厌氧除磷同步脱氮及影响因素研究

采用鸡粪污泥为种泥,在厌氧混合连续流反应装置内进行厌氧还原磷产生磷化氧功能菌的富集,进行硝酸盐、硫酸盐、不同碳源和氮源条件下厌氧除磷效率的研究,并考察磷化氧的生成与硝酸、总磷、氨氮去除的关系.结果表明,(1)SO_4~(2-)-S适宜的投加量为26 mg·L~(-1),不投加NO_3~--N.水中含有氧化态的无机物在厌氧条件下与磷争夺[H]导致厌氧除磷的效率下降.(2)合适的碳源为葡萄糖1 000 mg·L~(-1),纤维素不适合作为碳源,合适的氮源为蛋白胨500 mg·L~(-1),水中含有的还原糖和有机氮源促进磷化氧的生成.(3)pH值控制在6.5～7.0的范围,最适宜的生长温度在35℃左右.(4)氨氮的去除率随着总磷的去除率而增加,在厌氧条件下可达到同时脱氮除磷的效果.磷的去除由厌氧除磷菌还原磷生成磷化氧完成,氨氮由生成氮气或生成蛋白质来去除.     

厌氧-好氧生物除磷影响因素的控制

采用厌氧-好氧生物除磷工艺,研究了两个关键因子--化学需氧量与磷的比值和污泥负荷对系统除磷效果的影响及其控制.结果表明,原污水中化学需氧量与磷的比值越高,厌氧放磷越多,越有利于除磷;厌氧放磷与厌氧吸收碳源呈正相关;并且,进水化学需氧量与磷的比值的变化对整个系统碳源污染物的去除效果不会产生明显的影响.试验发现,厌氧条件下聚磷菌贮存碳源的多寡并不完全依赖于高能磷酸键水解提供的能量,原污水中化学需氧量越多,越有利于厌氧碳源的贮存.若要达到好的除磷效果,系统的污泥负荷必须控制在0.21～0.5 kg/(kg·d)之间,且污泥负荷越高,除磷效果越佳.     

一株新的反硝化短程除硫菌的鉴定及主要培养因素筛选

依据反硝化除硫原理,以味精废水污泥为种泥,利用全混流反应器富集并分离出同步反硝化短程除硫菌(SNBI),采用传统与现代分子生物学相结合的手段对其鉴定,以确定其分类地位;同时对SNB1的主要培养因素(营养和环境)进行筛选.结果表明:SNB1的形态特征及生理生化指标与Thauera selenatis最相似,同源性达99.0%,属短杆菌属,尚无中文命名;生理生化指标、富集条件及富集过程物料平衡显示SNB1是一株兼性厌氧反硝化除硫菌;培养SNB1的最佳碳源为蔗糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最佳培养温度为35℃,最适宜pH范围为7～9;最佳条件培养时,OD_(650)和对数细菌数量(CFU)呈直线相关,相关系数R~2=0.981.     

一株嗜酸硫单质还原菌的分离鉴定及其在酸性重金属废水处理中的作用

采用Hungate厌氧滚管法,从酸性重金属废水中筛选了1株嗜酸性的硫单质还原菌NAU-16.经形态学和16S r DNA基因序列分析鉴定为脱硫菌属硫磺细菌种Desulfurella amilsii.研究了其在不同温度(20—60℃)、p H(1.0—7.0)和碳源(乙酸、丙醇、乳酸、葡萄糖、丙三醇、丙酮酸)条件下的生长特性,并通过序批式厌氧瓶培养考察了该菌株对污泥生物沥浸酸液中Zn~(~(2+))、Cu~(~(2+))、Ni~(~(2+))的去除效果.结果表明,菌株NAU-16最适生长温度为35—45℃,可在p H值3.0—7.0范围内较好生长,能利用乙酸、葡萄糖作为电子供体和碳源.同时,Desulfurella amilsii NAU-16介导的生物硫单质还原可有效处理含Zn~(~(2+))、Cu~(~(2+))、Ni~(~(2+))的污泥生物沥浸酸液.对于初始p H 3.0—4.0的沥浸液,处理12 d,Zn~(~(2+))、Cu~(~(2+))的去除率达99%以上,Ni~(~(2+))的去除率90%—99%.上述研究结果为酸性重金属废水生物处理提供了一种新途径.     

高硝氮酒厂废水生物反硝化体系的构建及细菌群落特征

白酒生产过程中伴随高氮废水的产生,其中包含氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)和亚硝氮(NO_2~--N),企业基于现有的曝气等工艺可以去除NH_4~+-N,但却难以有效去除NO_2~--N和NO_2~--N,导致总氮(TN)含量无法达到新标准(TN 20 mg/L),因此高效去除废水中的NO_3~--N和NO_2~--N成为当下的研究热点.采用上流式厌氧污泥床(up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket,UASB)生物反应器驯养活性污泥,形成稳定的微生物群系;筛选得到最佳碳源,构建了生物厌氧反硝化脱氮体系,并通过三代全长16S rRNA测序分析了体系的细菌群落结构.结果显示,在甲醇、乙酸钠、丁二酸钠、葡萄糖、酒厂原水、柠檬酸钠和MicroC多种碳源中,MicroC效果最佳,在处理高硝氮废水(NO_3~--N=531 mg/L)时,添加量为C/N=1.0,出水的NO_3~--N含量小于1 mg/L,NO_3~--N去除率达98%,COD去除率超过90%.该体系中,反硝化前期斯氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)和硫杆菌(Thioclava sp.)是优势种,还原大量的NO_3~--N,而细菌多样性较低;反硝化后期微嗜酸寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas acidaminiphila)变成优势种,还原残留的NO_3~--N.本研究表明以MicroC为碳源的厌氧反硝化体系可实现酒厂高硝氮废水低成本且高效率的脱氮处理,物种Pseudomonas stutzeri发挥主要的反硝化作用,结果对反硝化工程有重要的指导意义.(图8表3参30)     

