单位内部对危险化学品的安全管理

危险化学品涉及到各个行业,是事故多发的领域,无论是生产、运输,还是在经营、储存和使用过程,安全事故都比较易发,给人民的生命、健康和国家财产造成重大的损失.据有关资料统计:仅2002年1-9月,与危险化学品生产直接相关的3个行业中:化工行业发生事故403起,死亡349人,油行业发生事故34起,死亡36人,医药行业发生事故33起,死亡16人.随着我国国民经济的快速发展,油化学工业将得到进一步发展,化学品与我们的社会经济生活及老百姓的日常生活的关系将越来越密切,危险化学品的安全管理问题将更加突出,作为涉及危险化学品企业,必须认清危险化学品领域安全生产的严峻形势,深刻认识和切实加强对危险化学品的安全管理工作,确保不发生事故.笔者认为应从以下几个方面来加强:     

化学工业区应急管理体系建设模式研究

随着经济的迅猛发展，我国正掀起新一轮以化学工业区建设为特征的化工建设高潮，化学工业区数量与日俱增。化学工业区的建设与发展，在促进当地经济和化工产业发展的同时，也带来了新的安全问题。由于化学工业区中多为化工企业，生产、储存、使用、运输大量易燃、易爆、有毒的危险化学品，且园区内重大危险源数量众多，一旦发生火灾、爆炸或危险化学品泄漏扩散事故，极易造成大面积的群死群伤事故。     

危险化学品企业实施安全评价工作绩效分析

2006年安全生产工作取得了较好的成绩,呈现总体稳定趋向好转的发展态势,事故死亡人数总量也较大幅度下降。但是,在危险化学品行业非但没有得到扭转,事故死亡人数反而上升了16.2%。对此,我们有必要加强对危险化学品的安全管理。在安全评价方面,危险化学品企业实施安全评价后是否对企业的发展有实际的绩效,对此,我们对全国320家实施过安全评价的危险化学品企业进行了调研分析,尤其在安全设施、安全管理水平、事故发生频率等方面,并从中得出结论,进而了解评价过程中存在的不足,以及提出合理的对策措施。     

《危险化学品生产企业安全评价导则(试行)》颁布

为贯彻落实《危险化学品安全管理条件》、《安全生产许可证条例》、《国务院关于进一步加强安全生产工作的决定》以及《危险化学品生产企业安全生产许可证实施办法》，规范危险化学品生产企业安全评价工作，国家安全生产监督管理局研究、编制了《危险化学品生产企业安全评价导则(试行)》，2004年9月8日，下发给各省、自治区、直辖市及新疆生产建设兵团安全生产监督管理局，中国石油和化学工业协会，中央管理的有关企业和有关安全评价机构。     

危化品经营单位消防监管

随着化学工业的迅猛发展和化学物品的广泛使用,由危险化学品引发的灾害事故越来越多,损失和伤亡越来越大。为此,国务院制定并于2002年3月15日起施行了《危险化学品安全管理条例》(国务院令第344号),把危险化学物品的安全生产监管纳入国家安全生产监管工作重点。危险     

高风险危化企业搬迁 风险评估是前提

<正>随着我国化学工业的飞速发展和城市化进程的加快,众多危险化学品企业已经位于城镇人口密集区内,有的甚至已被居民区、商业区所包围,由危险化学品引起的重大安全、环保事故时有发生,对人民群众的生命和财产安全构成了严重威胁,引起了社会各界的强烈关注。按照危险化学品安全生产监管部际联席会议第六次全体会议的要求,2014年11月19日,工业和信息化部组织环境保护部、国家安全生产监管总局、住房和城乡建设部相关     

工业企业重大危险源的辨识评估与监控防范

一、前言 加强危险化学品安全管理和工业危险源的辨识、评价与监控,是一项事关社会安全、稳定和发展的大事,也是现代安全科学领域内具有先导性、综合性、难度大的工作,<安全生产法>、<危险化学品安全管理条例>、国家安监总局<关于规范重大危险源监督与管理工作的通知>等对危险化学品生产经营单位和重大危险源的安全生产做了明确的规定.去年中石油重庆开县井喷事故、重庆天原化工厂氯气泄漏和今年吉林石化双苯厂爆炸事故,再次敲响了危险化学品生产经营单位安全生产警钟,再次说明了加强重大危险源安全管理的重要性和紧迫性.现以我公司重大危险源之一--合成氨厂液氨贮罐区(以下简称氨罐区)的安全监控防范介绍工业企业危险源的辨识、评价与监控措施.     

