Fibre crops as alternative land use for radioactively contaminated arable land

The transfer of radiocaesium, one of the most important and widespread contaminants following a nuclear accident, to the fibre crops hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as well as the distribution of radiocaesium during crop conversion were studied for sandy soil under greenhouse and lysimeters conditions. Soil parameters did not unequivoqually explain the transfer factors (TF) observed. TFs to flax stems ranged from 1.34 to 2.80x10(-3) m2 kg(-1). TFs to seeds are about a factor of 4 lower. During the retting process for separating the fibres from the straw, more than 95% of the activity was removed with the retting water. For hemp, the TF to the stem was about 0.6x10(-3) m2 kg(-1). For hemp, straw and fibres were mechanically separated and TF to straw was about 0.5x10(-3) m2 kg(-1) and to fibres 1.0x10(-3) m2 kg(-1). Generally, the TFs to the useable plant parts both for hemp and flax, are low enough to allow for the production of clean end-products (fibre, seed oil, biofuel) even on heavily contaminated land. Given the considerable decontamination during retting, contamination levels in flax fibres would only exceed the exemption limits for fibre use after production in extreme contamination scenarios (>12,300kBq m(-2)). Since hemp fibres are mechanically separated, use of hemp fibres is more restricted (contamination <740kBq m(-2)). Use of stems as biofuel is restricted to areas with contamination levels of <250 and 1050kBq m(-2) for flax and hemp, respectively. Use of seeds for edible oil production and flour is possible almost without restriction for flax but due to the high TFs to seed observed for hemp (up to 3x10(-3) m2 kg(-1)) consumption of hemp seed products should be considered with care.     

保护性耕作下蚕豆生育期土壤有机碳、氮含量变化与分布特征

为研究西南紫色土丘陵区坡耕地长期保护性耕作下旱作蚕豆不同生育时期农田土壤有机碳、氮相关组分分布特征,进而优化保护性耕作措施、改善土壤肥力。试验采用传统耕作、垄作、传统耕作+秸秆半量覆盖、垄作+秸秆半量覆盖、传统耕作+秸秆全量覆盖、垄作+秸秆全量覆盖6个处理。结果表明:在不同处理下,土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、活性有机碳(AOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、水溶性氮(DN)的含量分布均表现出0～1010～20 cm土层,且随时间变化整体波动均不大。蚕豆生育期内,无秸秆覆盖条件下,垄作较平作提高了土壤总有机碳、土壤全氮、活性有机碳和颗粒有机碳的含量,但在秸秆覆盖条件下,垄作却降低了土壤总有机碳和颗粒有机碳的含量,且随着秸秆覆盖量的增加土壤颗粒有机碳和活性有机碳含量下降。同时,无论平作或垄作,秸秆覆盖较无秸秆覆盖均有利于土壤总有机碳、土壤全氮、活性有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量的提升。相关性分析表明,TOC与TN、DN、AOC之间呈显著正相关,TN与POC、DN、AOC之间呈显著正相关,POC仅表现出与DOC显著正相关,DOC与DN呈极显著正相关,DN则与AOC为极显著正相关关系。总之,单一垄作措施或秸秆覆盖能更有利于改善土壤碳、氮状况,且土壤有机碳、氮不同组分之间存在一定的耦合关系。     

