危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价中指标权重计算方法优化比选

为了探究适用于危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价的指标权重计算方法,选用层次分析法、熵权法、层次分析-熵权法进行计算,并通过我国37家危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价结果与地下水中苯浓度的拟合验证对权重计算方法进行分析比选.结果表明:①3组权重计算结果中,含水层渗透系数和包气带渗透系数均为最重要的指标,危险废物填埋场所处地层介质类型是影响地下水污染风险最显著的因素.在建设危险废物填埋场时,选址需优先关注含水层及包气带介质类型,必要时应采取更高性能的防渗技术手段;②3组场地风险指数（R）和污染指数（C）线性拟合R2值排序为层次分析-熵权法（R2=0.84）>层次分析法（R2=0.75）>熵权法（R2=0.51）,因此采用层次分析-熵权法得出的危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价结果与实际污染状况匹配度更高,构建的风险评价方法更能准确预测地下水污染风险;③当各指标权重由大到小依次加和至总权重为0.96时,层次分析-熵权法可包含12项指标,且权重分配更为均衡,不易受到单个指标缺失的影响,由此建立的综合指数计算方法更加可靠.研究显示,层次分析-熵权法是更适用于危险废物填埋场地下水污染风险评价的指标权重计算方法,构建的污染风险评价方法结果准确、易操作,在一定程度上可为危险废物填埋场地下水污染的风险评价及运行管理提供支持.      

建筑施工现场危险区域主客观双线路风险评估研究

危险源是危险区域分析的基础,在国家强调工业安全的背景下,建筑工程施工现场危险区域的安全管理显得尤为重要,但目前相关领域缺乏系统的识别方法与评估框架。在考虑危险区域的阶段性与空间性的基础上,将主客观双线路评估应用于建筑施工现场危险区域的风险评估。主观路线采用失效模式与影响分析(FMEA)方法实施,并利用综合加权模糊TOPSIS进行算法优化;客观路线基于粗糙集理论中的约简原则与知识依赖性进行风险排序;最后通过松弛因子将两者结合,对建筑施工各阶段的区域风险进行了组合评估与分级。结果表明:所提出的新框架能够较好地反映建筑工程施工现场的风险水平,可为安全管理决策与应急疏散分析提供有效支持。     

Socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower: The São Luiz do Tapajós project in Brazil

Economic expansion and related resource and infrastructure needs provoke an increase of socio-environmental conflicts worldwide, and methodologies for their comprehensive analysis and understanding are necessary. The present paper suggests a methodology for the analysis of socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower, developed from a case study on the São Luiz do Tapajós project in Brazil. On the basis of qualitative semi-structured interviews, a stakeholder definition and conflict analysis were carried out. The analysis shows that at least five different sub-conflicts, each one with its own characteristics, can be distinguished, and that negotiation on many of these conflicts is difficult. Confrontation processes are therefore likely to occur. The current strategy of conflict treatment falls short of the situation; instead solutions must be sought looking at the underlying conflict causes. A restructuring of the energy policy and the approach to traditional populations is a necessary precondition if robust and comprehensive solutions on the current socio-environmental conflicts on hydropower in the Amazon were to be found.     

一种浮游植物快速浓缩及固定方法的可靠性分析

为验证一种浮游植物快速浓缩固定方法——滤膜浓缩法的可靠性,采用“鲁戈氏液固定沉降法”和“滤膜浓缩法”同时鉴定了不同浮游植物浓度梯度水样,并进行了对比分析,结果表明：鲁戈氏液固定沉降法与滤膜浓缩法整体上均鉴定出7门,32属,但不同梯度上滤膜浓缩法鉴定出的浮游植物种类较多.两种方法门水平上除裸藻门（P<0.05）外丰度均无明显差异（P>0.05）,属水平上相对丰度99%以内的浮游植物均无明显差异（P>0.05）,即无论是门还是属水平上,滤膜浓缩法对浮游植物丰度的鉴定是可行的.采用两种方法得到的不同梯度下藻密度拟合方程斜率差异较小（P>0.05）且相关性显著（R²=0.958,P<0.01）,但滤膜浓缩法鉴定出的浮游植物细胞密度更大.整体来看,滤膜浓缩法得到的藻类鉴定结果与鲁戈氏液固定沉降法基本一致.     

A project-based Mine Closure Model (MCM) for sustainable asset Life Cycle Management

Responsible Life Cycle Management (LCM) of mines has received much attention in the South African legislation. However, there is currently a mis-alignment between the mining industry and the various government authorities pertaining to the issue of mine closure or end-of-life management. The main reasons for this are unclear and unformulated approaches to rehabilitation with a subsequent legacy of unsuccessful mine closures that have wrongly been issued by the government from a sustainability perspective; this has posed an excessive economical burden for the mining industry. In this paper, a Mine Closure Model (MCM) based on project management principles, including risk management and concurrent engineering, is proposed to manage the closure process and assist the governing body with the effective evaluation of closures and the issuance of certificates. Mine closure or rehabilitation objectives can be achieved whilst managing the resources (of industry) optimally and aligning the closure process to meet the end requirements of stakeholder groups.     

