膜生物反应器工艺与常规和深度处理工艺处理长江原水比较

研究比较膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺与常规工艺和臭氧生物活性炭(O3-BAC)工艺处理长江原水的污染物去除效果。MBR工艺对浊度、UV254和CODMn的去除率分别达到96%、36%和32%,与常规工艺基本相当,弱于O3-BAC工艺。MBR工艺对氨氮去除率稍低于O3-BAC工艺,对挥发性有机毒物的去除效果却好于后者,常规工艺去除这2种污染物不理想。O3-BAC工艺出水加氯后消毒副产物生成量最少,仅有MBR工艺和常规工艺的70%,这表明O3-BAC工艺在减少加氯后消毒副产物的生成方面优势明显,同时也说明依靠MBR工艺的生物降解能力大幅减少消毒副产物生成的可行性不高。     

加油站工艺设施问题分析与对策

加油站工艺设计和设施设备安装是加油站本质安全的重要要素。加油站油气回收工艺的规范性、符合性决定了加油站的正常合法经营。针对加油站工艺设施方面存在的问题,系统地分析了加油站工艺管道设计、工艺平面布置、工艺管道安装、设施设备安装等,以工艺设施安全和环保为出发点,提出加油站工艺设计对策思路和设施设备安装改进方案。     

浅析CASS工艺在城市污水处理中的运用

循环式活性污泥法(CASS)工艺指的是一类把变容积活性污泥法和生物选择器原理有机融合而成的工艺。文章通过介绍CASS工艺概述,分析CASS工艺特征及优势,对CASS工艺在城市污水处理中的运用展开探讨,旨在为相关人员基于CASS工艺概述、CASS工艺特征及优势的CASS工艺在城市污水处理中的运用研究适用提供一些思路。     

从铝渣中回收盐的工艺

在欧洲，以及在美国，研究出了炼铝厂和铝精炼厂众多的回收盐的工艺。斯维森工艺股份有限公司开发的工艺是现有的各种工艺的综合性工艺。     

模糊层次分析法在保定市城镇污水处理技术综合评价中的应用

基于保定市城镇生活污水处理技术,采用改进的模糊层次分析法建立一个4层12个指标8种方案的综合评价体系,从经济、技术和管理等角度对氧化沟工艺、CASS工艺、UNITANK工艺、百乐克工艺、CAST工艺、A2/O与百乐克结合工艺、倒置A2/O工艺、A2/O工艺8种处理工艺进行综合评价。同时采用专家打分法对8种技术进行评价,结果表明CASS工艺的分值最高。     

港口水域污染治理工艺改进研究

提出一种新型的港口水域污染治理工艺,该工艺是对活性污泥工艺、生物膜工艺的改进,它将两种工艺的优点相结合,是一种复合工艺。研究分为三部分:首先对港口水域污染情况进行简要分析;其次对治理工艺进行改进;最后对工艺改进效果进行分析验证。结果表明:与活性污泥工艺、生物膜工艺相比,利用复合工艺治理水中五种主要污染物质后,悬浮物、BOD、COD、氨氮、其它的浓度较处理之前分别降低了1.14 mg/L~(-1)、3.08 mg/L~(-1)、0.79 mg/L~(-1)、1.89 mg/L~(-1)、0.3 mg/L~(-1),且降低幅度要比活性污泥工艺、生物膜工艺大得多;由此证明了该工艺改进效果。     

从铝渣中回收盐的工艺

在欧洲,以及在美国,研究出了炼铝厂和铝精炼厂众多的回收盐的工艺。斯维森工艺股份有限公司(Swenson Process)开发的工艺是现有的各种工艺的综合性工艺。     

ASBR工艺的研究及应用

对厌氧序批式工艺(ASBR工艺)进行了系统分析。分析包括工艺过程、工艺特点、工艺的调控及在国内外的应用等。着重研究了该工艺的影响因素,如温度、碱度、进水时间与反应时间比、反应器尺寸等。分析研究表明,ASBR工艺是一种新型高效厌氧节能的工艺,有许多优点,具有广泛的应用前景,非常适合于处理我国复杂的废水水质。     

基于AHP-TOPSIS模型的危险化工工艺风险等级评价研究

危险化工工艺的风险特征在于化学反应过程中显著的放热能量,热失控风险是危险化工工艺须重点考虑的风险因素。为准确评价危险化工工艺的风险等级,在分析危险化工工艺风险特征的基础上,从工艺操作条件危险性、工艺物质危险性、工艺热失控危险性和事故后果严重性四个方面选取危险化工工艺风险评价指标并组成评价指标体系;将层次分析法(AHP法)与逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS法)相结合,构建危险化工工艺风险等级评价的AHP-TOPSIS评判模型;应用该评判模型对甲苯磺化工艺风险进行定量分析与评价。结果表明该方法综合考虑了影响危险化工工艺风险的多种影响因素,得到的结果符合危险化工工艺的实际情况。     