三峡库区不同林型土壤的入渗能力研究

利用环刀入渗法,观测了三峡库区山地不同海拔地段森林土壤的入渗过程,对比分析了典型林型下土壤各发生层的入渗率和常用入渗模型的适宜性。结果表明：不同林型下土壤入渗能力的差异在各发生层内表现不一致;腐殖质层和淋溶淀积层的入渗率差异相似,温性落叶阔叶林山地棕壤<常绿落叶阔叶混交林山地黄棕壤<暖性针叶林山地黄壤,入渗主要受土壤质地的影响,质地较重的粉壤土入渗能力比质地较轻的砂质黄壤差;母质层则相反,山地棕壤>山地黄棕壤>山地黄壤,黄壤母质风化度低,土壤密度大,渗透性能较差;同一林型土壤的不同发生层相比较,山地棕壤和山地黄棕壤的入渗能力随土层深度增加而增大,腐殖质层<淋溶淀积层<母质层,而山地黄壤则呈相反趋势。温性落叶阔叶林山地棕壤和常绿落叶阔叶混交林山地黄棕壤的入渗率随时间下降明显,而暖性针叶林山地黄壤降低幅度较小,趋于稳定入渗的时间较短。入渗曲线拟合显示,Horton方程对3种森林土壤入渗过程的模拟效果较好,是描述三峡库区森林土壤入渗过程的适宜模型     

Measurement and modeling of oxidation rate of hydrogen isotopic gases by soil

Measurements of oxidation rate of hydrogen isotopic gases by soil were made to model HT oxidation rate by soil. Soil was sampled at a cultivated farmland and laboratory measurements of the oxidation rate of H(2) and D(2) gases simulating HT gas were carried out under controlled conditions of soil. The oxidation rate increased with increase of H(2) or D(2) concentration in air and nearly saturated at high concentration. The oxidation rate was low under extremely dry and wet soil conditions and was the highest at soil water content of 8-14 w/w%. The oxidation rate increased exponentially with increasing soil temperature and was the highest at 46 degrees C. Michaelis constant K(m) increased exponentially with increasing soil temperature. Oxidation rate of H(2) was generally higher than that of D(2), while K(m) of H(2) was generally lower than that of D(2). From these results, oxidation rate of HT was modeled as a product of the functions that represent dependency on each soil factor.     

长期施肥对小麦—玉米轮作红壤抗蚀性的影响

为探讨不同施肥处理对红壤旱地土壤理化性状和抗蚀性影响，以长期定位施肥试验小区为研究对象，研究了CK（荒草地）、T1（不施肥）、T2（施有机肥）、T3（施氮磷钾肥）和T4（氮磷钾肥与秸秆配施）5种处理的土壤理化性状及土壤抗蚀性。结果表明：（1）荒草地开垦后，土壤容重降低，土壤孔隙度和含水量升高；相较于不施肥，施肥提高土壤有机质含量、改善土壤物理性质作用更为明显;（2）衡量不同施肥处理土壤抗蚀性的2个最佳指标为>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量和结构破坏率;（3）使用主成分分析综合指数表示不同处理土壤抗蚀性依次为：T2>CK>T3>T4>T1，荒草地开垦后，耕种会降低土壤抗蚀性，但施肥能略微提升土壤抗蚀性，而施有机肥提升最为明显。研究结果可为区域内农业生态系统持续发展及农田水土保持工作提供依据。     

Recovery and characterisation of carbon fibres from waste CFRP using supercritical n-butanol

ABSTRACT

The high-performance carbon fibres can be recycled from waste carbon fibre/epoxy resin composites by supercritical n-butanol. Recycling experiment designed by response surface method was used to investigate quantitative relation between degradation rate of epoxy resin and process parameters. Thus, the optimum process parameters could be obtained, and effects of process parameters and layers on degradation rate and mechanical performance of the recycled carbon fibres were analysed. The tensile strength of the recycled carbon fibre under the optimum process parameters was 94.53% of that of the original carbon fibre, tensile modulus was 93.57% of that of the original carbon fibre and interfacial shear strength was 90% of that of the original carbon fibre.     

Design of a novel comfort liner for a motorcycle helmet

Natural fibres are nowadays increasingly being employed for producing protective clothing and sportswear. Due to economic and/or environmental considerations they are replacing synthetic materials. The present work provides an insight into the design and development of a novel comfort liner for a motorcycle helmet. The liner is produced from wool and Tunisian alfa fibre. The plant of the alfa fibre is abundantly available in Tunisia. Furthermore, we describe a design concept for a liner that uses these natural fibres and phase change material to improve sweat absorption and perception of thermal comfort. The raw material, the processes involved and the solution to use the phase change material are analysed. The novel comfort liner can facilitate breathability and evaporative transfer of heat in the safety helmet. In addition, it increases comfort, well-being, and provides an indirect message to use natural fibres for textile support to preserve our environment.     

