富铁酸性硫酸盐体系施氏矿物附着包裹硫杆菌的Fe2+氧化能力研究

探究富铁酸性硫酸盐体系次生铁矿物附着包裹硫杆菌的Fe~(2+)氧化活性,对揭示次生铁矿物调控酸性矿山废水形成过程具有指导意义.本研究首先采用摇瓶实验合成次生铁矿物—施氏矿物,然后将脱水后的0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物直接或溶解后加入到pH为2.50的富铁酸性硫酸盐体系(改进型9K液体培养基)中进行Fe~(2+)氧化,分析体系pH、Fe~(2+)氧化率、次生铁矿物产生量等相关指标.研究表明,氧化亚铁硫杆菌在脱水施氏矿物的附着包裹量为2×10~8cells·g~(-1).0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物直接加入体系经过108 h培养,pH分别下降至2.28、2.25、2.24及2.22;Fe~(2+)氧化速率随着施氏矿物加入量的增加而增加,且各体系Fe~(2+)氧化率在108 h均达到100%,此时次生铁矿物产生量分别是3.05、3.30、3.61与3.70 g·L~(-1).然而,0.1、0.2、0.3及0.4 g施氏矿物溶解后进入的相应体系经过108 h培养后,pH分别下降至2.19、2.18、2.10及2.02;Fe~(2+)氧化速率随着施氏矿物溶解量的增加而增加,各体系Fe~(2+)氧化率在96 h均达到100%,各体系次生铁矿物在108 h时的产生量分别是6.16、6.44、6.76与7.89 g·L~(-1).可见,施氏矿物对硫杆菌的吸附包裹作用致使体系Fe~(2+)氧化效率降低,次生铁矿物合成量减少,酸化程度减弱.     

水厂反冲洗铁锰泥热处理产物结构及除砷变化

利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、差热重量分析法(TG)、比表面积分析仪(BET)等研究了除铁除锰水厂富含铁锰氧化物的反冲洗泥经过不同焙烧温度处理后的产物结构变化对吸附除砷的影响.结果表明:铁锰氧化物反冲洗泥原料为无定型结构,粒径小且比表面积大,能高效除砷;焙烧温度为150℃时,结晶水开始脱除,比表面积与孔容变化不大,As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的去除率均略微增加;焙烧温度为500℃时,脱羟基反应促使微孔逐渐合并成介孔,比表面积降低,As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的去除率降至70%;当焙烧温度升高到800℃后,热处理产物脱水完全,微孔和介孔随焙烧温度升高逐渐合并成大孔,比表面积和孔容分别下降至12.755m2/g和0.052cm3/g,平均孔径增长了约10nm,且产生的赤铁矿晶体颗粒间出现烧结现象,对As(Ⅲ)和As(V)的去除率大幅下降,为原来的10%左右.     

超高交联吸附树脂的孔结构对CS2的吸附-脱附的影响

以苯乙烯为单体、二乙烯苯为交联剂、氯甲醚为氯甲基化试剂,通过改变致孔剂(甲苯或者液体石蜡)种类和交联剂用量,合成出具有不同孔结构的系列超高交联吸附树脂.柱穿透吸附实验结果表明,超高交联吸附树脂对CS₂的吸附量与0.4～1nm之间的微孔体积有关,而与比表面积、微孔体积(0～2nm)无明显相关性;程序升温脱附实验结果表明,当吸附树脂具有更高比例的中孔和大孔孔容时,CS₂脱附的峰值温度更低,脱附更容易.     

