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1.
Xiuzhen Che Alex English Jia Lu Yongqin David Chen 《Environmental Impact Assessment Review》2011,31(6):561-571
The enactment and implementation of the 2003 EIA Law in China institutionalised the role of plan environmental impact assessment (PEIA). While the philosophy, methodology and mechanisms of PEIA have gradually permeated through the various levels of government with a positive effect on the process and outcome of urban planning, only a few cities in China have so far carried out PEIA as a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)-type procedure. One such case is the southern city of Shenzhen. During the past three decades, Shenzhen has grown from a small town to a large and booming city as China has successfully and rapidly developed its economy by adopting the “reform and open door” policy. In response to the challenges arising from the generally divergent processes of rapid urbanisation, economic transformation and environment protection, Shenzhen has incrementally adopted the SEA concept in developing the city's Master Urban Plan. As such, this paper reviews the effectiveness of PEIA in three ways:
•
as a tool and process for achieving more sustainable and strategic planning; •
to determine the level of integration of SEA within the planning system; and, •
its effectiveness vis-à-vis implementation.
2.
This paper is based on the perception that the inertia of climate and socio-economic systems are key parameters in the climate
change issue. In a first part, it develops and implements a new approach based on a simple integrated model with a particular
focus on an innovative transient impact and adaptation modeling. In a second part, a climate–economy feedback is defined and characterized. The following results were found. 1) It has a long characteristic time, which lies between
50 and 100 years depending on the hypotheses; this time scale is long when compared to the system's other time scales, and
the feedback cannot act as a natural damping process of climate change. 2) Mitigation has to be anticipated since the feedback
of an emission reduction on the economy can be significant only after a 20-year delay and is really efficient only after at
least 50 years. 3) Even discounted, production changes due to an action on emissions are significant over more than one century.
4) The methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which neglects the feedback from impacts to emissions,
is acceptable up to 2100, whatever is the level of impacts. This analysis allows also to define a climatic cost of growth as the additional climate change damages due to the additional emissions linked to economic growth.
相似文献
Stéphane HallegatteEmail: |
3.
M. Kashir K. Zhang G. Achari R. G. Moore S. A. Mehta M. G. Ursenbach 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(2):265-274
A 2-D mathematical model to simulate the temperature distribution, coke formation, and change in residual extractable oil
during remediation by low-temperature oxidation (LTO) process was developed. Simulation results indicate that the spacing
between wells, pressure difference, and air-injection temperature and different well patterns influence the temperature distribution
and consequently the level of remediation in the soil. The model results for coke formation and residual extractable oil distribution
compared well with experimental results. The operating conditions—air-injection temperature of about 200°C, air-injection
pressure of 6 to 10 kPa, air-extraction pressure of −110 Pa, and wells spaced 1 m apart installed in a nine-spot pattern—provide
good remediation of hydrocarbons in soil by LTO process.
相似文献
G. AchariEmail: |
4.
We derive conditions that must be satisfied by the primitives of the problem in order for an equilibrium in linear Markov
strategies to exist in some common property natural resource differential games. These conditions impose restrictions on the
admissible form of the natural growth function, given a benefit function, or on the admissible form of the benefit function,
given a natural growth function.
相似文献
Gérard GaudetEmail: |
5.