锌对增强玉米耐涝抗渍的作用及其机理初探

在缺锌的砂姜黑土上研究锌对玉米增产效应的田间试验中发现，在严重渍涝高温时，锌有显著的增强玉米耐涝抗渍的作用。其机理与锌能明显降低植株体内氮磷含量，提高钾素含量，从而增强玉米的抗渍涝与高温的能力有关。统计结果表明，玉米秸杆中氮磷含量占整株氮磷含量的百分数与死亡率呈显著的正相关，而秸杆中的含钾量与死亡率呈一定的负相关。     

洞庭湖区不同利用方式下农田土壤有机碳含量特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳含量和动态的重要因子之一。其利用方式的改变必将引起土壤有机碳含量发生相应的变化。在洞庭湖腹地选取典型样区,通过调查走访和密集取样,分析了不同土地利用方式（旱地、水旱轮作地、一季稻水田和双季稻水田）下623个农田耕层土样有机碳含量。结果表明,研究区内土壤有机碳含量高低顺序为双季稻水田（28.12 g/kg） > 一季稻水田（27.03 g/kg） > 水旱轮作地（24.79 g/kg） > 旱地（17.96 g/kg）,其差异均达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）。土地生产力、秸秆还田量和土壤水文状态是导致不同利用方式下耕层土壤有机碳含量差异的主要原因。进一步分析表明：加强作物秸秆还田（土）、提高土地复种指数、增加地表覆盖是维持和提高洞庭湖区耕作土壤有机碳含量的可行措施,尤其是旱作土壤。     

安徽省土壤氟含量及其赋存特征

氟是生态系统中一种重要微量元素,过量和不足都会影响人和动物健康,人体氟主要来自饮水和食物,土壤氟含量、形态以及土壤理化性质等影响着水和食物氟含量。以安徽省主要类型土壤为材料,采用连续化学提取的方法,测定了安徽省主要类型土壤全氟、水溶氟以及不同形态氟含量,分析了土壤氟形态与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：安徽土壤全氟含量1066～1 2367 mg/kg,平均为4852 mg/kg,全氟含量高低排序为菜地土＞潮土＞石灰土＞黄棕壤＞黄褐土＞水稻土＞砂姜黑土＞黄红壤,成土母质是影响土壤全氟含量的主要因素。土壤水溶氟含量042～2248 mg/kg,平均为338 mg/kg,水溶氟含量高低排序为菜地土＞砂姜黑土＞潮土＞黄棕壤＞黄褐土＞水稻土＞石灰土＞黄红壤,北高南低。土壤氟主要赋存形态是矿物态氟,占土壤全氟95%以上,水溶氟、交换态氟、铁锰氧化物结合态氟和有机结合态氟占土壤全氟5%左右。土壤水溶性氟含量与土壤pH呈极显著正相关,与土壤全磷含量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0660 2和0353 9,土壤交换态氟与土壤小于0001 mm土粒含量和土壤阳离子交换量呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0338 4和0345 8,有机结合态氟与土壤有机含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0526 8     