北京城区危险化学品运输安全管理现状与对策措施

近年来,随着化学工业的迅速发展,中国已经成为化学品生产和消费的大国,化学品运输品种、数量与日俱增。由于危险化学品本身就具有危险性,在运输过程中处于运动状态,更增加了其危险程度和造成事故的几率,加上危险化学品运输的安全管理与具体作业中存在一些问题,使得危险化学品运输成为一种高风险作业。本文结合北京城区特点,着重探讨危险化学品陆路运输的安全性及其安全管理,并就北京市城区目前危险化学品运输实际情况和安全管理存在的问题,提出一些相应的对策措施。     

国家安全监管局关于近期化工和危险化学品生产企业发生事故情况通报

近日，国家安全监管总局下发了《关于近期化工和危险化学品生产企业发生事故情况通报》。进入2008年以来，广西区也连续发生了两起危险化学品安全生产事故，这两起事故的发生，充分暴露出广西区部分企业依然存在安全管理不到位，隐患排查治理不深入等问题。为认真吸取事故教训，进一步做好危险化学品安全监管工作，     

中国安科院危险化学品安全技术研究所简介

中国安全生产科学研究院危险化学品安全技术研究所围绕危险化学品、石油化工企业及化工园区,开展化学品危险性分析、石油化工企业定量风险评价、化工园区区域性安全评价及安全规划、应急预案编制、应急演练策划、事故模拟仿真等方向的理论研究、技术推广与相关软硬件系统的研发;设有化学品危险性分析与鉴定、事故模拟仿真与风险评估等实验室,配有先进的分析仪器与仿真模拟软件;协助总局开展危险化学品相关法规及标准起草,参与重大事故调查技术分析,辅助建设危险化学品安全监管政务系统。     

Korean experience of process safety management (PSM) regulation for chemical industry

From the 1960s, Korean industries have been encouraged by the government to nurture heavy and chemical industry and to modernize the economics and industrial structures. The development of chemical industry particularly became the turning point in industrial development, and played a major role in the construction of a new industrialized country. However, the process systems in the chemical industry have become more complex and larger, and the inventories of dangerous chemicals that are produced or consumed have continuously increased. Therefore, the hazards from potential accidents such as fire and explosion or release of toxic chemicals have also increased. In fact, from the end of 1980s to the beginning of 1990s in Korea, a number of major industrial accidents such as ABS extruder explosion, TDI release and dryer explosion, etc. Occurred and caused many fatalities. As the chemical companies recognized the importance of preventing major hazards, PSM system, the prevention of major industrial accidents, was introduced in January 1995 by amending Industrial Safety and Health Act, and it has been enforced from January 1, 1996. According to the law, the business owner of a workplace with hazardous or dangerous equipment shall submit a process safety report to the Government to prevent any accidents, which could inflict an immediate damage on workers or on areas in the vicinity of the workplaces. As a result of PSM implementation for 19 years, chemical accident prevention system has been stabilized and various kinds of effectiveness and desirable customer satisfaction have been made.     

The effectiveness of process safety management (PSM) regulation for chemical industry in Korea

From the 1960s, Korean industries have been encouraged by the government to nurture heavy and chemical industry and to modernize the economics and industrial structures. The development of chemical industry particularly became the turning point in industrial development, and played a major role in the construction of a new industrialized country. However, the process systems in the chemical industry have become more complex and larger, and the inventories of dangerous chemicals that are produced or consumed have continuously increased. Therefore, the hazards from potential accidents such as fire and explosion or release of toxic chemicals have also increased. In fact, from the end of 1980s to the beginning of 1990s in Korea, a number of major industrial accidents such as ABS extruder explosion, TDI release and dryer explosion, etc. occurred and caused many fatalities. As the chemical companies recognized the importance of preventing major hazards, PSM system, the prevention of major industrial accidents, was introduced in January 1995 by amending Industrial Safety and Health Act, and it has been enforced from January 1, 1996. According to the law, the business owner of a workplace with hazardous or dangerous equipment shall submit a process safety report to the Government to prevent any accidents, which could inflict an immediate damage on workers or on areas in the vicinity of the workplaces. As a result of PSM implementation for 7 years, various kinds of effectiveness have been made. Accident rate including number of fatalities has been decreased, and productivity has been increased as well as product quality.     

Smart chemical industry parks in China: Current status,challenges, and pathways for future sustainable development

The chemical industry has been pivotal to the rapid economic expansion and high standards of living in China. As an important carrier of the chemical industry, China has designated as many as 723 chemical industrial parks (CIPs). Unfortunately, safety concerns have become an obstacle to the sustainability of China's CIPs. Ever since the two devastating hazardous chemical accidents, namely “Tianjin Port 8·12 Explosion” and “Jiangsu 3·21 Explosion,” which occurred in 2015 and 2019 respectively, China has prioritized the safety of CIPs. The smart chemical industrial parks (SCIPs) are considered the optimal strategies toward the goal of sustainable development in China's CIPs. However, there has been a lack of research and subsequent discussion on the role of SCIPs in the forthcoming years. The period between 2020 and 2025 is considered a crucial period for the future development of CIPs and SCIPs in China mainly because the country has released a series of important government documents and national standards (such as “Fourteenth Five-Year (2020–2025) Plan for Hazardous Chemical Safety” and “Guidelines of SCIPs construction”) to promote hazardous chemical safety. With the aim of analyzing the future sustainable development for the construction of SCIPs in China, this paper proposes a systematic methodology in order to conduct an integrated and in-depth review on the standardization construction status (framework with Chinese characteristics, key events, spatial features, and national pilots), future tasks, problems, and sustainable development pathways of China's SCIPs. The method is implemented in accordance with the current scenarios of hazardous chemical safety in China and the latest government documents, regulations, and standards. Furthermore, this study provides basic data and a basis for future studies associated with the safety and sustainability of the SCIPs construction and chemical industry, both within China and in other countries.     

