珠海市家庭自然灾害适应性行为及其影响因素

自然灾害适应性是减灾研究的重要内容。目前的研究主要集中讨论农村家庭自然灾害适应性的影响因素,较少探索城市家庭自然灾害适应性的影响机制。该文利用珠海市家庭自然灾害适应性数据,分析了家庭自然灾害适应性行为的现状,探究了家庭自然灾害适应性行为的影响因素。描述统计结果表明,家庭关注度较高的自然灾害是台风、暴雨、洪水、地震和雷电,58%的调查样本不满意住地自然灾害应对措施和能力,但均通过储备物资、政府救济、应急培训等非工程行为和加固房屋、增设设备设施等工程行为来应对自然灾害。Logistic模型回归结果显示,性别、居住年限、自然灾害损失类型、住地自然灾害应对措施及能力满意度、是否经历自然灾害、广电网络、学习时间、宣传类别等变量均显著影响了家庭的自然灾害适应性行为。因此,政府及其它组织应创新化应急宣传,强化社区建设,增强应急能力,为提高家庭自然灾害适应能力创造条件。     

陕西省宝鸡市自然灾害社会脆弱性评估

自然灾害社会脆弱性的研究对于减轻自然灾害的社会经济损失和提高应灾恢复能力具有重要现实意义。选取涵盖自然灾害暴露性、敏感性及恢复能力的社会经济指标,利用组合赋权法对陕西省宝鸡市各县区自然灾害社会脆弱性进行了分析评价。结果表明:区域人口、经济密度及财产数量是影响自然灾害社会脆弱性的主要因素;区域的人口结构及社会结构决定了其对自然灾害的敏感程度;宝鸡市自然灾害社会脆弱性具有明显的空间差异性,脆弱性较高的地区主要分布在市辖区范围的金渭两区,而陈仓区和凤县是自然灾害社会脆弱性较低的地区。     

河北省主要自然灾害和减灾策略

本文在概述河北省自然灾害的基础上,论述了干旱、雨滂、冰雹等11种自然灾害;最后简要分析了自然灾害的趋势及减灾略策。     

自然灾害研究的几个问题

本文从分析自然灾害的定义、种类入手,论述了灾害链、灾害的群发性及自然灾害对社会的影响,并就自然灾害的综合区划、影响评价和预测的研究作了概述。     

我国农业减灾工作发展战略研究

本文对我国资源态势及自然灾害对农业生产的影响进行了分析,并对我国农业发展的战略对策提出了四点建议:重视减轻自然灾害的迫切性;建立减轻自然灾害的研究体系及管理体系;建立防御自然灾害的现代化农业体系;增强农业防御自然灾害的经济实力.     

自然灾害风险定义及其表征方法

自然灾害风险及风险管理是灾害学科的重要研究领域,但是自然灾害风险的定义及其表征方法仍未得到统一认识。归纳分析了现有的几种自然灾害风险的定义,给出自然灾害风险定义的要点,即风险概率、潜在损失大小和评价时间基准,据此提出了自然灾害风险三维表达式;分析了风险概率、损失的构成要素及其计算方法;总结得出自然灾害风险的三种表征方法,即风险图法、风险曲线法和公式法。研究对自然灾害风险定量评价具有理论意义。     

基于改进ISR压力模型的自然灾害社会心理风险识别研究

针对自然灾害发生后人们焦虑、抑郁等心理问题,界定了自然灾害社会心理风险及其识别的概念,以压力管理理论为基础提出了针对自然灾害的改进ISR压力模型,解析了人们灾害心理风险的形成过程,然后根据改进的ISR模型对自然灾害社会心理风险源、社会心理风险应对资源、社会心理风险表现形式及结果进行分析和识别,形成了较为系统的自然灾害社会心理风险体系。     

自然灾害防治综合立法研究:定位、理念与制度

近年来,国家高度重视防灾减灾救灾,发布了防灾减灾救灾系列重要文件,实施了应急管理体制机制重大改革举措。落实防灾减灾救灾新思想新理念新要求,契合国家发展改革的现实需要,应加紧推进自然灾害防治综合立法。自然灾害防治综合立法的定位是自然灾害防治的基本法、应急管理的特别法、公共安全的支撑法。自然灾害防治综合立法应在坚持以人民为中心理念、风险防范理念、综合防治理念、权利保护理念的基础上,确立自然灾害风险隐患排查、危险区避让及搬迁转移、自然灾害科普、自然灾害防治社会参与、自然灾害保险等制度,为推进我国自然灾害防治体系和防治能力现代化提供法制保障。     

自然灾害对我国农业的影响研究

通过对2000-2008年自然灾害发生面积与我国农业发展过程中的各项指标进行了对比分析和回归分析,得出了自然灾害对我国农业发展影响较为显著,并具体指出了旱灾、水灾等自然灾害对我国农业发展的影响.自然灾害通过影响农业单产、农业有效利用面积及农业总产值来影响农业,不同种类自然灾害的发生面积都处于不断波动之中,并呈现逐步提升之势,具有一定的区域性.最后指出了通过增强农业本身抵御自然灾害的能力和更好的预测农业自然灾害等,为各级政府制定抗灾减灾对策提供依据.     

