration at all sites but one, and significant gradients in PM chemistry are observed when moving from Northwestern, to Southern to Central Europe. Compiling an even larger number of data sets would have further increased the significance of our conclusions, but collecting all the aerosol data sets obtained also through research projects remains a tedious task. 相似文献
4.
ABSTRACT We conducted a multi-pollutant exposure study in Baltimore, MD, in which 15 non-smoking older adult subjects (>64 years old) wore a multi-pollutant sampler for 12 days during the summer of 1998 and the winter of 1999. The sampler measured simultaneous 24-hr integrated personal exposures to PM 25, PM 10, SO 4 2-, O 3, NO 2, SO 2, and exhaust-related VOCs. Results of this study showed that longitudinal associations between ambient PM 2.5 concentrations and corresponding personal exposures tended to be high in the summer (median Spearman's r = 0.74) and low in the winter (median Spearman's r = 0.25). Indoor ventilation was an important determinant of personal PM 2.5 exposures and resulting personal-ambient associations. Associations between personal PM 25 exposures and corresponding ambient concentrations were strongest for well-ventilated indoor environments and decreased with ventilation. This decrease was attributed to the increasing influence of indoor PM 2 5 sources. Evidence for this was provided by SO 4 2-measurements, which can be thought of as a tracer for ambient PM 25. For SO 4 2-, personal-ambient associations were strong even in poorly ventilated indoor environments, suggesting that personal exposures to PM 2.5 of ambient origin are strongly associated with corresponding ambient concentrations. The results also indicated that the contribution of indoor PM 2.5 sources to personal PM 2.5 exposures was lowest when individuals spent the majority of their time in well-ventilated indoor environments. Results also indicate that the potential for confounding by PM 2.5 co-pollutants is limited, despite significant correlations among ambient pollutant concentrations. In contrast to ambient concentrations, PM 2.5 exposures were not significantly correlated with personal exposures to PM 2.5-10, PM 2.5 of non-ambient origin, O 3, NO 2, and SO 2. Since a confounder must be associated with the exposure of interest, these results provide evidence that the effects observed in the PM 2.5 epidemiologic studies are unlikely to be due to confounding by the PM 2.5 co-pollutants measured in this study. 相似文献
5.
Abstract The follow-up of a cohort of adults from 29 European centers of the former European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) I (1989–1992) will examine the long-term effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on the incidence, course, and prognosis of respiratory diseases, in particular asthma and decline in lung function. The purpose of this article is to describe the methodology and the European-wide quality control program for the collection of particles with 50% cut-off size of 2.5 µm aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) in the ECRHS II and to present the PM 2.5 results from the winter period 2000–2001. Because PM 2.5 is not routinely monitored in Europe, we measured PM 2.5 mass concentrations in 21 participating centers to estimate background exposure in these cities. A standardized protocol was developed using identical equipment in each center (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Well Impactor Ninety-Six [WINS] and PQ167 from BGI, Inc.). Filters were weighed in a single central laboratory. Sampling was conducted for 7 days per month for a year. Winter mean PM 2.5 mass concentrations (November 2000–February 2001) varied substantially, with Iceland reporting the lowest value (5 µg/m 3) and northern Italy the highest (69 µg/m 3). A standardized procedure appropriate for PM 2.5 exposure assessmnt in a multicenter study was developed. We expect ECRHS II to have sufficient variation in exposure to assess long-term effects of air pollution in this cohort. Any bias caused by variation in the characteristics of the chosen monitoring location (e.g., proximity to traffic sources) will be addressed in later analyses. Given the homogenous spatial distribution of PM 2.5 , however, concentrations measured near traffic are not expected to differ substantially from those measured at urban background sites. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACT The time-series correlation between ambient levels, indoor levels, and personal exposure to PM 2.5 was assessed in panels of elderly subjects with cardiovascular disease in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, and Helsinki, Finland. Subjects were followed for 6 months with biweekly clinical visits. Each subject's indoor and personal exposure to PM 2.5 was measured biweekly, during the 24-hr period preceding the clinical visits. Outdoor PM 2.5 concentrations were measured at fixed sites. The absorption coefficients of all PM 2.5 filters were measured as a marker for elemental carbon (EC). Regression analyses were conducted for each subject separately, and the distribution of the individual regression and correlation coefficients was investigated. Personal, indoor, and ambient concentrations were highly correlated within subjects over time. Median Pearson's R between personal and outdoor PM 2.5 was 0.79 in Amsterdam and 0.76 in Helsinki. For absorption, these values were 0.93 and 0.81 for Amsterdam and Helsinki, respectively. The findings of this study provide further support for using fixed-site measurements as a measure of exposure to PM 2.5 in epidemiological time-series studies. 相似文献
7.
