城市生活垃圾堆肥对水稻生长和土壤的影响

利用城市生活垃圾堆肥作为肥料,采用水培法和土培法对水稻生长和土壤的影响进行了试验研究。结果表明,施用城市生活垃圾堆肥明显提高了水稻的生长量,增加了水稻植株茎叶中硅的含量;降低了糙米中有毒元素镉的含量;改变了土壤的酸度,增强了土壤的肥力;水稻植株和土壤中某些有害元素的含量略有增加,但远低于环境的允许值。     

内蒙古草原土壤与优良牧草中硒含量水平研究

本文研究了内蒙古地区不同生境类型中土壤与牧草中硒元素的含量水平。结果表明：土壤中硒的含是天０．０３０－０．１５９ｍｇ／ｋｇ，平均为０．１２２ｍｇ／ｋｇ；牧草中硒的含量在０．０２１－０．７７２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，平均为０．０９９ｍｇ／ｋｇ。土壤表现为缺硒，牧草表现为禾本科牧草缺硒，其它所分析牧草不缺硒。     

渔塘坝微地域中玉米硒的分布及其与土壤硒的关系

在渔塘坝０．０１ｋｍ＾２的微域内,玉米硒含量达到较高水平,其根,茎,叶,籽中的平均硒含量分别是４．３６±３．２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ,３．０８±２．２４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,９．７４±７．６２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和８．０７±５．０２ｍｇ／ｋｇ。渔塘坝中玉米硒分布类似土壤分布,也可分出相对低,中、高硒的分布区。     

几种蔬菜汞富集能力的初步研究

对莴苣、木耳菜、黄瓜、辣椒、豇豆、四季豆六种夏季蔬菜汞吸收能力研究发现，在田间自然状态下，六种蔬菜植株总汞平均含量为０．００３４７～０．００６３７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，其中辣椒总汞平均含量最高，黄瓜最低；其总汞在蔬菜各部位的分布量以可食部分为主，在叶菜类可食部分分布＞６８％、豆菜类及果菜类＞５９％。盆栽试验表明，三种幼苗中辣椒吸汞能力最强，莴苣最弱，但它在大气汞浓度为５６．７±１４．７ｎｇ／ｍ３下，叶片含汞０．０１２７ｍｇ／ｋｇ，超过食品卫生标准（ＧＢ２８６７－８７，０．０１ｍｇ／ｋｇＦＷ）；当土壤和大气的汞浓度同时很高时，蔬菜植株含汞量大幅增加，这必将使更多的汞进入食物链，并危害生态系统。     

西藏土壤中汞的含量及其地理分布

分析了采自西藏地区２０５个样品的土壤含汞量,并用数理统计方法和微机进行了数据的存入和有关计算。研究结果表明,西藏土壤汞的含量为０．０２１ｍｇ／ｋｇ,明显低于全国０．０４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ平均水平,西藏土壤中汞的含量呈由东（南）－西（北）逐渐降低的总趋势,这与西藏植被和土壤地带性的演替变化方向一致。亚东地区土壤垂直带谱中土壤汞的含量随海拔高度的升高而下降。汞的含量与土壤的基本属性密切相关,有着向土壤有机质     

