南京市植物叶面颗粒物的黑碳含量及时空分布特征

黑碳是大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,能够吸收太阳辐射产生温室效应,并对人体健康产生负面影响。选取了南京市的6个典型功能区,研究不同污染水平和不同季节下植物叶面颗粒物黑碳含量的时空分布特征,并将其与地面尘和表层土壤中的黑碳含量进行比较,探讨黑碳在多介质中的分布规律。结果表明:(1)城市植物叶面颗粒物的黑碳含量呈现冬季秋季春季≈夏季的季节变化特征;(2)工业区植物叶面颗粒物的黑碳含量最高,并与其他功能区的差异达显著水平;(3)城市植物叶面颗粒物黑碳含量越高,BC/OC值也越大,城市植物叶面颗粒物的黑碳主要来源于化石燃料的燃烧;(4)黑碳气溶胶通过植被表层到达地表的过程中其含量逐渐下降,植物叶面颗粒物可作为监测大气黑碳污染的有效手段。     

青海湖周边地区表土磁化率与土壤重金属的相关性研究

以青海湖周边地区表层土壤为对象,通过测定66件表层土壤样品的磁化率和Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn的含量,探讨表层土壤重金属元素含量与磁化率的空间分布规律及二者的相关性。结果表明:(1)青海湖周边地区表土磁化率(χfd)空间分布具有一定的规律性,呈现南岸高、北岸低的特点;(2)土壤中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr均与磁化率(χfd)呈显著正相关,而Mn与磁化率(χfd)呈显著负相关。土壤磁化率(χfd)的空间分布与重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr的变化趋势相似,与Mn的空间变化趋势相反;(3)土壤磁化率可作为研究青海湖地区土壤重金属污染的辅助手段。     

庐山不同森林植被类型土壤碳库管理指数评价

土壤碳库管理指数(CPMI)是表征土壤碳库变化的一个重要量化指标,能够反映土壤的碳库变化和碳库质量。选取庐山8种森林植被类型土壤为研究对象,对其土壤有机碳库特征及碳库管理指数进行系统研究。结论表明:(1)土壤有机碳(SOC)主要分布于0~20 cm土层中,随着土层深度增加,不同森林植被类型下SOC含量急剧下降;在0~60 cm土层中,不同森林植被类型下SOC含量的平均值排序为:马尾松林常绿阔叶林灌丛针阔混交林常绿-落叶混交林黄山松林落叶阔叶林竹林。(2)不同森林植被类型下活性有机碳(ASOC)含量为0.24~0.57 g·kg–1,总有机碳(TOC)含量为9.72~14.74 g·kg–1,土壤碳库指数(CPI)为1.63~2.48,碳库活度(A)为0.019~0.062,碳库活度指数(AI)为0.388~1.265。不同森林植被类型下ASOC含量排序:落叶阔叶林黄山松林常绿-落叶阔叶混交林灌丛针阔混交林常绿阔叶林竹林马尾松林;不同森林植被类型下ASOC/TOC(%)排序:落叶阔叶林黄山松林常绿-落叶阔叶混交林竹林灌丛针阔混交林常绿阔叶林马尾松林;不同森林植被类型下CPMI排序为:落叶阔叶林黄山松林常绿-落叶阔叶混交林灌丛针阔混交林常绿阔叶林竹林马尾松林。     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤Cu形态含量影响因素定量分析——以昆山市为例