危险化学品生产企业危险源辨识方法研究

随着经济社会的发展和化工行业投资规模快速增长,社会对危化品的关注日益增长,这就加大了企业安全生产压力。危化品生产企业往往存在着诸多危险源,其中化学性危害因素是在危险源辨识过程中需考虑的重点要素。为了正确辨识危险化学品企业的危险源,保障安全运营,本文梳理了危险源的几种分类,包括物理性危害因素、化学性危害因素、生物性危害因素、心理生理性危害因素、行为性危害因素等,并在此基础上重点研究了工作危害分析、安全检查表、危险与可操作性分析等危险源辨识方法。最后以两个危化公司为样本,介绍了危险源辨识方法的具体内容和操作流程,为企业选用正确方法,科学辨识危险源,顺利排查隐患提供依据。     

2006-2010年我国危险化学品事故统计分析研究

本文基于＂十一五＂期间我国危险化学品事故统计数据,从事故类别、事故发生区域、事故发生时间、企业经济类型、危险化学品类别、危险化学品事故发生环节等方面进行分析,结果表明,中毒与窒息事故和爆炸事故占危险化学品事故主要类型,易燃液体、易燃气体、爆炸品和腐蚀性物质是引发危险化学品事故的主要危险物质类型,生产环节是事故发生的主要环节,违反操作规程或劳动纪律与设备设施工具附件有缺陷是导致事故的重要原因。从落实企业安全生产主体责任、提升本质安全化水平、开展重大危险源普查、建立安全监管网络、加强危险化学品产业布局、提高事故应急救援能力等方面提出了预防和控制危险化学品事故的对策建议。     

Building Safety indicators: Part 2 – Application,practices and results

Petroleum exploration and production in the Barents Sea is a controversial topic. The Goliat field outside the northern coast of Norway will be the first offshore oil development in this region, with planned production start in 2013–2014. Avoiding major accidents at Goliat is critical; not only to reduce the risks to human lives and the environment, but also to gain political acceptance. Providing early warnings of major accidents for Goliat is one of the main objectives of the research project ‘Building Safety’. The objective of this paper is to describe the development of early warnings in the form of indicators. In addition, the paper includes an overview of current status of early warnings of accidents in other major hazard industries; the nuclear power industry, the chemical process industry, and aviation. Experiences from these industries, including lessons learned from recent major accidents, have been used as important input to the development of early warning indicators.     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

毒气泄漏过程及其危险区域分析

在化学事故中 ,毒气的大量泄漏扩散不仅会造成极其严重的人员和财产损失 ,同时会产生很大的社会影响。而在各种毒气泄漏方式中 ,以灾难性破裂引发的泄漏危害最大 ,而连续泄漏则更具广泛的代表性。笔者利用已有的理论模型 ,分析了这两种泄漏类型的特点及其扩散规律 ,提出了伤害区域的划分和估算方法 ,为准确地预测毒气扩散危险区域 ,及时采取有效措施组织抢险救援活动 ,提供了一种行之有效的方法     

基于危化品事故案例的决策规则提取算法研究*

为充分解析文本形式的危化品事故案例,探讨事故类型与大量事故致因间的因果关联,从化工行业入手,通过扎根理论对175起危化品事故案例进行因素提取,共确定5个子系统、19个因素、80个子因素,提出基于事故生命周期的事故致因框架;在此基础上,提出改进的Gra Apriori算法,以解决经典的Apriori无法考虑属性类别关系的问题,最终获得14个以事故类型为决策属性的规则。结果表明:这些规则从不同事故阶段细致地剖析了危化品事故所遵循的规律,重现事故的演变过程,为危化品事故风险管理提供准确可靠的预防策略和决策支持。     

Lessons learned for process safety management in China

A number of chemical accidents have occurred in China over the past two decades with significant impact on humans and the environment. It is expected that lessons will have been learned from these accidents that will help industries to reduce the risk that catastrophic chemical accidents occur in future. In fact, to some extent there is evidence that lessons have been learned, to the extent that the Chinese government has substantially strengthened legislation and regulatory standards. Nonetheless, there remains a concern that much more still needs to be done to reduce chemical accidents risks in China. Important progress in this area requires not only government support but a commitment across all hazardous industries to learn from past accidents that may in many cases require establishment or considerable improvement of their safety management systems. To assist small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), in this effort, results of an analysis of common causes of the chemical accidents reported in the Major Accident Information (MAI) website of Chinese State Administration of Work Safety (SAWS) are presented in this paper In particular, inadequate process hazard analysis (PHA), training and emergency response planning (ERP) were identified as the top three process safety management (PSM) elements that contribute to most of the SMEs accidents in China. Seven recommendations are proposed in order to improve the effectiveness of lesson learning for government agencies and SMEs.