生物质炭与铁钙材料对镉砷复合污染农田土壤的修复

选取了铁钙材料（FC）和山核桃蒲生物质炭（BC）制备得到复合材料（BF）,用于修复农田土壤中镉砷复合污染,以降低水稻糙米中的镉和砷含量.通过水稻盆栽试验,在植物生长期内,采集了土壤孔隙水、根际土壤、非根际土壤、水稻植株和水稻根表铁膜,探究了铁钙材料、生物质炭及其复合材料对土壤中镉和砷生物有效性和植株中镉和砷含量的影响及机制.结果表明,生物质炭材料能显著（P <0.05）提高非根际土壤（0.55～0.66个单位）和根际土壤（0.28～0.36个单位）pH,且提升土壤DOC含量;铁钙材料能显著（P <0.05）降低非根际土壤（0.14～0.27个单位）和根际土壤（0.38～0.41个单位）pH,同时降低土壤DOC含量.铁钙材料和复合材料能够同时降低土壤孔隙水、根际土壤和非根际土壤有效态Cd和As含量,而生物质炭能降低Cd含量,却提高了As含量,其中复合材料1%添加处理的效果最佳,土壤有效态Cd和As分别降低了41.8%～48.2%和6.1%～10.1%.生物质炭、铁钙材料和复合材料均能提高植株生物量（根、茎、叶和籽粒的干重）,水稻籽粒干重较CK增加了48.5%～184.0%,根...     

土壤环境中阴离子表面活性剂的分布

采集了南京市附近及苏南吴县地区不同土壤及相关水样,用苯胺兰１号比色法分析阴离子表面活性浓度,结果表明土壤环境中其浓度为０．１４ｍｇ／ｋｇ～３．８４ｍｇ／ｋｇ,水样中为０．１７ｍｇ／ｋｇ～０．４６ｍｇ／Ｌ,并且其浓度与土壤剖面深度、环境污染冲击类型及土壤利用方式有关。     

污泥施肥铅对作物污染的研究

采用盆栽和小区试验,研究在石灰性土壤上污泥施肥进铅污染对水稻和大豆生产发育的影响,两种作物对土壤中铅的吸收,迁移和累积规律。结果表明,铅投加量为２０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,水稻和大豆的产量降至低于对照９０％以下;铅投加量为３０００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,大豆籽粒铅含量仍未超过１ｍｇ／ｋｇ;但土壤中铅含量为２６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ时,水稻盆载糙米中的铅含量达到１ｍｇ／ｋｇ。根据试验结果建议将污泥农田施用时铅的控制标准修订为     

黄河三角洲湿地盐生植物氮和磷的根际效应

通过比较黄河三角洲湿地三种盐生植物柽柳(Tamarix chinensisLour).、盐地碱蓬(Suaeda salsa Pall).和白茅(Imperata cylindrica Beauv.)的根际与非根际土壤中氮、磷的根际效应,分析了不同植物种类根际效应差异的原因。研究结果表明,三种盐生植物根际土壤总氮、速效氮以及有效磷的含量与非根际土壤相比均显著增加(p0.01),根际土壤的总磷含量也高于非根际土壤。柽柳植株对氮、盐地碱蓬植株对磷的富集作用最强,并表现出明显的根际累积效应,这一结果对于滨海湿地氮、磷污染截留的植物修复技术建立具有重要的指导意义。同时,造成不同植物种类的根际效应差别的原因不同,pH值是影响柽柳根际速效氮累积效应的主要原因,而盐地碱蓬根际有效磷累积主要受到根际微生物和盐度变化的共同影响。     

硒对菜地土壤镉微区分布及其吸附解吸特性的影响

以南方酸性黄棕壤为研究对象,采用根箱进行小白菜种植,研究了不同剂量的外源硒(0、0.25、1.00 mg·kg-1,以Se计)处理下,小白菜根际与非根际土壤Cd的含量变化;同时,通过Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型进一步分析了经Se(0、0.25、1.00 mg·kg-1)预处理并经历过小白菜生长的根际与非根际土壤对Cd的吸附与解吸特性.结果表明,在Cd含量较低(0.50 mg·kg-1)的土壤中,低剂量的Se处理(0.25 mg·kg-1)根际土壤与非根际土壤的Cd含量均高于Se剂量为0、1.00 mg·kg-1的两个处理;在Cd含量较高(5.00 mg·kg-1)的土壤中,不同剂量的Se处理未能对土壤中Cd含量造成显著差异.通过吸附解吸试验及Langmuir和Freundlich两种吸附模型的模拟,发现根际土壤对Cd的吸附容量和吸附能力均小于非根际土壤,且根际土壤Cd的非专性吸附比率大于非根际土壤,表明小白菜的生长能够改变根际土壤对重金属Cd的吸附解吸特性,增加土壤中Cd的环境风险;然而,在本实验剂量范围内,外源Se预处理并未显著改变小白菜土壤Cd的吸附解吸特性,尚不足以证明Se通过影响小白菜根系分泌物等微域环境进而改变土壤重金属Cd的吸附解吸等环境化学行为.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the e ect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the e ect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously influence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously influence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coe cient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