以江苏省昆山市为典型区,定量研究几种因素对农田土壤Cu形态含量的影响。结果表明:1)土壤有效态Cu含量为8.37 mg/kg,土壤全Cu含量为27.43 mg/kg,土壤Cu的活化率为31.02%;2)土壤重金属Cu各形态含量相对大小为残渣态(13.82 mg/kg)有机质结合态(9.42 mg/kg)铁锰氧化物结合态(2.79 mg/kg)碳酸盐结合态(0.84 mg/kg)、可交换态(0.57 mg/kg),残渣态含量明显高于其它形态,达47.83%,有机质结合态Cu含量也较高,占全量的36.09%;3)pH值是影响可交换态Cu含量的最主要因素,达极显著负相关水平。全Cu含量是影响碳酸盐结合态Cu含量、铁锰氧化物结合态Cu含量、有机质结合态Cu含量和残渣态Cu含量的最主要因素,达极显著正相关水平;4)全Cu含量是影响可交换态Cu含量的重要因素,达显著正相关水平。pH值是影响碳酸盐结合态含量的相对重要因素。CEC是影响铁锰氧化物结合态Cu含量的重要因素。有机质含量是影响有机质结合态Cu含量的重要因素,达极显著正相关水平。0.01 mm黏粒含量是影响残渣态Cu含量的重要因素。     

苏南经济快速发展区土壤Cu形态含量影响因素定量分

以江苏省昆山市为典型区，定量研究几种因素对农田土壤Cu形态含量的影响。结果表明：1)土壤有效态Cu含量为837 mg/kg，土壤全Cu含量为27.43 mg/kg，土壤Cu的活化率为31.02%；2)土壤重金属Cu各形态含量相对大小为残渣态(13.82 mg/kg)＞有机质结合态(9.42 mg/kg)＞铁锰氧化物结合态(2.79 mg/kg)＞碳酸盐结合态(0.84 mg/kg)、可交换态(057 mg/kg)，残渣态含量明显高于其它形态，达47.83%，有机质结合态Cu含量也较高，占全量的36.09%；3)pH值是影响可交换态Cu含量的最主要因素，达极显著负相关水平。全Cu含量是影响碳酸盐结合态Cu含量、铁锰氧化物结合态Cu含量、有机质结合态Cu含量和残渣态Cu含量的最主要因素，达极显著正相关水平；4）全Cu含量是影响可交换态Cu含量的重要因素，达显著正相关水平。pH值是影响碳酸盐结合态含量的相对重要因素。CEC是影响铁锰氧化物结合态Cu含量的重要因素。有机质含量是影响有机质结合态Cu含量的重要因素，达极显著正相关水平。＜0.01 mm黏粒含量是影响残渣态Cu含量的重要因素.     

巢湖湖滨带不同土地类型土壤DOM光谱研究

以巢湖北部湖滨带为研究区域,采集潮间带、植物湿地、林地和田地4种类型土地0～20cm表层土壤,利用紫外吸收光谱、三维荧光光谱结合平行因子法探讨不同土地类型土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)光谱特征。结果表明巢湖北部湖滨带4种土地类型土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)与有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)、荧光溶解性有机质(FDOM)具有显著正相关关系(P<0.05),CDOM和FDOM也呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05);相较于其他3种类型土壤,植物湿地土壤DOC、CDOM和FDOM含量均为最高。紫外吸收光谱参数共同表明林地和田地土壤DOM分子量相对较大、疏水组分较高、芳香化程度较强。4种类型土壤光谱斜率比值(S_R)均小于0.70,荧光指数(FI)在1.40～1.90之间,表明土壤腐殖化程度较好,DOM具有内源与外源双重特征,以外源为主。植物湿地土壤自生源指数(BIX)和Fn(280)高于其他3种类型土地,且腐殖化指数(HIX)最低,表明自生源和类蛋白的组分高于其他3种土地类型,腐殖化程度最低。4种类型土地土壤DOM由类富里酸(Ex/Em=245, 320/420 nm)、类色...     