预处理后生物成因施氏矿物的矿物学特征及对As(Ⅲ)吸附的影响

生物成因施氏矿物虽然在吸附As(Ⅲ)能力上表现出较其它吸附剂更为优越的吸附性能,但其制备过程中细菌分泌的多糖类物质使得矿物颗粒间存在明显的团聚现象.本研究通过比较不同预处理方法对施氏矿物矿物学特征及吸附性能的影响,寻求一种最佳的矿物预处理方法,以期进一步改善矿物颗粒团聚现象和提高对As(Ⅲ)吸附能力.采用NaOH、NaCl、200℃灼烧及乙醇-超声方法对施氏矿物进行预处理,结果表明,处理后矿物的矿相均未发生变化,但其理化性质随处理方式的不同差异较大,矿物比表面积、Fe/S摩尔比、SEM图谱、As(Ⅲ)吸附性能与原始矿物相比均发生了明显的变化.经pH 12NaOH处理后矿物的吸附性能最佳,在室温下最大吸附量从原来的101.9 mg.g-1增加到143.3 mg.g-1,比表面积从原来的45.63 m2.g-1增加到325.18 m2.g-1,矿物干燥时团聚现象明显减弱.     

有机钙孔隙结构与脱硫性能研究

在定碳炉上对有机钙进行煅烧试验,利用氮吸附仪测定样品的微观孔隙结构,采用智能定硫仪对有机钙进行了脱硫实验研究.结果表明.900℃下煅烧.醋酸钙镁的比表面积高达46.6 m2/g,大约为普通石灰石比表面积的4倍.醋酸钙比表面积主要分布在孔径小于5 nm的微孔和中孔,醋酸钙镁比表面积主要集中在孔径为5 nm左右的中孔.醋酸钙的烧结主要发生在微孔和中孔,醋酸钙镁的烧结发生在整个孔径分布区域,有机钙表现出良好的抗烧结特性.1 000℃下按钙硫比为1添加钙基,有机钙的脱硫效率为68.28%-75.55%.比普通石灰石高1倍以上.煅烧形成的良好孔隙结构使得有机钙具有较高的脱硫效果.     

炭化温度对木材液化物碳纤维吸附特性及孔结构的影响

以速生杉木为原料,经过苯酚液化物后加入六次甲基四胺熔融纺丝,初纺纤维固化处理后直接炭化制备出碳纤维,并对碳纤维的比表面积、孔径分布以及吸附特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,木材液化物碳纤维样品的等温线属于典型的Ⅰ型吸附等温线,其吸附滞后回线属于H4型。木材液化物碳纤维孔径主要以微孔为主,微孔率达到73.4%。碳纤维样品的BET比表面积、微孔面积、微孔容随着炭化温度的提高呈增大趋势,其中600～800℃是其孔隙结构发生变化的关键温度区间。液化原料中木材/苯酚比对其制备的碳纤维的比表面积、孔容及孔径的影响变化不大。     

微波合成介孔材料及其对Hg(Ⅱ)吸附性能研究

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂,蒙脱土作为硅源,采用微波辐射晶化法合成了有序介孔材料;通过X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、Fourier变换红外光谱和比表面积孔径等测试手段对所合成的材料进行了表征,考察了所合成材料对水中重金属离子Hg(Ⅱ)的吸附性能。实验表明:所合成材料结构与介孔材料MCM-41基本一致;比表面积为510.5m2 g-1,平均孔径为2.8nm;所合成材料对水中重金属离子Hg(Ⅱ)具有较高吸附性能。     

粉末活性炭预吸附改善超滤膜通量试验研究

研究了粉末活性炭(PAC)预处理长江原水对改善超滤膜通量的效果.试验采用截留相对分子质量分别为30000 Da和10 000 Da的2种超滤膜,着重探讨了PAC对长江水中不同分子量有机物的吸附去除效果以及其所带来的膜通量改善.试验结果表明,超滤膜直接过滤原水时,膜通量下降严重;采用PAC预吸附后,2种膜的通量在一定程度上均得到提高.对PAC预吸附和膜后水样进行不同相对分子质量有机物的测定,结果表明:PAC吸附小于1000Da相对分子质量有机物高于其他相对分子质量区间有机物总和;膜表观截留孔径越小,PAC预吸附改善膜通量效果越显著.     