滨海盐碱地改良对绿地碳汇效益影响的研究

以小叶栀子（Gardenia jasminoides‘prostrata’） 、中华常春藤（Hedera nepalensis 〖WTBZ〗var.〖WTBX〗sinensis）、紫鸭跖草(Setcreasea purpurea)、红花酢浆草（Oxalis corymbosa）4种植物为研究对象，探讨了土壤盐碱地改良对绿地碳汇功能的影响。结果表明：碎石铺设、有机肥和粉碎秸秆3种土壤盐碱地改良方法中，有机肥的施入对土壤有机碳含量和植物生长的影响最大，该措施有利于土壤和植物碳储量的增加；不同土壤处理的有机碳矿化规律表现出很好的一致性，前期碳释放量大，后期释放量少，当埋入4 cm厚的碎石隔离层，施入20 kg/m2有机肥和2 kg/m2粉碎秸秆，其CO2总的释放量最多；总体而言，土壤盐碱改良处理仅施入粉碎秸秆1 kg/m2后，绿地碳汇能力最低，处于碳亏损状态，通过施入有机肥20 kg/m2和粉碎秸秆3 kg/m2的改良措施，其外源碳汇最大，整体绿地碳汇效益也最好。〖     

Uptake and distribution of 90Sr and stable Sr in rice plants

The stable Sr content in the aboveground parts of rice plants at various growth stages, and the distributions of 90Sr and stable Sr in rice plant components, such as polished rice, rice bran, hull, straw and root, at harvest time, were determined. The total Sr content in the aboveground rice plants was dependent on the growth stage and followed the sigmoidal shape of the growth curve. The concentration of 90Sr among the different components of rice plants varied within two orders of magnitude, whereas the 90Sr/Sr concentration ratio had a constant value. Therefore, the translocation rate of 90Sr in rice plants had similar values to that of stable Sr. However, the 90Sr/Sr concentration ratio for the rice plants was different for each study site. Only 0.6% of the total Sr was found in polished rice, while more than 99% was found in the non-edible components, of which 87% was present in the straw. These findings suggest that 90Sr in the non-edible parts could have been transferred to humans through the soil-plant system and/or feed-livestock pathway. The soil-to-plant transfer factor of 90Sr in polished rice was 0.0021 +/- 0.00007, which was two orders of magnitude lower than that in the straw. The percentage of 90Sr removed from the upper soil layer to the aboveground biomass of rice plants at harvest time was calculated as 0.094%. It is possible that approximately 0.1% of the total 90Sr content in the surface soil layer is removed from the soil-plant system by human activities every year.     

Green Composites as Panacea? Socio-Economic Aspects of Green Materials

Much academic research and industrial development explores new ways to create greener and environmentally friendlier chemicals and materials for a variety of applications. A significant part of this work focuses on the development, processing and manufacturing, recycling and disposal of green plastics, adhesives, polymer composites, blends and many other industrial products from renewable resources. Natural fibres offer the potential to deliver greater added value, sustainability, renewability and lower costs especially in the automotive industry. Further research involves the fibre crop production. The ever-increasing volume of scientific literature refers with enthusiasm to the potential of natural fibres in technological, economic and ecological terms. This enthusiasm tends to also expand to the areas of human life and socio-economic development for the fibre crop growers and their communities. However, there is very little debate or evidence to support statements about the assumed advantages for the affected population in rural areas. We argue that despite the predicted new boom in the demand of natural fibres, it is unlikely that this will represent a real improvement in the quality of life of crop fibre growers and their communities. This paper examines the experience of Mexico as a case study and argues that only through consistent political will and co-operation between governments, industry, scientists, consumer groups and local communities, as well as a suitable economic strategy such as local subsidies, a truly sustainable economic development, social equity and improved environmental quality will be achieved for tens of thousands of natural fibre growers.     