洞庭湖退田还湖区不同土地利用方式对土壤养分库的影响

以钱粮湖垸为例，研究了洞庭湖退田还湖区的林地（Ⅰ）、园地（Ⅱ）、旱地（Ⅲ）、水田（Ⅳ）和荒地（Ⅴ）等不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分含量、养分库综合指数以及养分相关性。研究表明：土壤养分分布的表聚效应明显，0～50 cm土层土壤有机质含量为3.40～32.32 g/kg，全氮、水解氮含量为2.23～9.71 g/kg、12.95～112.00 mg/kg，全磷、速效磷含量为29.50～69.35 g/kg、4.15～75.68 mg/kg，全钾、速效钾含量为603～3069 g/kg、37.70～217.50 mg/kg；林地土壤全氮含量最高，有机质含量最低，水田有机质、全钾及速效磷含量均最高，旱地水解氮含量最高，而荒地土壤全氮、全磷、全钾、水解氮及水解磷均最低；土壤养分库综合指数变化范围为24.33～295.93，排序为IⅣ（231.96）＞IⅢ（193.46）＞IⅡ（70.90）＞IⅠ（59.57）＞IⅤ（35.59）；土壤养分要素的相关性分析结果表明，有机质与全磷、全磷与速效磷、全氮与全钾、水解氮与速效磷均呈显著正相关关系，相关系数分别为 0.5760、0.5961、0.6864 和 0.5701。     

洞庭湖区不同利用方式下农田土壤有机碳含量特征

土地利用方式是影响土壤有机碳含量和动态的重要因子之一。其利用方式的改变必将引起土壤有机碳含量发生相应的变化。在洞庭湖腹地选取典型样区,通过调查走访和密集取样,分析了不同土地利用方式（旱地、水旱轮作地、一季稻水田和双季稻水田）下623个农田耕层土样有机碳含量。结果表明,研究区内土壤有机碳含量高低顺序为双季稻水田（28.12 g/kg） > 一季稻水田（27.03 g/kg） > 水旱轮作地（24.79 g/kg） > 旱地（17.96 g/kg）,其差异均达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）。土地生产力、秸秆还田量和土壤水文状态是导致不同利用方式下耕层土壤有机碳含量差异的主要原因。进一步分析表明：加强作物秸秆还田（土）、提高土地复种指数、增加地表覆盖是维持和提高洞庭湖区耕作土壤有机碳含量的可行措施,尤其是旱作土壤。     

复垦铜尾矿地不同植被恢复下的土壤养分特征——以铜陵市林冲尾矿地为例

以安徽省铜陵市林冲尾矿复垦地（Reclamated Copper mine tailings）为研究对象，按照尾矿库内部自然生长的3种优势植被（芒、矛叶荩草、野豌豆）进行土壤采样，测定土壤养分含量。分析不同优势植被下土壤养分含量特征及各养分之间的相关性，为尾矿地生态恢复的优势植被选择及土壤生物多样性的发展提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）3种优势植被下土壤有机质（180~286 g/kg）、全磷（0276~0438 g/kg）、全钾（160~207 g/kg）含量差异显著，全氮（414~467 g/kg）变化幅度不大。其中以芒草覆盖下的土壤有机质含量及全钾含量最高分别达到286和207 g/kg；全磷以矛叶荩草覆盖下含量最大达到0438 g/kg；野豌豆次之，芒草最小；全氮与全磷在不同植被覆盖下呈现的规律一致。（2）野豌豆覆盖下的土壤各养分含量之间的相关性较为密切，大体呈中度及以上正相关，差异不显著，芒草覆盖区有机质和全氮呈极显著正相关（r=099），全磷与有机质以及全磷和全氮均呈显著不相关；矛叶荩草覆盖区有机质和全氮呈极显著正相关（r=097），全磷与有机质、全氮以及全钾与全氮均呈显著负相关。（3）3类植被下全磷和全钾均呈现显著正相关，而且在对pH值和重金属Cu的降解能力上呈现野豌豆>矛叶荩草>芒     

丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型土壤养分分布

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程的取水口,调水工程的实施使新增淹没区土壤由于淹没浸泡可能使其中氮磷等营养盐释放,对水库水质构成威胁。采集丹江口水库典型消落区不同土地利用类型的表层土壤,测定现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)不同土地利用类型土壤的氮磷含量,分析消落区土壤养分分布特征。结果表明:土壤有机质含量在滩地和农田混杂区最高,分别为43.9、49.8g/kg,有机质易在扰动强烈或生物多样性丰富的区域累积。现有消落区(149~160m)和新增消落区(160~172m)土壤中总氮、总磷均值无显著性差异(p0.05)。消落区不同土地利用类型中,果园土壤的总磷、裸地土壤水溶性磷含量均为最高。现有新增消落区土壤磷流失率(0.564%)高于现有消落区(0.378%),需防范新增消落区的磷流失风险。消落区土壤总氮含量与有机质含量呈极显著相关(p0.01);总氮含量范围为0.044%~0.167%,农田、果园等受人为耕作作用强烈的土地利用类型土壤总氮含量相对较高。在消落区实施退耕还林等措施,恢复消落区的植被群落,可有效降低土壤的氮磷的流失。     