The bilinear receptor model positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to apportion particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 1–10 μm (PM 1–10) sources in a village, B?ezno, situated in an industrial region of northern Bohemia in Central Europe. The receptor model analyzed the data sets of 90- and 60-min integrations of PM 1–10 mass concentrations and elemental composition for 27 elements. The 14-day sampling campaigns were conducted in the village in summer 2008 and winter 2010. Also, to ensure seasonal and regional representativeness of the data sets recorded in the village, the spatial-temporal variability of the 24-hr PM 10 and PM 1–10 within 2008–2010 in winter and summer across the multiple sites was evaluated. There were statistically significant interseasonal differences of the 24-hr PM data, but not intrasummer or intrawinter differences of the 24-hr PM 1–10 data across the multiple sites. PMF resolved seven sources of PM 1–10. They were high-temperature coal combustion; combustion in local heating boilers; marine aerosol; mineral dust; primary biological/wood burning; road dust, car brakes; and gypsum. The main summer factors were assigned to mineral dust (38.2%) and primary biological/wood burning (33.1%). In winter, combustion factors dominated (80%) contribution to PM 1–10. The conditional probability function (CPF) helped to identified local sources of PM 1–10. The source of marine aerosol from the North Sea and English Channel was indicated by the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT). Implications: This is the first application of PMF to highly time/size resolved PM data in Czech Republic. The coarse aerosol fraction, PM 1–10, was chosen with regard to industrial character of the region, sampling site near the coal strip mine and coal power stations. Contrary to expectation, source apportionment did not show dominance of emissions from the coal strip mine. The results will enable local authorities and state bodies responsible for air quality assessment to focus on sources most responsible for air pollution in this industrial region. Supplemental Materials:?Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association for (1) details of measurement campaigns; (2) CPF for each of the sources contributing to PM 1–10; (3) factors contribution to PM 1–10 resolved by PMF; (4) diurnal pattern of road dust, car brake factor in summer and winter; (5) trajectories during the marine aerosol episode in winter 2010; and (6) temporal temperature, concentration, and wind speed relationships during the summer 2008 campaign and winter 2010 campaign. 相似文献
8.
Purpose This study was aimed to the development of an integrated approach for the characterization of particulate matter (PM) pollution events in the South of Italy. Methods PM 10 and PM 2.5 daily samples were collected from June to November 2008 at an urban background site located in Bari (Puglia Region, South of Italy). Meteorological data, particle size distributions and atmospheric dispersion conditions were also monitored in order to provide information concerning the different features of PM sources. Results The collected data allowed suggesting four indicators to characterize different PM 10 exceedances. PM 2.5/PM 10 ratio, natural radioactivity, aerosol maps and back-trajectory analysis and particle distributions were considered in order to evaluate the contribution of local anthropogenic sources and to determine the different origins of intrusive air mass coming from long-range transport, such as African dust outbreaks and aerosol particles from Central and Eastern Europe. The obtained results were confirmed by applying principal component analysis to the number particle concentration dataset and by the chemical characterization of the samples (PM 10 and PM 2.5). Conclusions The integrated approach for PM study suggested in this paper can be useful to support the air quality managers for the development of cost-effective control strategies and the application of more suitable risk management approaches. 相似文献
9.
ABSTRACT With the promulgation of a national PM 2.5 ambient air quality standard, it is important that PM 2.5 emissions inventories be developed as a tool for understanding the magnitude of potential PM2.5 violations. Current PM 10 inventories include only emissions of primary particulate matter (1 ï PM), whereas, based on ambient measurements, both PM 10 and PM2.5 emissions inventories will need to include sources of both 1 ï PM and secondary particulate matter (2 ï PM). Furthermore, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) current edition of AP-42 includes size distribution data for 1o PM that overestimate the PM 2.5 fraction of fugitive dust sources by at least a factor of 2 based on recent studies. This paper presents a PM 2.5 emissions inventory developed for the South Coast Air Basin (SCAB) that for the first time includes both 1 ï PM and 2 ï PM. The former is calculated by multiplying PM 10 emissions estimates by the PM 2.5/PM 10 ratios for different sources. The latter is calculated from estimated emission rates of gas-phase aerosol precursor and gas to aerosol conversion rates consistent with the measured chemical composition of ambient PM 2.5 concentrations observed in the SCAB. The major finding of this PM 2.5 emissions inventory is that the 2ï aerosol component is more than twice the 1ï aerosol component, which may result in widely different control strategies being required for fine PM and coarse PM. 相似文献
10.