上海市典型城市河岸带不同植被类型下土壤反硝化作用研究

为了解城市河岸带不同植被类型下土壤的反硝化速率及其影响因子，在上海市城市河岸带的长风绿地选择了熊掌木、硕苞蔷薇和矮生百慕大草3种植被类型，于2012年3月（春初）、5月（春季）、7月（夏季）、11月（秋季）测定了其下不同深度（2～5 cm、12～15 cm、22～25 cm和32～35 cm）土壤的反硝化速率和土壤的粒度、含水率、SOC、NH4+和NO3-含量等基本理化性质。结果表明:长风绿地3种植被类型下土壤理化性质和反硝化速率具有一定的差异性，但均表现为2～5 cm深度土壤反硝化速率显著高于其他深度；熊掌木和硕苞蔷薇2~5 cm深度土壤反硝化速率均为春初显著高于其他季节，而草地2~5 cm深度反硝化速率在春夏季显著高于春初和秋季；其他深度土壤均不存在显著的季节性差异；植被类型、深度和季节对反硝化速率的单一和综合影响效应（除植被类型*深度外）均显著；反硝化速率与土壤的SOC、NH4+和NO3-含量呈极显著正相关（p<001），而与土壤含水率和气温没有显著相关关系     

江西省不同地貌单元耕地土壤有机碳空间变异的尺度效应

运用地统计学、地理信息系统、方差分析和回归分析相结合的方法，研究江西省不同地貌单元耕地土壤有机碳空间变异的尺度效应，尺度分为省域尺度、完整地貌单元尺度和完整地貌单元相对应的县域尺度。结果表明：(1)不同尺度下耕地土壤有机碳均值差异显著，变异系数基本不变；(2)从县域尺度到地貌单元尺度再到省域尺度，块金效应值和空间自相关距离呈增大趋势；(3)不同尺度土壤有机碳空间分布级别和面积比例差异明显，小尺度插值图信息更丰富；(4)方差分析和回归分析结果表明秸秆还田、成土母质、土壤类型、高程和土壤侵蚀对土壤有机碳空间变异存在显著影响，但不同尺度下影响程度有所差异。秸秆还田和土壤类型对土壤有机碳空间变异的影响不存在尺度效应，成土母质、高程和土壤侵蚀对其影响存在尺度效应。结果可为详细地理解不同尺度下土壤有机碳空间变异及估测土壤有机碳密度提供一定的参考依据。     

Selenium geochemistry of paddy soils in Yangtze River Delta

Selenium (Se) content both in total and bioavailable forms were very low (25-35 and 9.5 micrograms/kg, respectively) in waterlogged paddy soils in the central Yangtze River Delta. This was due to changes in geochemistry and the inherent properties of the parent materials of these lowland paddy soils. The very low Se content (23 micrograms/kg) in the parent material resulted in low total Se content in the soil. The main chemical changes under long-term waterlogged conditions are depletion of molecular oxygen, decrease of redox potential, and reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) and SeO3(2-) to Se0. This led to low availability of Se in soils, and subsequently low Se content (29 micrograms/kg) in brown rice grain produced in this region. It has been suspected that low Se content in staple food might be one of the major reasons for a high infection rate of the intestine and stomach cancers and the higher death rate caused by these diseases in the region. Foliage spray of Na2SeO3 at early heading stage of rice plant growth improved the Se content of brown rice grain, hull, and straw, and would improve human and animal health.     

长江源区草地植被退化对土壤持水能力影响

选择长江源区的格尔木市唐古拉山镇作为研究区，通过野外实地采样与室内测试分析相结合，在分析草地植被不同退化阶段和不同土层深度下土壤持水能力特征的基础上，探讨了草地植被退化对土壤持水能力影响。结果表明：（1）在相同草地植被退化阶段，毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量随土层深度变化的特征基本一致；在相同土层深度上，毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量随草地植被退化的特征也大体相同。（2）在相同草地植被退化阶段，土壤持水量总体上随土层深度增加而减少，特别是在未退化阶段，10~20 cm土层的毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量比0~10 cm土层分别减少了12.38%、33.73%和7.64%。（3）在相同土层深度上，土壤持水量总体上随草地植被退化而减少，特别是在0~10 cm土层，轻度退化阶段的毛管持水量、饱和含水量和田间持水量比未退化阶段分别减少了41.52%、59.95%和27.03%。（4）土壤持水量与土壤容重、总碳、有机质和总氮显著相关，它在草地植被不同退化阶段和不同土层深度下的变化可能与地表覆被状况、植物根系数量和分布特征所引起的土壤容重、有机质等变化有关。研究可深化对草地植被退化与土壤持水能力相互关系的理解和认识，并为长江源区生态环境和水资源状况研究提供参考依据。 关键词： 土壤持水能力；草地植被退化；长江源区；影响     