生物还原-化学沉淀去除烟气SO2中Na2SO3和硫化物的研究

利用硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)和金属离子沉淀剂对烟气SO2进行生物还原-化学沉淀去除,考察了碳源类型、乙酸(碳源)浓度、沉淀剂投加量和反应时间对SO2-3去除的影响,研究表明,沉淀剂的加入导致SRB转化产生的S2-能很快生成硫化物沉淀,其它副反应被抑制.乙酸C原子/SO2-3的浓度比为1时,SO2-3去除最大.随着沉淀剂投加量的增加,SO2-3去除率增大.ZnCl2生化反应培养14d后,SO2-3去除趋于完全.FeCl2生化反应培养7d后,SO2-3去除趋于完全.     

生物还原-化学沉淀去除烟气SO2中Na2 SO3和硫化物的研究

利用硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）和金属离子沉淀剂对烟气SO2进行生物还原-化学沉淀去除,考察了碳源类型、乙酸（碳源）浓度、沉淀剂投加量和反应时间对SO3^2-去除的影响,研究表明,沉淀剂的加入导致SRB转化产生的S^2-能很快生成硫化物沉淀,其它副反应被抑制．乙酸C原子／SO3^2-的浓度比为1时,SO3^2-去除最大．随着沉淀剂投加量的增加,SO3^2-去除率增大．ZnCl2生化反应培养14d后,SO3^2-去除趋于完全．FeCl2生化反应培养7d后,SO3^2-去除趋于完全．     

新型填料床-逐级曝气池一体化反应器水处理技术

为解决低浓度污水处理工艺脱氮除磷过程中存在的微生物碳源不足的问题,本文研制了新型填料床-逐级曝气串联反应器.填料床分别采用珊瑚砂、竹炭颗粒、钢渣为填料,在好氧、厌氧兼顾的环境下,实现化学除磷、生物除氮.试验采用模拟生活污水,COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度为170—190 mg.L-1、27—30 mg.L-1、8—10 mg.L-1,23—25 mg.L-1.反应器在第27天启动成功,100 d稳定运行结果显示,当HRT为14 h,曝气池DO为3.5 mg.L-1,反应器处理效果良好,出水中COD、TN、TP、氨氮的浓度分别为30.7 mg.L-1、5.59 mg.L-1、1.0 mg.L-1、4.67 mg.L-1,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)中的一级B排放标准.经钢渣填料床处理后的污水,TP浓度降到1 mg.L-1左右,在不排泥的情况下,实现TP的高效去除,同时有效避免了除磷与脱氮过程对碳源的竞争,实现了生物法对水体中富余氮、磷的高效去除.     

球形红杆菌废水除磷作用的研究

文章考察了磷源、碳源、硫源对废水生物除磷优势菌球形红杆菌磷代谢的影响，结果表明：在微好氧条件下，缺磷环境会使球形红杆菌产生过量摄磷现象；经无碳和无硫培养后，转移到富磷培养基内，也会产生过量摄磷现象，但随着培养时间的延长，菌体摄磷量下降；该菌体经预培养转入富磷培养基后，碳源不同其摄磷能力有所差异；以苹果酸为碳源时的摄磷量略大于以乙酸源时的摄磷量。     

水稻土中半胱氨酸分解产生含硫气体的研究

在室内培养条件下,测定了水稻土中含硫气体的释放．结果表明,该土壤中有硫化氢(Ｈ２Ｓ),羰基硫(ＣＯＳ),二甲基硫(ＤＭＳ)三种气体释放．当土壤中加入半胱氨酸后,ＣＯＳ和Ｈ２Ｓ气体的浓度有了明显增加,并有ＣＳ２和ＣＨ３ＳＨ测出,而ＤＭＳ的浓度变化不大．这些结果表明半胱氨酸的分解可能是 ＣＯＳ,Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＳ２和 ＣＨ３ＳＨ的产生源之一．在好氧(正常大气)条件下,Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＯＳ,ＣＳ２和ＣＨ３ＳＨ的释放量低于厌氧(氮气氛围)条件下的释放量,ＤＭＳ则高于厌氧条件下．这表明水稻土中半胱氨酸分解产生 Ｈ２Ｓ,ＣＯＳ,ＣＳ２和 ＣＨ３ＳＨ需较强的还原条件,产生这四种气体的微生物需要严格的厌氧条件．产生ＤＭＳ的微生物则比前者需要高一些的含氧量．在光照条件下,各含硫气体的释放量普遍高于无光照条件下的释放量．释放含硫气体的大多数微生物适宜的含水率为５０%且对土壤的ｐＨ值有一定要求．     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.