Summer heat in coastal subtropical Jeddah, augmented by heat from operating ground servicing equipment in King Abdul-Aziz International Airport (KAAIA), presents a major occupational problem to ground service operators, particularly the air traffic control coordinator (ATCC), that hinders their work efficiency and induces health disorders to them. The present study was conducted to assess the magnitude of this problem and propose heat control strategy and remedial actions for the Saudi Arabian Airlines (SAUDIA). Heat parameters including air temperature (T (a)), wet bulb temperature (T (w)), globe temperature (T (g)) and air velocity were measured around serviced planes and in other locations used by ATCC, and the WBGT and the ATCC-WBGT-TWAs were computed. Mostly all the T (a) measurements, and many T (w) measurements, were higher than T (a) and T (w) forecasted by the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) due to heat dissipated from operating vehicles and equipment in service. The measured and PME forecasted parameters have good and medium linear correlations (T (a): r (2) = 0.74 and T (w): r (2) = 0.64). The computed WBGT in the service stations around planes are considerably higher than the 25 and 27.5 degrees C recommended TLV(R) for non-acclimatized and acclimatized operators. However, the computed ATCC- WBGT-TWA levels indicate that the shift-work-schedule which was recommended to be implemented by SAUDIA has successfully reduced their heat exposure to acceptable levels, except for a very few operators (6.7% exceeding WBGT-TLV(R) of 25 degrees C and 2.2% exceeding TLV(R) of 27.5 degrees C) for whom the shift-work schedules might be corrected to achieve safe heat exposure. 相似文献
6.
A mixed-integer programming model that minimizes the social abatement cost is used to investigate whether a market equilibrium
condition could be reached in a newly proposed permit-trading market for nitrogen oxide control in Taiwan. Unlike in previous
studies, unit pollution abatement cost is determined endogenously by incorporating technology adoption as a binary decision
variable. The results show that when technologies are lumpy and irreversible, disequilibrium might occur due to firms’ inability
to manage their emission levels after installing equipment with fixed size and control capacity.
相似文献
Chao-ning LiaoEmail: |
7.
This paper offers an interpretation of the precautionary principle in terms of a safety target that a decision-maker has to
reach at a minimal cost in a robust way. A two-period model is used. The precautionary principle corresponds to a situation
in which the decision-maker, facing an ex ante indecision, is not able to reach a safe target from the initial condition in a worst-case framework. However, he can efficiently
succeed whenever the uncertainty at the second period is revealed to him. An example coping with the management of a renewable
resource illustrates the general results of the paper.
相似文献
Jean-Christophe PereauEmail: |
8.
Bhanarkar AD Srivastava A Joseph AE Kumar R 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,109(1-3):73-80
Air pollution in the workplace environment due to industrial operation have been found to cause serious occupational health
hazard. Similarly, heat stress is still most neglected occupational hazard in the tropical and subtropical countries like
India. The hot climate augments the heat exposure close to sources like furnaces. In this study an attempt is made to assess
air pollution and heat exposure levels to workers in the workplace environment in glass manufacturing unit located in the
State of Gujarat, India. Samples for workplace air quality were collected for SPM, SO2, NO2 and CO2 at eight locations. Results of workplace air quality showed 8-hourly average concentrations of SPM: 165–9118 μg/m3, SO2: 6–9 μg/m3 and NO2: 5–42 μg/m3, which were below the threshold limit values of workplace environment. The level of CO2 in workplace air of the plant was found to be in the range 827–2886 μg/m3, which was below TLV but much higher than the normal concentration for CO2 in the air (585 mg/m3). Indoor heat exposure was studied near the furnace and at various locations in an industrial complex for glass manufacturing.
The heat exposure parameters including the air temperature, the wet bulb temperature, and the globe parameters were measured.
The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), an indicator of heat, exceeded ACGIH TLVs limits most of the time at all the locations
in workplace areas. The recommended duration of work and rest have also been estimated. 相似文献
9.
This paper is concerned with the cost efficiency in achieving the Swedish national air quality objectives under uncertainty.
To realize an ecologically sustainable society, the parliament has approved a set of interim and long-term pollution reduction
targets. However, there are considerable quantification uncertainties on the effectiveness of the proposed pollution reduction
measures. In this paper, we develop a multivariate stochastic control framework to deal with the cost efficiency problem with
multiple pollutants. Based on the cost and technological data collected by several national authorities, we explore the implications
of alternative probabilistic constraints. It is found that a composite probabilistic constraint induces considerably lower
abatement cost than separable probabilistic restrictions. The trend is reinforced by the presence of positive correlations
between reductions in the multiple pollutants.