Mercury in some chemical fertilizers and the effect of calcium superphosphate on mercury uptake by corn seedlings(Zea mays L.)

Mercury (Hg) contents in ten chemical fertilizers were determined, and the effect of calcium superphosphate (CSP) on the uptake and translocation of Hg in corn seedlings was investigated by pot experiments. CSP was applied at the levels of 0, 66.7, and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg to Hg-treated (2 mg/kg) and untreated soils. CSP had the highest Hg content (5.1 mg/kg), followed by the NPK compound fertilizer 15-5-5 (15% N, 5% P2O5, 5% K2O) (1.2 mg/kg), then by nitrogen fertilizers (except for ammonia sulfate) and potassium fertilizers. Application of CSP did not obviously iuence the biomass of corn roots, but it significantly increased the biomass of corn shoots in Hg-treated soil. Application of CSP at the levels of 66.7 and 133.4 mg P2O5/kg did not obviously iuence the uptake of Hg by corn seedlings on soils without Hg treatment, but it decreased the Hg uptake of corn seedlings significantly on Hg-treated soils. The transfer coefficient of Hg in corn seedlings improved slightly on soils without Hg treatment, but decreased slightly on Hg-treated soils with the application of CSP. These results implied that CSP could ameliorate Hg toxicity to corn seedlings by inhibiting the uptake and the translocation of Hg in plants on Hg-polluted soils.     

土壤施硅对水稻吸收砷的影响

通过盆栽试验研究在2种砷污染土壤中施加硅对水稻幼苗吸收砷的影响.结果表明,施加外源硅没有显著提高幼苗期水稻植株地上部和地下部生物量,也没有显著影响低砷土壤中水稻植株地上部和地下部的磷浓度,却使高砷土壤中水稻植株地上部磷浓度增加18%～39%,但对地下部磷浓度影响不大.同时与不施硅相比,无论是否调节硅酸钾溶液的pH值,施加2种浓度的外源硅均显著降低水稻植株地上部和地下部砷浓度.在低砷土壤中施加2种浓度的外源硅使水稻植株地上部砷浓度降低36%～59%,地下部砷浓度降低15%～37%.在高砷土壤中加硅,地上部砷浓度降低42%～58%,地下部砷浓度降低70%～82%.此结果与水培试验结果相一致,并对可能的机理进行了解释.     

生物炭和锌对土壤镉赋存形态及小麦镉积累的影响

为探讨生物炭单独施用及其联合锌施用对镉污染土壤安全利用的可行性,采用污灌区镉污染土壤种植小麦盆栽试验,结合小麦生长参数、抗氧化酶活性、相关基因表达,研究单独施用0、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%小麦秸秆生物炭以及与锌混施(在上述4个处理组土壤中施加30 mg/kg七水合硫酸锌)对镉胁迫下土壤镉形态特征和小麦镉积累特征的影响. 结果表明:①施用生物炭可促使土壤可交换态、碳酸盐结合态向稳定性强的有机结合态和残渣态转化,且随着生物炭施用量的增加,转化比例显著增加,但锌施用对土壤镉形态没有显著影响. ②土壤施加1%~2%生物炭能够显著降低小麦籽粒镉含量29%~57%,且施用2%生物炭可将籽粒镉含量降至0.1 mg/kg以下,土壤同时施用生物炭和锌可在单施生物炭基础上降低籽粒镉含量21%~39%,具有协同效应. ③施用生物炭和锌均可促进植物生长,提高小麦产量,并通过调节小麦丙二醛(MDA)和抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性提升小麦根系细胞抗氧化能力,以及调节镉转运基因(TaNramp5、TaLCT1、TaHMA3和TaHMA2)的表达,降低小麦根系从土壤吸收镉以及向地上部分转运,从而减少小麦对镉的吸收和积累. 研究显示,向土壤添加生物炭和锌对污灌区小麦的安全生产具有参考和指导意义.      