Using nematodes in soil ecotoxicology

Nematodes represent a very abundant group of soil organisms and non-parasitic species are important for soil quality and in the soil food web. In recent years, it has been shown that nematodes are appropriate bioindicators of soil condition and they are also suitable organisms for laboratory toxicity testing. The aims of this paper are to overview and critically assess methods and approaches for researching soil nematode ecotoxicology. In natural ecosystems, nematode abundance and community structure analyses were proved to be sensitive indicators of stress caused by soil pollutants and ecological disturbance. Community structure analyses may be approached from a functional or ecological point of view; species are divided into groups according to their feeding habits or alternatively the maturity index is calculated according to their ecological strategy. Many environmental factors have the potential to affect nematode community, which consequently results in high space and time variability. This variance is major handicap in field ecotoxicological studies because pollutant-nematode relationships are obscured. For prospective risk assessment of chemicals, several toxicity tests with nematodes were developed and are increasingly used. Sensitivity of these tests is comparable to tests with other soil species (e.g. enchytraeids, earthworms and springtails) while tests are less demanding to space and time. Most studies have focused on metal toxicity but organic compounds are almost overlooked. Endpoints used in tests were often mortality, reproduction or movement, but more sublethal endpoints such as feeding or biomarkers have been used recently too. Although there is an increasing amount of knowledge in soil nematode ecotoxicology, there is still a lot of various issues in this topic to research.     

长江源区基于坡面尺度的土壤水热过程模拟研究

长江源多年冻土区土壤水热传输过程机理与模拟,是广泛关系到高原生态环境保护恢复和区域水文过程的关键科学问题。因此,以GEOtop模型为研究平台,以长江源不同植被盖度下（裸地、30%、65%和92%）高寒草甸的观测数据为基础,检验模型对土壤水热迁移过程的描述与模拟精度。总体而言,GEOtop模型需要率定的参数较少,从而减少模型模拟的不确定性,提高了模拟精度。对不同植被盖度下土壤温度、水分和实际蒸散发模拟的NSE 系数基本达到08,表明模型能准确模拟高寒生态系统土壤的水热传输过程,可以作为长江源区土壤水热过程的有效模拟工具     

不同麦秸还田方式对周年稻麦轮作农田碳足迹的影响

为明确麦秸不同还田方式对稻麦轮作农田碳足迹的影响，该研究通过开展两年的大田试验，设计了3种麦秸还田方式（麦秸旋耕还田、麦秸翻耕还田和麦秸沟埋还田），并以麦秸不还田为对照，采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续两年对农田温室气体排放进行监测，并对不同麦秸还田方式的生产资料投入和生产过程碳排放及温室气体排放进行全面分析。结果表明：(1）与不还田相比，麦秸还田显著增加了稻季日均CH4排放，稻麦周年全球增温潜势95%来自稻田CH4排放；（2）在水稻季，农田CH4排放占碳足迹总量比例最大，3种麦秸还田方式中，麦秸沟埋还田处理下碳足迹最小，且能比麦秸旋耕还田处理减少4.9%；(3）在小麦季，化肥投入造成的碳足迹所占比例最大，为64.5%~77.4%，其次是土壤N2O的排放；（4）从整个稻麦周年轮作系统来看，与麦秸旋耕还田和麦秸翻耕还田处理相比，麦秸沟埋还田处理能分别减少4.6%和3.6%的周年碳足迹及8.7%和4.9%的周年单位产量的碳足迹。因此，对于稻麦轮作地区，采用麦秸沟埋还田能在一定程度上降低农业生产过程中的碳足迹。