相似文献
Chuan-Zhong LiEmail: |
10.
The sensitivity of an integrated model to assess the potential for wind-borne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to variations
in key parameters controlling different physical and biological processes was evaluated. The estimated number of farms at
risk is sensitive to the virus strain used and the accompanying effective contact rate. The C Noville strain increased the
estimated number of exposed farms ranked as high and medium risk of being infected by a factor of 5, compared to the baseline,
based on the O UKG 2001 strain. The inclusion of a model for biological ageing of the virus can also have a significant effect
on the concentration patterns arising from transport and dispersion of the virus. Its inclusion has the practical advantage
of markedly reducing the time required for the calculations. The estimated number of farms affected by exposure to high and
medium virus concentrations is not grossly sensitive to attenuation caused by temperature or relative humidity effects. Changes
in susceptibility to infection, as determined by the parameter θ in the exposure-risk model, does not change the configuration of the virus plumes, but it does change the distribution of
farms at risk by risk category. These findings suggest that a good understanding of characteristics (excretion rates from
infected animals, susceptibility of different species to infection, virus survival, etc.) of the virus strain involved in
an FMD outbreak is necessary to provide a reliable assessment of the risk of wind-borne spread. In the event of an incursion
of FMD, provision for laboratory studies on the virus will be an essential component of the disease response and should be
factored into contingency plans.
相似文献
X. YangEmail: |
11.
Kerstin Ronneberger Maria Berrittella Francesco Bosello Richard S. J. Tol 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(2):149-168
In this paper, the global agricultural land use model Kleines Land Use Model is coupled to an extended version of the computable general equilibrium model (CGE) Global Trade Analysis
Project in order to consistently assess the integrated impacts of climate change on global cropland allocation and its implication
for economic development. The methodology is innovative as it introduces dynamic economic land-use decisions based also on
the biophysical aspects of land into a state-of-the-art CGE; it further allows the projection of resulting changes in cropland
patterns on a spatially more explicit level. A convergence test and illustrative future simulations underpin the robustness
and potentials of the coupled system. Reference simulations with the uncoupled models emphasise the impact and relevance of
the coupling; the results of coupled and uncoupled simulations can differ by several hundred percent.
相似文献
Francesco BoselloEmail: Email: |
12.
This paper analyses the evolution of water consumption in Milan during the twentieth century. However, dealing with a century
time series raises some complicated statistic and econometric issues. To study the main research questions outlined by the
literature, as the presence of consumption habits and the link between consumption and price, we use a quite original approach
– based on intervention analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) – which seems to be more adequate than “regression-type”
approaches to study a so long time series. Results indicate (1) how some events have modified the normal evolution of per-capita
water consumption; (2) that per-capita water consumption is a very persistent series, namely, that water users should have
well-developed consumption habits; (3) that per-capita consumption and water price present a strong negative correlation.
相似文献
Mario NosvelliEmail: |
13.
I. V. Emelyanova G. E. Donald D. J. Miron D. A. Henry M. G. Garner 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(4):449-465
A probabilistic Bayesian method called weights of evidence (WofE) was used to develop a synthetic dataset of cattle farm locations at a national scale across Australia. The synthetic
dataset was required for the modelling of livestock movements with a view to assessing biosecurity implications. The WofE method is based on the analysis of spatial relationships between evidential patterns with respect to an event, such
as the actual location of a farm. The evidential patterns of cattle farms were derived from maps of land use, land tenure,
drainage systems, roads, settlements and long-term averaged rainfall. These evidential patterns were used for delineating
and ranking land areas suitable for cattle farming. For each evidential pattern statistics such as a positive weight, a negative weight and a contrast were calculated for estimating the degree of correlation between the evidential patterns and known farm locations. The integrated
evidential patterns of known farms were then used for estimating posterior probabilities and splitting land into five different
classes according to its suitability for farming.