Is European end-of-life vehicle legislation living up to expectations? Assessing the impact of the ELV Directive on ‘green’ innovation and vehicle recovery

The end-of-life vehicle (ELV) Directive in Europe aims to generate environmental gains through increased levels of vehicle recovery and a reduction in the use of hazardous substances. This paper presents an evaluation framework based on five anticipated changes that could result from the ELV Directive. These changes relate to three areas: (a) vehicle design, (b) level of ELV recovery, and (c) information provision. We evaluate the extent to which expected outcomes have materialized since the establishment of the ELV Directive. Current information provides an emerging picture of the impact of ELV legislation. We show that legislative factors and market forces have led to innovation in recycling, increased hazardous substance removal and improved information dissemination. Such actions may be sufficient to reach ELV Directive targets and could have spill-over benefits to other industries. Carmakers are also taking steps to design for recycling and for disassembly. However, movement toward design for re-use and remanufacturing seems limited. Increasing the level of re-use and remanufacturing will be a key part of moving toward sustainable vehicle production.     

A review of gas-phase chemical mechanisms commonly used in atmospheric chemistry modelling

The atmospheric chemical mechanism is an essential component of airshed models used for investigating the chemical behaviors and impacts of species. Since the first tropospheric chemical mechanism was proposed in the 1960s, various mechanisms including Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM), Carbon Bond Mechanism (CBM), Statewide Air Pollution Research Center (SAPRC) and Regional Atmospheric Chemistry Mechanism (RACM) have been developed for different research purposes. This work summarizes the development and applications of these mechanisms, introduces their compositions and lumping methods, and compares the ways the mechanisms treat radicals with box model simulations. CBM can reproduce urban pollution events with relatively low cost compared to SAPRC and RACM, whereas the chemical behaviors of radicals and the photochemical production of ozone are described in detail in RACM. The photolysis rates of some oxygenated compounds are low in SAPRC07, which may result in underestimation of radical levels. As an explicit chemical mechanism, MCM describes the chemical processes of primary pollutants and their oxidation products in detail. MCM can be used to investigate certain chemical processes; however, due to its large size, it is rarely used in regional model simulations. A box model case study showed that the chemical behavior of OH and HO₂ radicals and the production of ozone were well described by all mechanisms. CBM and SAPRC underestimated the radical levels for different chemical treatments, leading to low ozone production values in both cases. MCM and RACM are widely used in box model studies, while CBM and SAPRC are often selected in regional simulations.     

某新建苯乙烯项目职业病危害预评价

目的 识别和分析该项目在生产过程、劳动过程和生产环境中可能存在的职业病危害因素及其种类,评估其产生的部位、强度以及可能造成的职业病危害及其程度,论证建设项目可行性研究报告中涉及职业卫生篇章的深度及职业病危害防护措施的可行性、有效性、合理性.方法 选择与本项目类似的工程作为类比项目,采用类比调查法和经验法进行评价.结果 本项目生产过程中可能产生苯、甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、噪声等职业病危害因素,属严重职业病危害项目.工程选址、总体布局、采光与照明等符合国家有关规定,具有较完善的职业危害管理措施,装置现场职业病危害防护设施及应急事故处理设施有待完善.结论 本项目在生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害是可以预防的,从职业卫生角度分析本项目是可行的.     

水泥窑协同处理危险弃废物的应用

危险废物对生态环境和人类健康构成严重的危害。水泥窑协同处理危险废物能同时实现减量化、无害化以及资源化,是最有效的处理危险废物的方法。大连东泰产业废弃物处理有限公司利用水泥窑协同处理危险废物,实现废物处置与水泥生产的优化组合。     

水泥窑协同处理危险弃废物的应用

危险废物对生态环境和人类健康构成严重的危害。水泥窑协同处理危险废物能同时实现减量化、无害化以及资源化,是最有效的处理危险废物的方法。大连东泰产业废弃物处理有限公司利用水泥窑协同处理危险废物。实现废物处置与水泥生产的优化组合。     

有害气体突发性环境污染事故隐患的风险性评价方法探讨

对有害气体的突发性环境污染事故隐患(以下简称隐患)的风险性,提出从危害度和危险度两个方面进行评价的方法。其中危害度的评价是利用环境预测与评价中的方法,预测在发生事故时,有害气体散逸到人群暴露处的最大浓度。同时结合有害气体对人体产生影响健康、损害机体和危及生命3个程度的浓度,来确定企业的危害度。对于危险度的评价,则分别采甩安全管理的方法和可靠性分析的方法来定量企业的安全管理水平和隐患所用设备的不可靠性。并结合劳动安全评价的有关理论,计算被评价隐患的危险指数。利用数学统计的方法,确定隐患的安全界限标准。通过与该标准比较,判定隐患处于何种状态。并估计其转化成事故的危险程度。     