Between November 1995 and October 1996, particulate matter concentrations (PM 10 and PM 2.5) were measured in 25 study areas in six Central and Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovak Republic. To assess annual mean concentration levels, 24-h averaged concentrations were measured every sixth day on a fixed urban background site using Harvard impactors with a 2.5 and 10 μm cut-point. The concentration of the coarse fraction of PM 10 (PM 10−2.5) was calculated as the difference between the PM 10 and the PM 2.5 concentration. Spatial variation within study areas was assessed by additional sampling on one or two urban background sites within each study area for two periods of 1 month. QA/QC procedures were implemented to ensure comparability of results between study areas. A two to threefold concentration range was found between study areas, ranging from an annual mean of 41 to 98 μg m −3 for PM 10, from 29 to 68 μg m −3 for PM 2.5 and from 12 to 40 μg m −3 for PM 10−2.5. The lowest concentrations were found in the Slovak Republic, the highest concentrations in Bulgaria and Poland. The variation in PM 10 and PM 2.5 concentrations between study areas was about 4 times greater than the spatial variation within study areas suggesting that measurements at a single sampling site sufficiently characterise the exposure of the population in the study areas. PM 10 concentrations increased considerably during the heating season, ranging from an average increase of 18 μg m −3 in the Slovak Republic to 45 μg m −3 in Poland. The increase of PM 10 was mainly driven by increases in PM 2.5; PM 10−2.5 concentrations changed only marginally or even decreased. Overall, the results indicate high levels of particulate air pollution in Central and Eastern Europe with large changes between seasons, likely caused by local heating. 相似文献
11.
Behavioral and environmental determinants of PM 2.5 personal exposures were analyzed for 201 randomly selected adult participants (25–55 years old) of the EXPOLIS study in Helsinki, Finland. Personal exposure concentrations were higher than respective residential outdoor, residential indoor and workplace indoor concentrations for both smokers and non-smokers. Mean personal exposure concentrations of active smokers (31.0±31.4 μg m −3) were almost double those of participants exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (16.6±11.8 μg m −3) and three times those of participants not exposed to tobacco smoke (9.9±6.2 μg m −3). Mean indoor concentrations of PM 2.5 when a member of the household smoked indoors (20.8±23.9 μg m −3) were approximately 2.5 times the concentrations of PM 2.5 when no smoking was reported (8.2±5.2 μg m −3). Interestingly, however, both mean (8.2 μg m −3) and median (6.9 μg m −3) residential indoor concentrations for non-ETS exposed participants were lower than residential outdoor concentrations (9.5 and 7.3 μg m −3, respectively). In simple linear regression models residential indoor concentrations were the best predictors of personal exposure concentrations. Correlations ( r2) between PM 2.5 personal exposure concentrations of all participants, both smoking and non-smoking, and residential indoor, workplace indoor, residential outdoor and ambient fixed site concentrations were 0.53, 0.38, 0.17 and 0.16, respectively. Predictors for personal exposure concentrations of non-ETS exposed participants identified in multiple regression were residential indoor concentrations, workplace concentrations and traffic density in the nearest street from home, which accounted for 77% of the variance. Subsequently, step-wise regression not including residential and workplace indoor concentrations as input (as these are frequently not available), identified ambient PM 2.5 concentration and home location, as predictors of personal exposure, accounting for 47% of the variance. Ambient fixed site PM 2.5 concentrations were closely related to residential outdoor concentrations ( r2=0.9, p=0.000) and PM 2.5 personal exposure concentrations were higher in summer than during other seasons. Personal exposure concentrations were significantly ( p=0.040) higher for individuals living downtown compared with individuals in suburban family homes. Further analysis will focus on comparisons of determinants between Helsinki and other EXPOLIS centers. 相似文献
12.