四湖地区渍害稻田土壤有机质及其氧化稳定性

采用定点调查和大田采样的方法，较系统地研究了不同渍害程度的稻田土壤有机质和活性有机质与土壤主要农化指标之间的关系。结果表明：(1)活性有机质与土壤全氮、碱解氮和速效磷等肥力指标间的相关系数均达极显著水平，且比土壤有机质与其对应肥力指标间的相关系数均要大，比有机质更能反映出土壤有效养分的供应。(2)从通径分析结果看出：碱解氮对活性有机质的直接效应要小于速效磷对活性有机质的直接效应，前者为27.3％，后者为46．1％。渍害土壤中与活性有机质关系最密切的土壤肥力指标是速效磷和碱解氮。(3)初步认为用有机质氧化稳定性(Kos值)比用有机质含量或活性有机质含量能够更好地作为渍害土壤判断渍害程度的标准。     

Distribution Of Cadmium And Nickel Among Various Forms In Natural And Contaminated Soils Amended With Edta

Because of its strong chelating capacity, application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to soils may change the amount and distribution of heavy metals among their various chemical forms. Therefore, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using two cultivars of Brassica species (Brassica juncea and Brassica carinata) as hyper accumulator test crops on natural and artificially Cd and Ni contaminated soils. Both natural and metal amended soils were treated with disodium salt of EDTA at 0 and 1 g kg^–1 soil. After harvest of crops, soil samples were fractionated into water soluble plus exchangeable (WE), carbonate (CARB), organic matter (OM), Mn oxide (MnOX), amorphous Fe oxide (AFeOX), crystalline Fe oxide (CFeOX) and residual (RES) fractions. In metal amended soils, Cd and Ni were found predominantly in the AFeOX fraction in the absence of EDTA application and in the WE fraction in EDTA treated soil. Application of EDTA resulted in the redistribution of Cd among different forms and increased significantly Cd in the WE fraction with a concomitant significant decrease in the OM fraction. In natural soils, more than 40% of the total Cd was present in the RES fraction while in contaminated soil it was only 5%. Nickel in the WE fraction increased significantly while it considerably decreased in the CARB, OM, MnOX, AFeOX and CFeOX fractions with EDTA addition. This indicated that applied EDTA is capable to move Cd and Ni from the less soluble or more stable forms (CARB, OM, MnOX, AFeOX and CFeOX) to the most soluble form (WE). N natural soils, Ni in the RES fraction was found upto 49%, whereas only 10% of the total Ni was observed in contaminated soil, irrespective of EDTA treatment. In general, the amount of Cd recovered after harvest of both the Brassica cultivars did not differ significantly in any fraction except the WE fraction. The amount of Ni recovered in the AFeOX fraction was significantly higher after harvest of B. juncea as compared to B. carinata.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

