广东省生态可持续发展定量研究:生态足迹时间维动态分析

生态足迹是一种定量测度生态可持续发展状态的指标和方法以支持可持续发展的决策。以广东省为案例，对广东1990年至2002年时间维的生态足迹及生态承载力进行计算和动态分析。结果表明，13年来，广东人均生态足迹和生态赤字不断增加，人均生态足迹从1990年的1．253hm^2增加至2002年的1．784hm^2，增加了42．38％；人均生态足迹赤字从0．817hm^2增加至2002年的1．393hm^2，但万元GDP生态足迹逐年下降。横向比较分析表明，广东2000年的人均生态足迹为1．636hm^2，低于全球平均水平(2．8hm^2)，同时也处于全球人均生态承载力(2．0hm^2)的范围，但超过中国人均生态承载力水平(O．681hm^2)；人均生态赤字(1．246hm^2)也高于世界平均水平(0．8hm^2)。因此，广东虽在全球尺度处于生态可持续发展状态，但生态系统的压力和强度甚高。     

生态示范区可持续发展评价

借鉴目前国内外区域可持续发展评价研究的成果，依据系统分析原理，从经济发展、社会发展、资源与生态安全、可持续发展能力、可持续发展度和系统协调度6方面建立了综合测度生态示范区可持续发展水平的指标体系和计量模型。在实证研究中，对延安市宝塔区近8a(1992—1999年)区域发展水平的量化评价结果表明：宝塔区可持续发展水平呈逐步上升趋势，但目前仍处于弱可持续发展阶段，区域发展系统表现为低水平的协调状态。     

城市可持续发展的生态原则

从人类和城市面临的问题出发,本文介绍了可持续发展的概念及其基本原则,可持续城市的基本内涵;重点探讨了城市可持续发展的七条生态原则：（１）预防和保护为主的原则;（２）普遍联系原则;（３）废物最小化原则;（４）最大限度地利用可更新和可循环的物质;（５）认别和尊重地方、区域和全球的环境容忍度;（６）保持和扩大“必要的多样性;（７）通过研究增进对环境的认识。     

城市生态可持续发展指标的进展

建设生态城市是一种国际趋势,也在中国受到关注。为了监测评估城市的生态可持续发展,要有一套科学的指标体系。文章讨论了生态城市的特点;评述了国外的3类指标体系和国内采用世界银行“真实储蓄率”指标在城市一应用研究,提出了建立这类指标的一些原则与方法。     

生态示范区可持续发展评价

借鉴目前国内外区域可持续发展评价研究的成果 ,依据系统分析原理 ,从经济发展、社会发展、资源与生态安全、可持续发展能力、可持续发展度和系统协调度 6方面建立了综合测度生态示范区可持续发展水平的指标体系和计量模型。在实证研究中 ,对延安市宝塔区近 8a(1 992— 1 999年 )区域发展水平的量化评价结果表明 :宝塔区可持续发展水平呈逐步上升趋势 ,但目前仍处于弱可持续发展阶段 ,区域发展系统表现为低水平的协调状态     

生态补偿的理论基础:一个分析性框架

总结分析了生态补偿的理论基础框架和基本理论依据。认为,自然资源环境利用的不可逆性是生态补偿的自然要求和生态学基础;环境资源产权权利界定是生态补偿的法理基础和制度经济学基础;公共物品属性是生态补偿政策途径选择的公共经济学基础;外部性的内部化是生态补偿的核心问题和环境经济学基础;自然资源环境资本论是生态补偿的价值基础和确定补偿标准的理论依据。     