酸碱改性活性炭及其对甲苯吸附的影响

分别用酸溶液(H_2SO_4、HNO_3、H_3PO_4)和碱溶液(NaOH或NH_3·H_2O)浸渍方法对活性炭进行改性,并对酸改性活性炭进行碱溶液二次改性处理,通过表征改性前后活性炭BET比表面积、孔结构、表面官能团等理化特征和测定其对甲苯蒸气的饱和吸附量,研究了影响活性炭吸附甲苯蒸气的关键因素.结果表明,酸改性使BET比表面积、微孔面积、微孔容积减少、表面酸性官能团增加,而碱改性呈现相反的理化特征变化.活性炭理化特征的变化可能与改性溶液的酸碱性、氧化还原性有关,并且这种相反的变化直接关系到活性炭对甲苯蒸气的吸附.3种酸改性的活性炭对甲苯蒸气饱和吸附量相对于原活性炭减少9.6%~20.0%,而两种碱改性的活性炭则增加29.2%~39.2%.相关性分析显示甲苯吸附量与BET比表面积、微孔面积、微孔容积正相关,而与表面酸性官能团负相关;多元回归分析进一步表明微孔容积和酸性官能团数量是影响活性炭甲苯吸附的关键因素.二次改性活性炭甲苯吸附量与表面含氧酸性官能团拟合结果则表明,—COOH、C＝O和—OH都对活性炭甲苯吸附能力有影响,其中—COOH影响较大.研究结果表明有效提高活性炭对甲苯吸附能力,改性宜以提高活性炭微孔容积和减小活性炭表面酸性官能团数量,特别是—COOH数量为目标导向.     

不同原料制备的生物炭形貌结构及表面特性研究

选取槐树皮、锯末、苹果枝、玉米秸秆、杂木五种原料采用干蒸裂解工艺制备生物炭通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察生物炭的形貌结构利用氮气吸附BET容量法,测定生物炭的比表面积和孔体积,获得吸附脱附等温线,根据吸附等温线计算BJH孔径分布并将5种生物炭的形貌结构和表面特性对比分析,以期为生物炭深入研究提供科学依据。结果表明;5种生物炭均表现为多孔结构,孔结构大小和形状各异;不同原料对生物炭的比表面积有影响,杂木生物炭的比表面积最大(17.807 m~2/g),苹果枝生物炭最小(1.674 m~2/g)。随着玉米秸秆、锯末、槐树皮、杂木生物炭的孔体积和孔径的减小,其比表面积依次增大;槐树皮、锯末、玉米秸秆生物炭的氮气吸附脱附等温线为Ⅲ型,属于结块形成,苹果枝、杂木生物炭为Ⅳ型;5种生物炭均在2~65 nm范围内孔径分布较宽,呈中孔和大孔。     

中孔结构对活性炭吸附卷烟烟气中有机物的影响

卷烟烟气中复杂化合物对大气环境的污染已经引起了全世界的关注.因此,本文以颗粒活性炭为原料,通过硝酸钙、水蒸气调控得到比表面积、微孔容量丰富且含有较高中孔率的介孔活性炭,研究了孔结构对三醋酸甘油酯和挥发性有机物吸附的影响.结果表明:活性炭对三醋酸甘油酯的吸附主要受到比表面积和微孔的影响,中孔对其吸附性能没有太明显的作用;中孔结构对苯、甲苯、丙酮的吸附可以起到明显的通道效应,大大提高了活性炭对挥发性有机物的去除能力.     

富含中、微孔稻壳活性炭的表征及液相吸附性能

对采用CO2-NaOH联合活化新工艺制备的稻壳活性炭的孔结构进行了表征,并用探针分子亚甲基蓝、苯酚考察了它对大、小分子的液相吸附性能.结果表明:所得活性炭同时富含中孔与微孔,中、微孔容积均达到0.32cm3/g,各占总孔容的50%;它对苯酚及亚甲基蓝均显示出优越的吸附性能,脱除效率分别达到94%和99%,超过或接近所用优质商业活性炭的相应值;对这2种污染物的吸附皆较好地符合Langmuir等温式.     