三峡库区典型土壤酸碱缓冲性能及其影响因素研究

受酸沉降和化肥施用等外源性酸输入的影响,三峡库区土壤面临着严重的酸化威胁。通过选取三峡库区两种典型土壤(紫色土和黄壤)作为研究对象,采用酸碱滴定法对土壤酸碱缓冲性能及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:在一定的p H范围内,紫色土(p H 6.5~2.5、6.2~11.5)和黄壤(p H 5.6~2.8、5.5~10.7)的p H变化与外源性酸、碱加入量均呈线性相关关系。通过分段拟合获取的缓冲容量结果显示,紫色土酸、碱缓冲容量分别为101.3、34.6 mmol/kg;而黄壤酸、碱缓冲容量分别为105.3、38.0 mmol/kg。黄壤和紫色土主要受碳酸钙与阳离子交换的缓冲作用;缓冲体系及初始p H、机械组成等土壤理化性质的不同是导致库区典型土壤酸碱缓冲容量差异的主要原因,总体表现为黄壤酸、碱缓冲性能略优于紫色土。此外,由于近年来酸沉降和氮肥用量的增加,使得库区土壤面临的酸化威胁呈上升趋势。该结果对库区土壤环境容量和典型土壤酸化潜势等研究具有参考价值,还可为区域外源性酸临界值评估以及应对策略制定提供理论依据。     

Distributions of zinc, copper, cadmium and lead in a tropical ultisol after long-term disposal of sewage sludge

Heavy metals present in soils constitute serious environmental hazards from the point of view of polluting the soils and adjoining streams and rivers. The distribution of heavy metals in a sandy Ultisol (Arenic Kandiustult) in south eastern Nigeria subjected to 40 years disposal of sewage wastes (sludge and effluents) was studied using two profile pits (S/NSK/1 and S/NSK/2) sited in the sewage disposal area and one profile pit (NS/NSK) sited in the non-sewage disposal area. Soil samples were collected in duplicate from these soil horizons and analyzed for their heavy metal contents. The mean concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb in the top- and sub-soil horizons of sewage soil were 79.3, 32, 0.29 and 1.15 mg/kg, respectively. These levels were high enough to constitute health and phytotoxic risks. All the metal levels were much higher in the AB horizon in the sewage than in the non-sewage soil profile, but Pb and Cu contents were also high down to the Bt1 horizon, indicating their apparent relatively high mobility in this soil. There was a significant correlation between organic matter (OM) and Zn (r=0.818**), and between OM and Cd (0.864**) in the sewage soil. The high OM status of the sewage sludge, together with its corresponding low pH, might have favoured metal-OM complexation that could reduce heavy metal mobility and phytotoxicity in this soil.     

The effect of fire on soil organic matter--a review

The extent of the soil organic carbon pool doubles that present in the atmosphere and is about two to three times greater than that accumulated in living organisms in all Earth's terrestrial ecosystems. In such a scenario, one of the several ecological and environmental impacts of fires is that biomass burning is a significant source of greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Nevertheless, the oxidation of biomass is usually incomplete and a range of pyrolysis compounds and particulate organic matter (OM) in aerosols are produced simultaneously to the thermal modification of pre-existing C forms in soil. These changes lead to the evolution of the OM to "pyromorphic humus", composed by rearranged macromolecular substances of weak colloidal properties and an enhanced resistance against chemical and biological degradation. Hence the occurrence of fires in both undisturbed and agricultural ecosystems may produce long-lasting effects on soils' OM composition and dynamics. Due to the large extent of the C pool in soils, small deviations in the different C forms may also have a significant effect in the global C balance and consequently on climate change. This paper reviews the effect of forest fires on the quantity and quality of soils' OM. It is focused mainly on the most stable pool of soil C; i.e., that having a large residence time, composed of free lipids, colloidal fractions, including humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA), and other resilient forms. The main transformations exerted by fire on soil humus include the accumulation of new particulate C forms highly resistant to oxidation and biological degradation including the so-called "black carbon" (BC). Controversial environmental implications of such processes, specifically in the stabilisation of C in soil and their bearing on the global C cycle are discussed.     

Effect of heavy metals and PAH on soil assessed via dehydrogenase assay

Dehydrogenase enzyme activity (DHA) assay method using resazurin was accommodated for measuring of toxicity of compound contaminants on uncharacterized microbial communities present in any given soil. The method was used to compare the toxic effect of heavy metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminant mixture (Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd, Pyrene) on four typical Estonian soils covering a range of compositions. The method proved to be useable on all soils; the sensitivity of soil microbiology to toxic effect of contaminants was found to have a negative correlation with Ca and organic matter (OM) content and a positive correlation with amorphous phase content of soils.     