ABSTRACT To investigate the chemical characteristics of fine particles in the Sihwa area, Korea, atmospheric aerosol samples were collected using a dichotomous PM 10 sampler and two URG PM 2.5 cyclone samplers during five intensive sampling periods between February 1998 and February 1999. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES)/ICP-Mass Spectrometry (MS), ion chromatograph (IC), and thermal manganese dioxide oxidation (TMO) methods were used to analyze the trace elements, ionic species, and carbonaceous species, respectively. Backward trajectory analysis, factor analysis, and a chemical mass balance (CMB) model were used to estimate quantitatively source contributions to PM 2 5 particles collected in the Sihwa area. The results of PM 2.5 source apportionment using the CMB7 receptor model showed that (NH 4) 2SO 4 was, on average, the major contributor to PM 2.5 particles, followed by nontraffic organic carbon (OC) emission, NH 4NO 3, agricultural waste burning, motor vehicle emission, road dust, waste incineration, marine aerosol, and others. Here, the nontraffic OC sources include primary anthropogenic OC emitted from the industrial complex zone, secondary OC, and organic species from distant sources. The source impact of waste incineration emission became significant when the dominant wind directions were from southwest and west sectors during the sampling periods. It was found that PM 2.5 particles in the Sihwa area were influenced mainly by both anthropogenic local sources and long-range transport and transformation of air pollutants. 相似文献
13.
Apart from its traditionally considered objective impacts on health, air pollution can also have perceived effects, such as annoyance. The psychological effects of air pollution may often be more important to well-being than the biophysical effects. Health effects of perceived annoyance from air pollution are so far unknown. More knowledge of air pollution annoyance levels, determinants and also associations with different air pollution components is needed. In the European air pollution exposure study, EXPOLIS, the air pollution annoyance as perceived at home, workplace and in traffic were surveyed among other study objectives. Overall 1736 randomly drawn 25–55-yr-old subjects participated in six cities (Athens, Basel, Milan, Oxford, Prague and Helsinki). Levels and predictors of individual perceived annoyances from air pollution were assessed. Instead of the usual air pollution concentrations at fixed monitoring sites, this paper compares the measured microenvironment concentrations and personal exposures of PM 2.5 and NO 2 to the perceived annoyance levels. A considerable proportion of the adults surveyed was annoyed by air pollution. Female gender, self-reported respiratory symptoms, downtown living and self-reported sensitivity to air pollution were directly associated with high air pollution annoyance score while in traffic, but smoking status, age or education level were not significantly associated. Population level annoyance averages correlated with the city average exposure levels of PM 2.5 and NO 2. A high correlation was observed between the personal 48-h PM 2.5 exposure and perceived annoyance at home as well as between the mean annoyance at work and both the average work indoor PM 2.5 and the personal work time PM 2.5 exposure. With the other significant determinants (gender, city code, home location) and home outdoor levels the model explained 14% (PM 2.5) and 19% (NO 2) of the variation in perceived air pollution annoyance in traffic. Compared to Helsinki, in Basel and Prague the adult participants were more annoyed by air pollution while in traffic even after taking the current home outdoor PM 2.5 and NO 2 levels into account. 相似文献
14.
Abstract The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Quality Assurance (QA) Guidance Document 2.12: Monitoring PM2.5 in Ambient Air Using Designated Reference or Class I Equivalent Methods1 (Document 2.12) requires conditioning of PM 2.5 filters at 20-23 °C and 30-40% relative humidity (RH) for 24 hr prior to gravimetric analysis. Variability of temperature and humidity may not exceed ±2 °C and ±5% RH during the conditioning period. The quality assurance team at EPA Region 2’s regional laboratory designed a PM 2.5 weighing facility that operates well within these strict performance requirements. The traditional approach to meeting the performance requirements of Document 2.12 for PM 2.5 filter analysis is to build a walk-in room, with costs typically exceeding $100,000. The initial one-time capital cost for the laboratory at EPA’s Edison, NJ, facility was approximately $24,000. Annual costs [e.g., National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) recertifications and nitrogen replacement cylinders used for humidity control] are approximately $500. The average 24-hr variabilities in temperature and RH in the Region 2 weighing chamber are small, ±0.2 °C and ±0.8% RH, respectively. The mass detection limit for the PM 2.5 weighing system of 47-mm stretched Teflon (lab blank) filters is 6.3 μg. This facility demonstrates an effective and economical example for states and other organizations planning PM 2.5 weighing facilities. 相似文献
15.