有机物料对紫色土微生物量碳、氮及氮素供应的影响

以猪粪沼渣(PM)、牛粪沼渣(CM)、污泥堆肥(SC)、农村生活垃圾堆肥(RWC1)、农村生活垃圾与污泥的堆肥产物(污泥比例20%,RWC2)为材料,采用培养试验和盆栽试验研究了有机物料对酸性紫色土和石灰性紫色土中微生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)含量及玉米幼苗氮吸收的影响.结果表明,有机物料使酸性和石灰性紫色土MBC含量分别提高了53. 63%～102. 91%和12. 14%～137. 00%,有机物料分解愈慢、碳氮比(C/N)愈高,土壤MBC愈大;而MBN含量分别提高了23. 37%～150. 08%和35. 02%～160. 02%,受物料的有机氮形态影响.两种土壤MBC/MBN随物料C/N的升高总体降低,高C/N物料有利于MBN的长期维持.除牛粪沼渣外,有机物料均可提高两种紫色土中玉米幼苗的生物量及氮吸收量,提高幅度为SC PM RWC2 RWC1,但其对氮素吸收的促进效果不及化肥.牛粪沼渣对玉米幼苗氮吸收的抑制作用与其较高的C/N有关,而其余物料的促进作用随MBC/MBN降低而增高.因此,有机物料对氮素吸收利用的影响不仅与其性质有关,也与其对土壤MBC/MBN的作用有关.     

Elemental sulfur effects on Pb and Zn uptake by Indian mustard and winter wheat

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of elemental sulfur to contaminated soil on plant uptake by a heavy metal hyperaccumulator, Indian mustard( Brassica juncea ) and a field crop, winter wheat( Triticum. aestivum). Elemental sulfur(S) with different rates was carried out, they were 0(S0 ), 20(S20 ), 40(S40 ), 80(S80 ), and 160(S160 ) mmol/kg respectively. Extra pots with the same rates of S but without plants were used for soil sampling to monitor pH and CaCl2-extractable heavy metal changes. The results showed that S enhanced phytoextraction of Pb and Zn from contaminated soil. Application S effectively decreased soil pH down to 1.1 as the most at the rate of Sl60. The concentrations of CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn in soil and uptake of Pb and Zn by the plants were increased with soil pH decreased. A good correlation between CaCl2-extractable Pb/Zn and soil pH was found( Rpb^2 = 0.847 and RZn^2 = 0,991, n = 25). With S application, soil CaCl2-extractable Pb and Zn concentrations, concentration of Pb and Zn in plants and the amount of removal by plant uptake were significanfly higher than those without S. Under the treatment of S160, the highest CaCl2-extmctable Pb and Zn were observed, they were 4.23 mg/kg and 0.40 mg/kg, 2.7 and 2.0 times as that of the control(So ) respectively. At the highest rates of S( Sl~0 ), both Indian mustard and winter wheat reached the highest uptake of Pb and Zn. The highest Pb concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 32.8 mg/kg and 537.0 mg/kg, all 1.8 times as that of the control, and the highest Zn concentrations in wheat and Indian mustard were 215.5 mg/kg and 404.0 mg/kg, 2.4 and 2.0 times as that of the control respectively. The highest removals of Pb and Zn from the contaminated soil were 0.41 rag/pot and 0.31 nag/pot by Indian mustard in the treatment of S160 through 50 days growth.     