区域生态安全:概念及评价理论基础

借鉴国内外的研究成果,提出区域生态安全的概念是指在一定时空范围内,在自然及人类活动的干扰下,区域内生态环境条件以及所面临的生态环境问题不对人类生存和持续发展构成威胁,并且自然-经济-社会复合生态系统的脆弱性能够不断得到改善的状态。指出生态安全评价是一个多学科交叉的研究领域,其评价理论基础涉及可持续发展理论、生态系统服务功能理论、生态承载力理论、时空论和系统工程论等;生态安全是可持续发展的基础,两者具有内涵和目标的一致性;区域生态安全研究的目的就是平衡人类的自然资源利用与生存环境质量需求的矛盾,保证生态系统在持续安全的状态下提供服务;应用生态承载力的研究成果有助于补充和完善生态安全评价。区域生态安全评价强调研究对象的时空性和研究方法的系统性。多学科整合能更好地指导区域生态安全评价。     

建设生态示范区促进区域可持续发展

走可持续发展的道路是中国发展道路的必然选择,生态示范区建设可持续发展战略作为指导思想和建设的最高目标,它是实施可持续发展战略的基本经济社会形式。文章论述了生态示范区的内涵、建设意义、基本模式及其组织实施。     

Ecological planning for promoting urban sustainable development: A case study of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone,China

Based on the case study of Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, China, this paper investigates the theories and application of ecological planning for promoting urban sustainable development. The stated significance of such development is to promote the co-ordination of relationships between man and nature, and man and the environment.     

强化环境安全确保可持续发展

从环境安全的概念和研究意义、必要性和紧迫性、要求和内容、主要措施等方面对强化环境安全进行了探讨.认为提高全民环境保护意识,强化公共环境安全观念,走循环经济的新型工业化道路,构建保障环境安全的经济运行模式,强化环境与发展综合决策机制,建立环境安全监控管理体系,完善环境政策法律体系,加强环境保护法制化进程,引入市场竞争机制,建立多元化环境保护投入体系以及加强环境科学技术研究是强化环境安全、确保可持续发展的主要措施.     

Ecological accounting: new tools for a sustainable culture

Ecological accounting is concerned with providing information to assist managers with performance appraisal, control, decision-making and reporting for an organisation or region. It is based on ecological concepts and on ecological measures and values in addition to the familiar economics ones. The implementation of sustainable development requires a cultural change and ecological accounting would represent a part of this change within both organisations and wider society. In many ways, ecological accounting could help bring sustainable development into common sense and give it a place as a day-to-day business goal.     

PICABUE: a methodological framework for the development of indicators of sustainable development

SUMMARY

Significant interest in the concept of sustainable development exists amongst scientists, planners, policy makers and the public, and considerable effort and expenditure is made or envisaged at local, national and international levels to promote a more sustainable society. Until ‘green accounting’ and similar systems are made available and are implemented, the sustainability indicator will be the most effective tool available for monitoring progress towards a more sustainable society. Sustainability indicators are already available but are characterized by a poor or absent theoretical underpinning. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a methodological framework that can be applied to the construction of indicators of sustainable development. In order to be consistent with widely accepted definitions of sustainable development, considerations relating to the measurement of quality of life and ecological integrity are central to the methodology. The methodological framework has relevance to a variety of spatial scales and to geographically diverse areas (urban or rural, developed or developing countries) so that a suite of sustainability indicators can be produced that is tailored to the needs and resources of the indicator user, but which remains rooted firmly in the fundamental principles of sustainable development.     

Moving towards sustainable development: rhetoric,policy and reality of ecological agriculture in China

Past decades have witnessed the rise of sustainable agriculture movements throughout the world. In parallel with this international trend, ecological agriculture (with essential goals of food security, rural employment, poverty alleviation, natural resource management and environmental protection) has been advocated as a workable approach for the realization of sustainable agriculture in China. Two decades of ecological agricultural development have shown that it not only gained legitimacy at the senior policy level but also became a focus of scientific research in fields such as ecological economics, ecology, and agricultural and environmental sciences. However, this endeavour is hardly known in the West and little attention has been paid so far to examining the broader politico-economic and sociocultural contexts within which it has evolved. This paper attempts to provide a general review of the emerging background, development history, policy initiatives and recent tendencies of ecological agriculture. In addition, the extant problems and potential contributions of this alternative practice to China's sustainable agricultural development are discussed. The purpose of this study is to identify the gap between the policy rhetoric and practical implementation of Chinese ecological agriculture and therefore to facilitate its moving towards sustainable development.     