ABSTRACT The spatial and temporal distributions of particle mass and its chemical constituents are essential for understanding the source-receptor relationships as well as the chemical, physical, and meteorological processes that result in elevated particulate concentrations in California’s San Joaquin Valley (SJV). Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5), coarse particulate matter (PM 10), and aerosol precursor gases were sampled on a 3-hr time base at two urban (Bakersfield and Fresno) and two non-urban (Kern Wildlife Refuge and Chowchilla) core sites in the SJV during the winter of 1995–1996. Day-to-day variations of PM 2.5 and PM 10 and their chemical constituents were influenced by the synoptic-scale meteorology and were coherent among the four core sites. Under non-rainy conditions, similar diurnal variations of PM 2.5 and coarse aerosol were found at the two urban sites, with concentrations peaking during the nighttime hours. Conversely, PM 2.5 and coarse aerosol peaked during the morning and afternoon hours at the two non-urban sites. Under rainy and foggy conditions, these diurnal patterns were absent or greatly suppressed. In the urban areas, elevated concentrations of primary pollutants (e.g., organic and elemental carbons) during the late afternoon and nighttime hours reflected the impact from residential wood combustion and motor vehicle exhaust. During the daytime, these concentrations decreased as the mixed layer deepened. Increases of secondary nitrate and sulfate concentrations were found during the daylight hours as a result of photochemical reactions. At the non-urban sites, the same increases in secondary aerosol concentrations occurred during the daylight hours but with a discernable lag time. Concentrations of the primary pollutants also increased at the non-urban sites during the daytime. These observations are attributed to mixing aloft of primary aerosols and secondary precursor gases in urban areas followed by rapid transport aloft to non-urban areas coupled with photochemical conversion. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACT Reductions in airborne sulfate concentration may cause inorganic fine particulate matter (PM 25) to respond nonlinearly, as nitric acid gas may transfer to the aerosol phase. Where this occurs, reductions in sulfur dioxide (SO 2) emissions will be much less effective than expected at reducing PM 2.5. As a measure of the efficacy of reductions in sulfate concentration on PM , we define marginal PM 2.5 as the local change in PM 2.5 resulting from a small change in sulfate concentration. Using seasonal-average conditions and assuming thermodynamic equilibrium, we find that the conditions for PM 2.5 to respond nonlinearly to sulfate reductions are common in the eastern United States in winter, occurring at half of the sites considered, and uncommon in summer, due primarily to the influence of temperature. Accounting for diurnal and intraseasonal variability, we find that seasonal-average conditions provide a reasonable indicator of the time-averaged PM 2.5 response. These results indicate that reductions in sulfate concentration may be up to 50% less effective at reducing the annual-average PM 2.5 than if the role of nitric acid is neglected. Further, large reductions in sulfate will also cause an increase in aerosol nitrate in many regions that are the most acidic. 相似文献
17.
Covid-19 lockdowns have improved the ambient air quality across the world via reduced air pollutant levels. This article aims to investigate the effect of the partial lockdown on the main ambient air pollutants and their elemental concentrations bound to PM2.5 in Hanoi. In addition to the PM2.5 samples collected at three urban sites in Hanoi, the daily PM2.5, NO2, O3, and SO2 levels were collected from the automatic ambient air quality monitoring station at Nguyen Van Cu street to analyze the pollution level before (March 10th–March 31st) and during the partial lockdown (April 1st–April 22nd) with “current” data obtained in 2020 and “historical” data obtained in 2014, 2016, and 2017. The results showed that NO2, PM2.5, O3, and SO2 concentrations obtained from the automatic ambient air quality monitoring station were reduced by 75.8, 55.9, 21.4, and 60.7%, respectively, compared with historical data. Besides, the concentration of PM2.5 at sampling sites declined by 41.8% during the partial lockdown. Furthermore, there was a drastic negative relationship between the boundary layer height (BLH) and the daily mean PM2.5 in Hanoi. The concentrations of Cd, Se, As, Sr, Ba, Cu, Mn, Pb, K, Zn, Ca, Al, and Mg during the partial lockdown were lower than those before the partial lockdown. The results of enrichment factor (EF) values and principal component analysis (PCA) concluded that trace elements in PM2.5 before the partial lockdown were more affected by industrial activities than those during the partial lockdown. 相似文献
18.