河北省自然灾害危险性分析及其在主体功能区划评价中的应用

自然灾害危险性是主体功能区划评判的基础指标之一,用于反映特定区域自然灾害发生的可能性和灾害损失的严重性,是评价区域开发支撑条件的一个重要指标。在分析自然灾害危险性指标评价方法、流程及其在主体功能区划评价中的作用的基础上,依据河北省的自然环境特点及主要自然灾害情况,选取其主要灾害要素为评价对象,利用G IS技术对河北省自然灾害危险性进行了综合分析,并在此基础上综合评价了河北省自然灾害对区域发展的影响。     

How does living with a disability affect resident worry about environmental contamination? A study of a long-term pervasive hazard

ABSTRACT

While a growing body of research within the environmental hazards scholarship examines how disability affects human responses to major, sudden-onset environmental disasters, little attention has been given to understanding how disability affects responses to long-term, pervasive environmental hazards. Research analysing human responses to land and groundwater legacy contamination in residential areas has identified the significance of demographic and psychosocial determinants of worry, however the question of how living with a disability affects resident worry about contamination remains unanswered. This article provides a cornerstone study for exploring the relation between worry about environmental contamination and disability. A study of 486 adults living in 13 urban residential areas in Australia affected by a range of contaminants was undertaken in 2014. Ordinal logistic regression analysis found respondents with a disability were significantly more likely to worry about contamination than those without. People living with a disability had significantly higher amounts of worry about the contamination than those living without. Changes to residents’ daily habits in response to the contamination and perceptions of personal control over exposure to the contamination present important considerations for understanding the implications of worry for people living with and without a disability in the environmental contamination context.     

The Sphere Project: The Implications of Making Humanitarian Principles and Codes Work

In 1996, in recognition of concerns about humanitarian response efforts, non- governmental organisations (NGOs) launched the Sphere Project, the first collaborative initiative to produce globally applicable minimum standards for humanitarian response. The aims of the Sphere Project are to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian efforts and to enhance the accountability of the humanitarian system, primarily to those people who have a right to protection and assistance in disasters, as well as to agency members and donors.
This paper discusses the purpose of the Sphere Project, the unique process that brought it about and the major concerns that have been raised about its practical application. Finally, the paper considers the implications of this for improving the impact of humanitarian response and for future initiatives given the process that Sphere has begun. It argues that improved accountability does not start and stop with NGOs. They are just one element of a wider humanitarian response effort and more needs to be done to improve the system as a whole.     

中国土壤侵蚀分区及土壤流失调查

当前我国水土流失严重。治理水土流失需要掌握水土流失的现状,以土壤侵蚀分区为基础的水土流失调查高效可靠。在研究比较以往土壤侵蚀分区方案方法的基础上,尝试进行了中国的土壤侵蚀分区,并选择具体区域调查了土壤流失状况。首先根据各区域的土壤侵蚀外营力、侵蚀量等量化指标,将全国分为4个1级区,各1级区内再划分2级、3级区。以东北黑土漫岗丘陵区为例进行的水土流失调查表明,该区域的土壤侵蚀模数大于水利部《土壤侵蚀分类分级标准》中规定的容许流失量,因而急需采取水保措施。     

Ducking for cover in the ‘blame game’: news framing of the findings of two reports into the 2010–11 Queensland floods

After a disaster, the media typically focus on who is to blame. However, relatively little is known about how the narrative of blame plays out in media coverage of the release of official disaster reports. This paper examines coverage by two Australian newspapers (The Courier‐Mail and The Australian) of the release of the Queensland Floods Commission of Inquiry's Interim Report and its Final Report to identify whether and how the news frame of blame was used. Given the absence of blame in the Final Report, the newspapers resorted to the frame of ‘failure’ in news and feature articles, while continuing to raise questions in editorials and opinion pieces about who was to blame. This study argues that situating coverage of the report within the news frame of failure and questioning who was to blame for the disaster limited the media's ability to facilitate a discussion about the prevention of similar disasters in the future.     