Radiocaesium soil-to-wood transfer in commercial willow short rotation coppice on contaminated farm land

The feasibility of willow short rotation coppice (SRC) for energy production as a revaluation tool for severely radiocaesium-contaminated land was studied. The effects of crop age, clone and soil type on the radiocaesium levels in the wood were assessed following sampling in 14 existing willow SRC fields, planted on radiocaesium-contaminated land in Sweden following Chernobyl deposition. There was only one plot where willow stands of different maturity (R6S2 and R5S4: R, root age and S, shoot age) and clone (Rapp and L78183 both of age category R5S4) were sampled and no significant differences were found. The soils differed among others in clay fraction (3-34%), radiocaesium interception potential (515-6884 meq kg(-1)), soil solution K (0.09-0.95 mM), exchangeable K (0.58-5.77 meq kg(-1)) and cation exchange capacity (31-250 meq kg(-1)). The soil-to-wood transfer factor (TF) of radiocaesium differed significantly between soil types. The TF recorded was generally small (0.00086-0.016 kg kg(-1)), except for willows established on sandy soil (0.19-0.46 kg kg(-1)). Apart from the weak yet significant exponential correlation between the Cs-TF and the solid/liquid distribution coefficient (R2 = 0.54) or the radiocaesium interception potential, RIP (R2 = 0.66), no single significant correlations between soil characteristics and TF were found. The wood-soil solution 137Cs concentration factor (CF) was significantly related to the potassium concentration in the soil solution. A different relation was, however, found between the sandy Tr?dje soils (CF = 1078.8 x m(K)(-1.83), R2 = 0.99) and the other soils (CF = 35.75 x m(K)(-0.61), R2 =0.61). Differences in the ageing rate of radiocaesium in the soil (hypothesised fraction of bioavailable caesium subjected to fast ageing for Tr?dje soils only 1% compared to other soils), exchangeable soil K (0.8-1.8 meq kg(-1) for Tr?dje soils and 1.5-5.8 meq kg(-1) for the other soils) and the ammonium concentration in the soil solution (0.09-0.31 mM NH4+ for the Tr?dje soils compared to 0.003-0.11 mM NH4+ for the other soils) are put forward as potential factors explaining the higher CF and TF observed for the Tr?dje soils. Though from the dataset available it was not possible to unequivocally predict the Cs-soil-to-wood-transfer, the generally low TFs observed point to the particular suitability for establishment of SRC on radiocaesium-contaminated land.     

“城-郊-乡”土壤环境磁学特征及其空间分布研究

为探讨"城-郊-乡"梯度上城市土壤磁性特征及其空间分异规律,对上海市徐汇、闵行、奉贤3区进行系统的磁学测定分析,结果表明研究区土壤磁性明显增强且处于较高污染水平,受外源输入影响较大。土壤磁性主要受低矫顽力软磁性的亚铁磁性矿物控制,磁性矿物颗粒较粗,以多畴MD和粗粒SSD为主。不同磁学参数χ_(lf)、SIRM、χ_(arm)、HIRM呈现相似的空间变化特征,出现明显高值区,分别位于徐汇区北部、闵行区东南和西南以及奉贤区北部和南部。磁性增强高值点均位于工业区,城市土壤磁性增强主要受人类活动中的现代工业活动影响,并以污染型企业为源点使污染范围向外扩散。     

The influence of the sorptive properties of organic soils on the migration rate of 137Cs

Using a compartment model, the migration rates of 137Cs were calculated for two types of organic soils: a low peat-muck soil and a black earth. The migration rates of 137Cs in the tested soils turned out to be significantly higher than in mineral types examined earlier and ranged from 0.6 to 12.3 cm/year. The partition coefficients (Kd) were also determined for samples with varying organic matter content (OM) that were taken from different layers of the studied soils. The experimental results indicate that there is a clear relationship between Kd values and OM. The investigation was widened by microcalorimetric measurements which confirmed that the adsorption of 137Cs on the organic soils is low.