煤中有害元素对环境和人体健康影响的评价参数

煤中有害元素对环境和人体健康影响的较为全面的评价体系一直未建立，环保部门也缺乏系统性评价参数对电厂等在煤煤过程中有害元素排向大气的释放量进行监测估算。本文在查阅大量资料（主要为外文）的基础上，认为评价煤中有害元素对环境和人体健康影响的参数应该包括以下方面的数据C、H、O、N、无机硫，有机硫，有害微量元素的含量，分布规律，赋存状态，迁移转化行为（在燃煤过程中），洁净能力，淋滤力，矿物质，有机化学特征，煤炭学特征，并对煤中有害元素的污染方法进行探讨，如果上述各参数的数据被全面提供，并据此数据作针对性的抑制措施，煤中有害元素对环境和人体健康危害影响必将降低到最小。     

冬季水生高等植物对富营养化湖水的净化作用

在太湖一湖湾的物理-生态工程围区内,采用覆膜和改变生态位的越冬技术,使喜早莲子草、风眼莲等漂浮植物能安全越冬,并有效地改善水体透明度,为沉水植物生长及种群自我演替提供了保障。静态试验结果表明,采取简易的防寒越冬技术,改变生态位的喜早莲子草对TN、NH₄⁺－N、Chla的去除率达77.2％、90.1％、58.3％,透明度提高1.5倍：对喜早莲子草覆膜并间种沉水植物,这一镶嵌组合群落对TN、NH₄⁺－N、CHla的去除率达65.7％、90.7％、58.7％,透明度提高1.6倍。动态试验结果表明,当富营养化湖水在围区内滞留时间达7.33d时,经越各处理的镶嵌组合群落使围区内水体透明度达90～100cm,比围区外提高2.6－3.0倍,对TN、TP及NH₄⁺－N的浓度分别比围区外降低37.5％、52.0％及75.4％;而滞留时间低于4.33d时,净化效果不明显。     

工业重大危险源安全与环境影响研究

分析了现有各类安全与环境影响分析方法的不足之处,在此基础上提出一种基于模拟分析思想的事故后果分析方法,选取伤害范围分析法和模拟预测模型对工业重大危险源进行安全与环境影响分析,根据分析结果对其危险性进行分级,并将该方法应用到某工程项目,得到了工业重大危验源的各种事故伤害影响范围以及环境污染影响范围.实践证明,此方法能够对工业重大危险源进行安全与环境影响评价.     

从垃圾焚烧飞灰中回收金属研究进展

焚烧处理已成为我国大城市生活垃圾处理的主要方式之一,焚烧飞灰属于危险废物,其处理处置与利用已成为焚烧厂面临的主要问题。飞灰中含有大量的金属,如将其回收利用不仅可以缓解我国金属资源短缺的问题,而且可使飞灰由危险废物转化为惰性固体废物而加以利用。介绍从飞灰中回收金属国内外研究现状并分析了现有工艺存在的问题,建议采用水洗预处理结合酸碱两步浸取,辅之以溶剂选择萃取的方法从一次飞灰中选择性回收Pb、Cu和Zn。     

水库中重金属迁移的神经网络模拟

重金属在水环境中的迁移转化是一个多因素影响的复杂过程,快速而准确地模拟水体中重金属的迁移一直是水环境研究领域的焦点。神经网络模型计算迅速、能以较高精度拟合任意非线性函数,在水文水质模拟中已有很多成功的应用,但对重金属的模拟还很少见到。文章以大伙房水库为例,用神经网络模型模拟了重金属镉、铜、汞和锌在水库中的浓度迁移过程。建模时依据水环境中重金属迁移转化机理并借鉴数学建模中边值问题的解决思想,确定了模型的输入和输出因子;对实际监测中重金属浓度低于检测方法的最低检出限的情况,将其浓度以0计算。模型对水库中镉和铜的浓度的模拟值与实测值的最大相对误差分别为17.5%和17.9%,对汞和锌的浓度的模拟值与实测值的确定系数分别为0.741和0.762,而对镉和铜的确定系数更是达到了0.96以上。对各重金属的模拟结果表明用神经网络模拟水环境中的重金属迁移是可行的,能快速得到比较准确的结果。文章建立的模拟大伙房水库重金属浓度迁移的神经网络模型对该水库水环境管理有一定的参考价值。     

New approach to common removal of dioxins and NOx as a contribution to environmental protection