紫外-生物过滤联合工艺和单一生物过滤工艺中微生物代谢特性的比较

为了系统阐述紫外预处理对生物过滤塔中微生物代谢特性的影响,比较分析了紫外-生物过滤联合工艺和单一生物过滤工艺中微生物代谢特性的变化规律.研究结果表明,联合工艺和单一工艺中微生物的平均代谢活性(AWCD)分别为0.023～0.038和0.024～0.045cm-1.h-1,联合工艺中微生物平均代谢活性高于单一工艺.不同工艺中微生物对碳源的代谢特性存在显著差异:联合工艺中微生物对胺类、醇类和糖类碳源的代谢能力优于单一工艺,对酯类、氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源的代谢能力与单一工艺相当,而对于聚合物类碳源的代谢能力则弱于单一工艺.     

Experimental investigation of the effect of sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence, sediment supply conditions, and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied in this study both in batch reactors and in a turbulence simulation tank. By changing the agitation conditions, the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment. It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much less than that of suspended sediment, but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final (equilibrium) concentration of dissolved cadmium. This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern. In the turbulence simulation tank, the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions, and the turbulence intensity is quantified in terms of eddy diffusivity, which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency) and is comparable to natural surface water conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment, the adsorption rate is significantly low, and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of the experiment. This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in natural rivers. When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists, the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmium concentration in the tank noticeably increase, and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerably due to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results of the experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment, and in particular the adsorption rate, is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

Adsorption of phenolic compounds from aqueous solutions by aminated hypercrosslinked polymers

Two novel polymers （NJ-1 and N J-2） were synthesized by chemically modified a hypercrosslinked polymer NJ-0 with dimethylamine and trimethylamine, respectively. The comparison of the adsorption properties of the three polymers toward phenol, resorcin and phloroglucin was made. The study focused on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors and the adsorption thermodynamics. Freundlich equation was found to fit the adsorption results well. The effect of amino groups introduced onto the surface of the resin and the structure of phenolic compounds on the adsorption were also studied. The hydrogen-bonding interaction and electrostatic interaction could happen between the amino groups and the adsorbates. The adsorption impetus increased as quantity of hydroxyl groups increased, but the adsorption capacity decreased due to the drop of the matching degree of the aperture of resins and the diameter of adsorbate molecules.     

厌氧氨氧化过程中COD及pH与基质浓度之间的关系

分析了上向流厌氧氨氧化生物滤池中氮素化合物浓度、COD和pH变化规律以及ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布规律,利用数理统计的方法研究了厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH与氮素基质浓度之间的关系.结果表明,溶解氧和氮负荷的共同作用使得ANAMMOX活性和生物量的分布沿滤层深度呈"山脊"状不均匀分布;异养反硝化的存在和H+的消耗使得厌氧氨氧化过程中COD和pH分别呈降低和升高趋势;100 mg/L以下的有机物浓度对厌氧氨氧化菌的影响不大,且COD和pH与基质NH4+-N浓度之间呈良好的线性相关关系.本试验中COD-NH4+-N和pH-NH4+-N拟合直线的斜率分别为1.113 8±0.052 2和-0.111 3±0.001 2,置信度为95%,平均相关系数R2分别为0.982 3和0.985 0.     

Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in fishes from Taihu Lake, China

The Cr,Zn,Cu,Cd,Pb contents were determined in Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus,Carassius auratus Linnaeus,Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Aristichthys nobilis,which were caught from Meiliang Bay,Taihu Lake,a large,shallow and eutrophic lake of China.The results showed that:(1)the Cr,Cu,Pb,Cd contents in the edible parts of the four fish species were much lower than Chinese Food Health Criterion(1994),but the Zn contents were higher than the Criterion;(2)Cd contents were the highest in the liver of fish,Pb contents were almost the same in all organs of fish,Cr contents mainly enriched in the skin and gonads,Zn contents were the highest in the gonad(♀),and Cu contents were the highest in the liver;(3)the total metal accumulation was the greatest in the liver and the lowest in the muscle.The total metal accumulation was the highest in C.auratus L.This investigation indicated that fish products in Taihu Lake were still safe for human consumption,but the amount consumed should be controlled under the Chinese Food Health Criterion to avoid excessive intake of Zn.     