相似文献
I. V. EmelyanovaEmail: |
14.
Wen-Cheng Liu Jan-Tai Kuo Chih-Chieh Young Ming-Ching Wu 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2007,12(3):201-211
Numerical models are often used to evaluate the potential impact of human alternation of natural water bodies and to help
the design of the alternation to mitigate its impacts. In the past decade, three-dimensional hydrodynamic and reactive transport
modeling has matured from a research subject to a practical analysis technology. This paper presents a practical study in
which a three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model [hydrodynamic eutrophication model (HEM-3D)] was applied to
determine the optimal location for treated wastewater discharged from marine outfall system in the Keelung harbor and the
adjacent coastal sea. First, model validation was conducted with respect to surface elevation, current, and water quality
variables measured in the Keelung harbor station and its coastal sea. The overall performance of the model was in qualitative
agreement with the available field data. The model was then used to evaluate several scenarios of the locations from marine
outfall system. Based on model simulation results, a location at the northeast of Ho-Ping Island was recommended for adoption
because the environmental impact is smaller than any other alternative.
相似文献
Wen-Cheng LiuEmail: |
15.
A Global Model Tracking Water, Nitrogen, and Land Inputs and Virtual Transfers from Industrialized Meat Production and Trade 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Marshall Burke Kirsten Oleson Ellen McCullough Joanne Gaskell 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2009,14(2):179-193
Rising populations and incomes throughout the world have boosted meat demand by over 75% in the last 20years, intensifying
pressures on production systems and the natural resources to which they are linked. As a growing proportion of global meat
production is traded, the environmental impacts of production become increasingly separated from where the meat is consumed.
In this paper, we quantify the use of three important resources associated with industrial livestock production and trade—water,
land, and nitrogen—using a country-specific model that combines trade, agronomic, biogeochemical, and hydrological data. Our
model focuses on pigs and chickens, as these animals are raised predominantly in intensive systems using concentrated, compound
feeds. The results describe the geographical patterns of environmental resource use due to meat production, trade, and consumption.
We show that US feed, animal, and meat destined for export require almost as much nitrogen and land, and 20% more water, than
products destined for domestic consumption. Model results also demonstrate that among various production factors, improvements
in crop yields and animal feed conversion efficiencies result in the most significant reductions in environmental harm. By
explicitly tracking the externalities of meat production, we hope to bolster suppliers’ accountability and provide better
information to meat consumers.
相似文献
Kirsten OlesonEmail: |
16.
Global Warming Potential (GWP) is an index used to measure the cumulative radiative forcing of a tonne of greenhouse house
gas (GHG) relative to that of a ‘reference’ gas (CO2). Under the Kyoto Protocol, GWP can be used as a fixed index to govern the trade-off between different GHGs in a multi-gas approach to GHGs abatement. The use of fixed GWPs has
been criticized for not being very cost effective compared to the use of some flexible indices. To gain wider acceptance, however, a flexible index must also prove to be easy to use, and the economic gains from
its adoption must be significant. In this paper, we develop a flexible index based on the concept of marginal rather than cumulative or average global warming potentials. These marginal global warming potentials (MGWPs) can be endogenously
determined within a climate model given a particular climate objective based on radiative forcing level. The MGPWs are then
linked to the marginal abatement costs of the GHGs, which are also endogenously determined within an economic model. When
the two concepts are linked in this way, the result is a cost-effective way of achieving a particular climate change objective
with multigas abatement. We show that the savings in costs when using this flexible MGPWs can be significant, and more importantly,
they are not uniformly distributed across different regions.
相似文献
Claudia KemfertEmail: |
17.