Meeting environmental limits represents the most important issue in the field of waste processing. Our primary effort consists either in eliminating hazardous emissions or in prevention of their production. However, this is not feasible in most cases therefore the so called secondary methods have to be applied. Technologies based on adsorption of hazardous compounds using activated carbon, deNOx/deDiox technologies as well as technology of catalytic filtration using a special material REMEDIA^® proved itself to be very efficient. The latter technology consists in using a baghouse with bags manufactured from a special material (two layers – membrane from ePTFE and felt with bound in catalyst) called REMEDIA^® which has successfully been used for removal of PCDD/F during recent period. However, it has been found that this technology can partially remove NOx as well. Based on our experience from operation industrial incineration plants it has been proved that even after more than three years' operation the activity of filtration material was not decreased and efficiency of dioxins removal from flue gas ranges from 97 to 99% (Pa?ízek et al., 2008).Based on industrial experience and new findings it has been decided to focus continuing research and development on deNOx experiments by applying SCR using the above mentioned efficient filtration material. This type of material is primarily designed for reduction of PMs and PCDD/F. Experiments with this filtration material should test possibilities for simultaneous reduction of PMs, PCDD/F and NOx. Tests are performed in MSW incineration plant utilizing new experimental unit and under standard conditions. Waste processing capacity of the incineration plant amounts to 15 t/h. Tests result in evaluation of overall reduction efficiency and negative factors that might influence the efficiency. Catalytic filtration is further compared to other types of deNOx methods.Thus we have obtained qualitatively new knowledge about this method the value of which is emphasized by full scale industrial testing.     

富集因子法中参比元素的选取方法——以元江底泥中重金属污染评价为例

富集因子法中参比元素的选择对目标元素富集程度评价及源解析结果有至关重要的影响,盲目选用可能会导致偏颇或错误的结论,但目前鲜有针对参比元素的选择所进行的探讨.本文以元江沉积物中重金属元素污染水平评价及来源解析为例,详细介绍了运用顺序提取法、相关分析法、聚类分析法等化学分析和数理统计相结合并联系研究区域地球化学背景、产业分布及元素特性确定参比元素的方法.并采用所选出的参比元素进行富集因子法分析,将所得重金属污染等级评价结果及重金属来源的推论与地积累指数法对重金属污染等级评价的结果和以因子分析法对重金属溯源的推论相比较.结果表明,利用相关分析和顺序提取等方法选择参比元素是可靠可行的.     

A review of the technology and applications of methods for evaluating the transport of air pollutants

A variety of methods based on air quality models, including tracer methods, the brute-force method (BFM), decoupled direct method (DDM), high-order decoupled direct method (HDDM), response surface models (RSMs) and so on forth, have been widely used to study the transport of air pollutants. These methods have good applicability for the transport of air pollutants with simple formation mechanisms. However, differences in research conclusions on secondary pollutants with obvious nonlinear characteristics have been reported. For example, the tracer method is suitable for the study of simplified scenarios, while HDDM and RSMs are more suitable for the study for nonlinear pollutants. Multiple observation techniques, including conventional air pollutant observation, lidar observation, air sounding balloons, vehicle-mounted and ship-borne technology, aerial surveys, and remote sensing observations, have been utilized to investigate air pollutant transport characteristics with time resolution as high as 1 sec. In addition, based on a multi-regional input-output model combined with emission inventories, the transfer of air pollutant emissions can be evaluated and applied to study the air pollutant transport characteristics. Observational technologies have advantages in temporal resolution and accuracy, while modeling technologies are more flexible in spatial resolution and research plan setting. In order to accurately quantify the transport characteristics of pollutants, it is necessary to develop a research method for interactive verification of observation and simulation. Quantitative evaluation of the transport of air pollutants from different angles can provide a scientific basis for regional joint prevention and control.     

Hedonic analysis of hazardous waste sites in the presence of other urban disamenities

Hedonic research indicates that residential property values are reduced by increased proximity to hazardous waste sites, a measure of diminished environmental quality. Standard hedonic procedures measure proximity by the linear distance between a property and a waste site of interest. A sample of properties is then used to estimate a distance-to-site coefficient that measures the effect of the hazardous waste site on surrounding property values. These estimates can help policy makers assess the external effects of hazardous waste sites and may also be useful in both prioritizing and assessing the benefits of cleanup. In an urban situation, hazardous waste sites are often located near other industrial disamenities such as railroads, storage tanks, industrial noises, and air pollution. This spatial grouping of hazards may be due to economic forces or due to policy instruments such as zoning. As a result, distance to hazardous waste site may be correlated with distances to other industrial disamenities. Standard hedonic procedures that use a distance-to-site variable may suffer from omitted variable bias when the bundled industrial disamenities are present but ignored. Our empirical analysis examines this bias by assessing hedonic regressions with and without a measure that accounts for industrial activity.