可持续发展观的化学发展目标:生态化学

通过阐述化学发展与自然和人的关系,认为追求人与自然的和谐是整个世界的自然观的最高目标。从生态学角度研究了化学发展史,认为化学发展过程可分为原始生态化学时期、非生态化学时期和生态化学时期,提出了生态化学的新概念,认为生态化学针对传统化学的资源利用率低、环境污染严重的缺陷,提出了废物的减量化、无害化和资源化,并使原料利用率最大化;生态化学是站在对环境友好的高度,使环境资源的化学变换体系成为一种更有效的运行模式,对环境系统有更小的破坏作用,进而对改善环境质量做出贡献。因此,生态化学融被动处理污染的环境化学及主动出击的绿色化学为一体,是更加关注生态的先进理论。     

Rubber cultivation and sustainable development in Xishuangbanna,China

SUMMARY

Xishuangbanna in southwest China is a tropical and subtropical region with extraordinary traditional cultures and attractive landscapes. Rubber cultivation is a key production source undergoing rapid growth. It contributes substantially to improvement of the local economic situation and partially replaces traditional slash-and-burn agriculture in the uplands, but it also results in biodiversity loss and environmental degradation and disturbs the peaceful life of the indigenous people. We discuss the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) preserved in daily practices and the present types of rubber plantations and suggest the application of TEK, in particular, the indigenous land-use experience to rubber cultivation, in order to promote sustainability in local economic development and ecological well-being.     

生态足迹改进模型在可持续发展评价中的应用研究

生态足迹分析通过计算生物物理量来衡量人类经济活动对自然生态系统服务的需求与自然生态系统承载力之间的协调程度,因为该方法思路新颖、计算简便而被广泛应用于国家和地区的可持续发展评价中。文章针对Rees W E等提出的生态足迹模型中存在的问题与不足(如:产量因子和当量因子参数选取偏差,生态功能差异表现不充分,模型不具动态性等)提出了改进生态足迹模型。利用改进后的生态足迹模型计算天津市1995—2005年的生态足迹及其动态变化值,天津市耕地、牧草地、林地、水域和化石能源用地人均生态足迹盈亏分别为0.0009,-0.3224,-0.1991,0.0255,-1.9600hm2·人-1,除耕地和水域略有盈余外,牧草地、林地和化石能源用地人均生态赤字均呈递增趋势。1995—2005年间天津市单位产值能耗居高不下、人口规模增长与建筑用地扩张是导致人均生态赤字扩大的根本原因。文章提出的生态足迹改进模型可以动态指示区域或城市经济发展水平与自然生态系统承载力之间的协调程度,为区域可持续发展战略制定和实施提供决策依据。     

Pollution prevention for sustainable development: the land-use question

The central argument of the paper is that effective pollution prevention can be achieved only by integrated land-use planning which offers the broad framework for co-ordinating technological and non-technological means to achieve sustainable development. The paper first reviews the role of land-use in preventing or contributing to pollution over time, focusing especially on contemporary efforts to promote environmental protection through land-use planning and management. The relationship between land-use, pollution and sustainable development is analysed by examining the most important types of land-use-related problems, discussing their causes and identifying a number of land-use-related constraints to sustainable development. Finally, a land-use planning and policy framework approach to pollution prevention for sustainable development is outlined which emphasizes the need for integrated analysis of pollution problems and adoption of comprehensive approaches to their solution. Scientific, spatial, temporal and policy issues are addressed in the context of the proposed approach.     

Towards sustainable local economic development: the UK experience

Despite a growing interest by academics and policy makers in sustainable development, there have been relatively few attempts to examine the economic development implications of adopting such policies. This is especially true at the local level, where very few studies have been undertaken. This paper attempts to remedy this situation through an investigation of strategies introduced by local authorities in the United Kingdom. Existing policies are examined and suggestions made for future policy developments.