N. Moussiopoulos Ph. Barmpas I. Ossanlis J. Bartzis 《Environmental Modeling and Assessment》2008,13(3):357-368
Towards the aim of improving the air quality in the urban environment via the application of innovative TiO2 based photocatalytic coverings, a field campaign took place within the frame of the EU PICADA project () to asses the expected depollution efficiency of such materials under realistic conditions. Furthermore, extensive numerical
modeling was performed via the application of the RANS CFD code for microscale applications MIMO, in an effort to asses the
sensitivity of the developing flow field and the corresponding dispersion mechanism and hence of the depollution efficiency
of the PICADA products on a wide range of factors, with most notably the length of the street canyon, the thermal exchange
between the heated street canyon walls and the air and the approaching wind direction. For the needs of the PICADA project
a new, simple module had to be implemented into MIMO to be able to model the removal of NOx from a street canyon whose walls have been treated with a photocatalytic product. The model simulations results presented
in this paper, show that MIMO is indeed capable of predicting the effectiveness of the photocatalytic products in question.
At the same time, they reveal a strong dependence of the developing flow and concentration fields inside the field site street
canyon configuration on most of the aforementioned factors with most notably the direction of the approaching wind.
相似文献
N. MoussiopoulosEmail: |
18.
W. Scott Hall Steven J. Bushong Lenwood W. Hall Jr. Michael J. Lenkevich Alfred E. Pinkney 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1988,11(1):33-42
Dissolved copper and selected water chemistry parameters were monitored for 11 months in Chesapeake Bay, U.S.A. Dissolved copper concentrations in four recreational marinas, a large harbor, two major river systems, and a heavily used shipping canal ranged from below detectable levels to 80 g L-1 (\-X=11.7 g L-1). Dissolved copper was detected >91% of the time at five locations. Lowest copper concentrations were found in Potomac River, Baltimore Harbor, Pier One Marina, and C & D Canal (\-X=6–10 g L-1; slightly higher levels of dissolved copper were found in Choptank River (\-X=12 g L-1). Highest levels of copper were detected in Port Annapolis, Hartge, and Piney Narrows Marinas (\-X=13–18 g L-1), with the highest values observed in the study (70 and 80 g L-1) found in two of these marinas. Copper in the three marinas with highest dissolved copper levels could have been toxic to some of the more sensitive aquatic species. Intensive study of one marina indicated that a likely source of dissolved copper was the recreational boats housed in the marina. 相似文献
19.
Suzanne E. Kershaw Andrew A. Millward 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2012,184(12):7329-7342
The public health consequences of extreme heat events are felt most intensely in metropolitan areas where population density is high and the presence of the urban heat island phenomenon exacerbates the potential for prolonged exposure. This research develops an approach to map potential heat stress on humans by combining temperature and relative humidity into an index of apparent temperature. We use ordinary kriging to generate hourly prediction maps describing apparent temperature across the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. Meteorological data were obtained from 65 locations for 6?days in 2008 when extreme heat alerts were issued for the City of Toronto. Apparent temperature and exposure duration were integrated in a single metric, humidex degree hours (HDH), and mapped. The results show a significant difference in apparent temperature between built and natural locations from 3?pm to 7?am; this discrepancy was greatest at 12?am where built locations had a mean of 2.8 index values larger, t(71)?=?5.379, p?<?0.001. Spatial trends in exposure to heat stress (apparent temperature, ≥30°C) show the downtown core of the City of Toronto and much of Mississauga (west of Toronto) as likely to experience hazardous levels of prolonged heat and humidity (HDH?≥?72) during a heat alert. We recommend that public health officials use apparent temperature and exposure duration to develop spatially explicit heat vulnerability assessment tools; HDH is one approach that unites these risk factors into a single metric. 相似文献
20.
Barbara Nowak 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1990,14(2-3):347-351
Residues of endosulfan insecticide (-and -isomers, and endosulfan sulphate) were determined in the livers of catfish from a cotton growing area during the summer and winter of 1988. The concentration of total endosulfan residues found in the fish was up to 0.31 mg kg-1 wet wt. It decreased in winter with a maximum 0.02 mg kg-1 wet wt. The difference in endosulfan residues between seasons was statistically significant (ANOVA,p<0.01). 相似文献