纳米二氧化钛缓解镉胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及生理变化

研究了水培环境中不同浓度纳米二氧化钛（TiO₂-NPs）（0,25,50,100,200 mg/L）缓解Cd对小麦幼苗造成的生理毒害的作用。结果显示:在水培环境下TiO₂-NPs的施用,缓解了Cd对小麦带来的氧化胁迫,减轻了Cd对小麦的毒害作用,显著提高了小麦生物量、根长及株高,改善了小麦光合作用。中浓度（50,100 mg/L）TiO₂-NPs的使用显著提高了小麦幼苗净光合速率。对于所有浓度TiO₂-NPs的施用,小麦幼苗POD酶活均显著低于Cd处理组;SOD酶活在较低浓度（<200 mg/L）时显著低于Cd处理组。TiO₂-NPs通过减轻Cd氧化胁迫作用,有效缓解了Cd对小麦幼苗的毒害,提高了小麦幼苗的光合作用。     

Single and joint stress of acetochlor and Pb on three agricultural crops in northeast China

In order to evaluate ecological risk of agrochemicals in agricultural environment, single and joint toxic effects of an important herbicide and a typical heavy metal on root elongation of crops were investigated. Seeds of the three crops including wheat （Triticum aestivum）, Chinese cabbage （Brassica pekimensis） and soybean （Glycine max） as the main crops in northeast China were exposed to acetochior as a herbicide and lead （Pb） as a heavy metal using the pot-culture method, and meadow brown soil as one of the main soils distributed in northeast China was applied in the investigation. The results indicated that the interactive effects of the two pollutants on root elongation of the three crops were very complicated although they had markedly significant （P〈0.01） linear interrelationships based on the regression analyses. When the concentration of added Pb^2＋ reached 200 mg/kg, acetochlor and Pb had an antagonistic effect on the inhibition of root elongation of the three crops. However, acetochlor and Pb had significantly （P〈0.05） synergic effects on the inhibition of root elongation when concentration of added Pb^2＋ was up to 1000 mg/kg. At the low concentration of added Pb, joint toxicity of acetochlor and Pb was more dependent on the concentration of Pb. Among the three crops, wheat was the most sensitive to the toxicity of Pb and Chinese cabbage was the most sensitive to the toxicity of acetochlor.     

Alteration of microbial properties and community structure in soils exposed to napropamide

The effect of pesticide napropamide (N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy) propanamide) on soil microorganisms for long-term (56 d) was assessed by monitoring changes in soil microbial biological responses. Soils were treated with napropamide at 0, 2, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg soil and sampled at intervals of 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 42, and 56 d. The average microbial biomass C declined in napropamide-treated soils as compared to control. The same trend was observed on microbial biomass N after napropamide application.We also determined the basal soil respiration (BSR) and observed a high level in soils treated with napropamide during the first 7 d of experiment. But with the passage of incubation time, BSR with napropamide decreased relatively to control. Application of napropamide at 2–80 mg/kg soil had inhibitory e ects on the activity of urease and invertase. Activity of catalase was enhanced during the initial 7 d of napropamide application, but soon recovered to the basal level. The depressed enzyme activities might be due to the toxicity of napropamide to the soil microbial populations. To further understand the e ect of napropamide on microbial communities, a PCRDGGE- based experiment and cluster analysis of 16S rDNA community profiles were performed. Our analysis revealed an apparent di erence in bacterial-community composition between the napropamide treatments and control. Addition of napropamide apparently increased the number of bands during the 7–14 d of incubation. These results imply that napropamide-induced toxicity was responsible for the disturbance of the microbial populations in soil.     

Influences of phosphate nutritional level on the phytoavailability and speciation distribution of cadmium and lead in soil

IntroductionNorth-east China is one of the most importantindustrial bases and also a main agriculturalproduction area. Land disposal of wastes and irrigatingwith sewage have led to increasing heavy metalcontents in soil (Chen, 1996) and the problemsinduce…