美姑河洛渣滑坡稳定性分析

水库库区内的滑坡对水利工程的威胁历来备受关注。影响坡体稳定的因素很多，而蓄水往往是导致库岸失稳的主要激发因素。滑坡稳定性评价工作各个环节的侧重点各不相同，如何能够做出正确的结论，就显得极为关键。重点通过现场调查，充分分析滑坡的工程地质条件，重视岩土参数的选取，以定性分析为主，并借助多种计算手段，得到关于美姑河洛渣滑坡稳定性分析定量化的评价结果。     

The Sphere Project: the implications of making humanitarian principles and codes work

In 1996, in recognition of concerns about humanitarian response efforts, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) launched the Sphere Project, the first collaborative initiative to produce globally applicable minimum standards for humanitarian response. The aims of the Sphere Project are to improve the effectiveness of humanitarian efforts and to enhance the accountability of the humanitarian system, primarily to those people who have a right to protection and assistance in disasters, as well as to agency members and donors. This paper discusses the purpose of the Sphere Project, the unique process that brought it about and the major concerns that have been raised about its practical application. Finally, the paper considers the implications of this for improving the impact of humanitarian response and for future initiatives given the process that Sphere has begun. It argues that improved accountability does not start and stop with NGOs. They are just one element of a wider humanitarian response effort and more needs to be done to improve the system as a whole.     

几个影响室内土动力试验的重要试验参数

室内土动力试验是研究土动力特性的重要方法之一,其结果受到很多试验参数的影响,其中加载频率、应变速率(加载速率)、加载类型和循环次数是4个重要的试验参数,也是目前国内外的研究热点。总结了国内外关于这4个试验参数对土动力特性影响的研究成果,经过比较分析后认为对于应变速率(加载速率)、加载类型以及循环次数对土动力特性的影响,研究者的认识基本一致,但对有关加载频率对土动力特性的影响却尚持不同的观点。     

基于TM与MODIS遥感数据的农业旱情监测——以河北省为例

以河北省冬小麦种植区域为研究区,基于TM和MOD IS遥感数据,利用植被供水指数法确定了研究区旱情等级。首先,将其与遥感解译获得的冬小麦空间分布图叠加得到受灾冬小麦空间分布图;然后以1 km的距离在受灾冬小麦周围做缓冲区,并与通过人口密度模型获得的人口密度空间分布图叠加,得出受灾人口空间分布;最后基于光能利用率改进模型构建粮食产量回归统计模型,得到粮食产量。目的是从粮食产量和作物受灾影响人口两个方面对农业受干旱影响情况进行遥感监测和定量评价,以期为相关部门制定防灾、抗灾措施提供科学依据。结果表明,2004年研究区:(1)春季受灾面积小,仅占16.4%;(2)旱情较轻,以轻旱为主,占受灾面积的89%;(3)冬小麦种植面积约为23 965.0 km2,受灾面积约606.3 km2,主要位于唐山市和保定市;(4)粮食产量回归统计模型精度达到了87%,冬小麦产量约为11939247 t,单产约为498.8 t/km2。     

江苏地区地下水位固体潮加卸载响应比的时空演变特征及预测意义

根据加卸载响应比理论,通过对1991～1996年江苏省部分井孔观测资料固体潮加卸载响应比的计算发现,在中强地震前一年左右的时间震中区附近的井孔出现了响应比高值异常。通过空间图像扫描可以看出:在苍山地震前一年左右,徐州、宿迁地区出现了加卸载响应比的高值集中区;在南黄海地震前一年左右,在镇江、苏州地区出现了高值集中区,之后高值集中区有自西向东迁移即有向震中区迁移的迹象。     

Communicating uncertainty via probabilities: The case of weather forecasts

Capturing uncertainty through numerical probabilistic statements is orthodoxy in risk science—and most of science and technology. There are a wide range of views on the utility of such statements for risk communication, and they are often seen as being central to the failure to generate common understanding about risks between science and non-scientists. The extent to which probability statements are understood is unclear. If such statements are misunderstood by many, what alternatives might communicate uncertainty better?These questions are examined in the context of daily weather forecasts. The probabilities used in such statements concern daily events experienced by everyone, unlike the extremely small probabilities about unfamiliar events often used in risk communication. If people do not understand weather forecasts, there is little hope that statements about unfamiliar events using unfamiliar language will be understood. Some jurisdictions use numerical probabilistic statements on the likelihood of precipitation, and a variety of qualitative or categorical forecasts are also used. Drawing on a range of sources including public surveys conducted by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the paper examines public understanding of probabilities and public and specialist understanding of verbal categorical forecast terms.The majority of those surveyed have basic understanding about probabilities as used in weather forecasts, but significant groups do not. However, there was limited agreement among forecasters on what the probabilistic statements meant. Similarly, there was limited shared meaning between forecasters and the public on the verbal forecast expression examined.