Abstract Airborne fine particles of PM 2.5-10 and PM 2.5 in Bangkok, Nonthaburi, and Ayutthaya were measured from December 22, 1998, to March 26, 1999, and from November 30, 1999, to December 2, 1999. Almost all the PM 10 values in the high-polluted ( H) area exceeded the Thailand National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 120 μg/m 3. The low-polluted ( L) area showed low PM 10 (34–74 μg/m 3 in the daytime and 54–89 μg/m 3 at night). PM 2.5 in the H area varied between 82 and 143 μg/m 3 in the daytime and between 45 and 146 μg/m 3 at night. In the L area, PM 2.5 was quite low both day and night and varied between 24 and 54 μg/m 3, lower than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard (65 μg/m 3). The personal exposure results showed a significantly higher proportion of PM 2.5 to PM 10 in the H area than in the L area ( H = 0.80 ± 0.08 and L = 0.65 ± 0.04). Roadside PM 10 was measured simultaneously with the Thailand Pollution Control Department (PCD) monitoring station at the same site and at the intersections where police work. The result from dual simultaneous measurements of PM 10 showed a good correlation (correlation coefficient: r = 0.93); however, PM levels near the roadside at the intersections were higher than the concentrations at the monitoring station. The relationship between ambient PM level and actual personal exposures was examined. Correlation coefficients between the general ambient outdoors and personal exposure levels were 0.92 for both PM 2.5 and PM 10. Bangkok air quality data for 1997–2000, including 24-hr average PM 10, NO 2, SO 2, and O 3 from eight PCD monitoring stations, were analyzed and validated. The annual arithmetic mean PM 10 of the PCD data at the roadside monitoring stations for the last 3 years decreased from 130 to 73 μg/m 3, whereas the corresponding levels at the general monitoring stations decreased from 90 to 49 μg/m 3. The proportion of days when the level of the 24-hr average PM 10 exceeded the NAAQS was between 13 and 26% at roadside stations. PCD data showed PM 10 was well correlated with NO 2 but not with SO 2, suggesting that automobile exhaust is the main source of the particulate air pollution. The results obtained from the simultaneous measurement of PM 2.5 and PM 10 indicate the potential environmental health hazard of fine particles. In conclusion, Bangkok traffic police were exposed to high levels of automobile-derived particulate air pollution. 相似文献
19.
ABSTRACT To evaluate the validity of fixed-site fine particle levels as exposure surrogates in air pollution epidemiology, we considered four indicator groups: (1) PM 25 total mass concentrations, (2) sulfur and potassium for regional air pollution, (3) lead and bromine for traffic-related particles, and (4) calcium for crustal particles. Using data from the European EXPOLIS (Air Pollution Exposure Distribution within Adult Urban Populations in Europe) study, we assessed the associations between 48-hr personal exposures and home outdoor levels of the indicators. Furthermore, within-city variability of fine particle levels was evaluated. Personal exposures to PM 2.5 mass were not correlated to corresponding home outdoor levels (n = 44, r S (S) =r o v ' Spearman (Sp) 0.07). In the group reporting neither relevant indoor sources nor relevant activities, personal exposures and home outdoor levels of sulfur were highly correlated (n = 40, r Sp = 0.85). In contrast, the associations were weaker for traffic (Pb: n = 44, r Sp = 0.53; Br: n = 44, r Sp = 0.21) and crustal (Ca: n = 44, rSp = 0.12) indicators. This contrast is consistent with spatially homogeneous regional pollution and higher spatial variability of traffic and crustal indicators observed in Basel, Switzerland. We conclude that for regional air pollution, fixed-site fine particle levels are valid exposure surrogates. For source-specific exposures, however, fixed-site data are probably not the optimal measure. Still, in air pollution epidemiology, ambient PM 2.5 levels may be more appropriate exposure estimates than total personal PM 2.5 exposure, since the latter reflects a mixture of indoor and outdoor sources. 相似文献
20.
Abstract Evaporative loss of particulate matter (with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm, [PM 2.5]) ammonium nitrate from quartz-fiber filters during aerosol sampling was evaluated from December 3, 1999, through February 3, 2001, at two urban (Fresno and Bakersfield) and three nonurban (Bethel Island, Sierra Nevada Foothills, and Angiola) sites in central California. Compared with total particulate nitrate, evaporative nitrate losses ranged from <10% during cold months to >80% during warm months. In agreement with theory, evaporative loss from quartz-fiber filters in nitric acid denuded samplers is controlled by the ambient nitric acid-to-particulate nitrate ratio, which is determined mainly by ambient temperature. Accurate estimation of nitrate volatilization requires a detailed thermodynamic model and comprehensive chemical measurements. For the 14-month average of PM 2.5 acquired on Teflon-membrane filters, measured PM 2.5 mass was 8–16% lower than actual PM 2.5 mass owing to nitrate volatilization. For 24-hr samples, measured PM 2.5 was as much as 32–44% lower than actual PM 2.5 at three California Central Valley locations. 相似文献
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