Influence of lactic acid on the two-phase anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes

To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand （COD） concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids （VFAs） and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity （SMA） declined to 0.343 g COD/（gVSS-d） when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/（L-d） in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fluorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis （CODCr and BOD5） and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix （3DEEM） spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis （PARAFAC） model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter （CDOM） have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 （r = 0.72878）. Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

Emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a circulating fluidized bed combustor during co-firing coal and biomass

This paper presents the experimental investigations of the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O in a bench scale circulating fluidized bed combustor for coal combustion and co-firing coal and biomass. The thermal capacity of the combustor is 30 kW. The setup is electrically heated during startup. The influence of the excess air, the degree of the air staging, the biomass share and the feeding position of the fuels on the emissions of SO2, NO and N2O were studied. The results showed that an increase in the biomass shares resulted in an increase of the CO concentration in the flue gas, probably due to the high volatile content of the biomass. In co-firing, the emission of SO2 increased with increasing biomass share slightly, however, non-linear increase relationship between SO2 emission and fuel sulfur content was observed. Air staging significantly decreased the NO emission without raising the SO2 level. Although the change of the fuel feeding position from riser to downer resulted in a decrease in the NO emission level, no obvious change was observed for the SO2 level. Taking the coal feeding position R as a reference, the relative NO emission could significantly decrease during co-firing coal and biomass when feeding fuel at position D and keeping the first stage stoichiometry greater than 0.95. The possible mechanisms of the sulfur and nitrogen chemistry at these conditions were discussed and the ways of simultaneous reduction of SO2, NO and N2O were proposed.     

Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetic investigation of aromatic amphoteric compounds onto different polymeric adsorbents

The adsorption behavior of p-aminobenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid onto the different polymeric adsorbents was systematically investigated as a function of the solution concentration and temperature.Experimental results indicated that the equilibrium adsorption data of the four polymeric adsorbents fitted well in the Freundlich isotherm.The adsorption capacity of multi-functional polymeric adsorbent NJ-99 was the highest,which might be attributed to the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino groups on the resin and the carboxyl group of aminobenzoic acid.The adsorption capacity of o-aminobenzoic acid onto any adsorbent was higher than p-aminobenzoic acid.Thermodynamic studies suggested the exothermic,spontaneous physical adsorption process.Adsorption kinetics results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the intraparticle mass transfer process was the rate-controlling step.     

Improvement of the antifouling characteristics in a bioreactor of polypropylene microporous membrane by the adsorption of Tween 20

Surface modification by physical adsorption of Tween 20 was accomplished on polypropylene microporous membranes (PPMMs). Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FT-IR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the chemical and morphological changes on the membrane surfaces. Water contact angles and relative pure water fluxes were measured. The data showed that the hydrophilic performance for the modified membranes increased with the increase in the adsorption amount of Tween 20 onto the surface or into the pores of polypropylene microporous membranes. To test the antifouling property of the membranes by the adsorption of Tween 20 in a membrane bioreactor (MBR), filtration for active sludge was performed using synthetic wastewater. With the help of the data of water fluxes and the FE-SEM photos of the modified PPMMs before or after operating in a MBR for about 12 d, the PPMMs with monolayer adsorption of Tween 20 showed higher remained flux and stronger antifouling ability than unmodified membrane and other modification membranes studied.     

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and heavy metals on soil and its components

Sorption and cosorption of the nonionic herbicide mefenacet and two typical metals (copper and silver) on black soil and its components (kaolinite and humic acid) were investigated. It was found that because of their different valences and properties, Cu²⁺and Ag⁺ presented different effects on the sorption of mefenacet. Due to the competition of Cu²⁺, along with the shells of dense water formed by its surface complexation, for sorption surface area with mefenacet, the addition of Cu²⁺ decreased the sorption amount of mefenacet on soil and its components, especially on humic acid. However, the addition of Ag⁺ significantly enhanced the sorption of mefenacet, which was attributed to the softness of the cation that weakened the hydrophilicity of the local region around Ag⁺-complexed functionalities, and thus mitigated the competitive sorption of water. In addition, the sorption of mefenacet on soil with or without the two metals was generally decreased with increasing pH, which was caused by the hydrolysis of carbonyl and carboxyl groups on the surface of the sorbents, π-π interaction between mefenacet and the soil organic matter, and so on. On the other hand, the presence of mefenacet seemed to have little effect on the sorption of Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺, indicating that Cu²⁺ and Ag⁺ might be sorbed strongly on the tested sorbents and the mefenacet added was too low in concentration to affect the sorption of the metals.