Comparison of dynamic adsorption/desorption characteristics of toluene on different porous materials

Four different types of adsorbents, SBA-15, MCM-41, NaY and SiO₂, were used to study the dynamic adsorption/desorption of toluene. To further investigate the influence of pore structure on its adsorption performance, two SBA-15 samples with different microspores were also selected. It is shown that microporous material NaY has the largest adsorption capacity of 0.2873 mL/g, and the amorphous SiO₂ exhibits the least capacity of 0.1003 mL/g. MCM-41 also shows a lower break through capacity in spite of the relatively small pore diameter, because it can not provide the necessary small geometric confinement for the tiny adsorbates. However, the mesoporous SBA-15 silica with certain micropore volume shows relatively higher adsorption capacity than that of MCM-41 silica. The presence of micropores directly leads to an increase in the dynamic adsorption capacity of toluene. Although NaY has the highest adsorption capacity for toluene, its complete desorption temperature for toluene is high (>350℃), which limits its wide application. On the contrary, mesoporous silica materials exhibits a good desorption performance for volatile organic compounds at lower temperatures. Among these materials mesoporous SBA-15 samples, with a larger amount micropores and a lower desorption temperature, are a potentially interesting adsorbent for the removal of volatile organic compounds. This behavior should been related with the best synergetic effect of mesopores and micropores.     

K2CO3改性类水滑石衍生复合金属氧化物吸附剂脱除HCl(g)性能

采用浸渍法对钙镁铝类水滑石进行K₂CO₃改性,并进一步焙烧获得复合金属氧化物吸附剂。在固定床实验系统上对K₂CO₃改性类水滑石吸附剂的高温脱除HCl（g）性能进行了研究,探究了K₂CO₃负载量、反应温度和初始HCl（g）浓度对其高温脱除HCl（g）性能的影响,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积及孔隙分析（BET）、扫描电镜（SEM）及热重分析（TG）对改性前后的类水滑石吸附剂进行了表征。结果表明:1）K₂CO₃改性后类水滑石吸附剂的脱除HCl（g）性能显著提高,K₂CO₃的最佳负载量为30%,过高的负载量会导致吸附剂的孔隙堵塞,吸附能力下降;2）在400~800℃的反应温度范围内,吸附剂的HCl（g）吸附容量在600℃时达到最高,为0.289 g/g;3）在不同HCl（g）浓度下吸附剂的脱除HCl（g）性能保持稳定;4）经500℃煅烧后吸附剂的比表面积和孔体积增大,平均孔径减小,吸附能力增强;负载K₂CO₃后类水滑石吸附剂的热稳定性有所增强。K₂CO₃改性后的类水滑石衍生吸附剂具有优良的高温脱除HCl（g）性能,为选择高效实用的高温HCl（g）吸附剂提供了参考。     

废茶活性炭脱硫脱硝性能的应用研究

为探讨废茶活性炭对于SO2和NO脱除作用的制约因素,分别考察了材料孔径结构、石墨化程度及表面结构对其脱硫脱硝性能的影响,同时研究了其吸附机制及动力学过程.结果表明,较高的石墨化程度是影响材料脱硫性能的主要因素,微孔径较小且含氮碱性基团较高时有利于SO2的脱除;发达的中孔结构是制约NO脱除效率的关键因素,含氮碱性基团对NO的脱除具有一定的促进作用;烟气中SO2和NO共存时,材料的脱硫脱硝性能均有所降低,氧气和水蒸气的加入能够改善其脱硫脱硝效率;废茶活性炭在无水环境下对于SO2和NO的吸附作用均以物理吸附为主,水蒸气的存在促进了材料对SO2的化学吸附;通过动力学模型的拟合发现,Bangham吸附模型能够很好地描述材料脱硫脱硝的动力学过程,其R2均高于0.989,材料对于SO2和NO的吸附速率常数均随氧气和水蒸气的加入而减小.     

Novel Fe/glass composite adsorbent for As(V) removal

An effective adsorbent for arsenic removal was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of waste glass powder (GP), followed by loading Fe(Ⅲ) oxyhydroxide onto the surface of waste glass powder. The ≡Si-O-H group was formed on the surface of GP and the specific surface area of GP powder was slightly increased after hydrothermal treatment. FeOOH was loaded onto the surface of hydrothermally treated waste glass powder (HGP) by the hydrolysis of FeCl3. The formation conditions of FeOOH were also investigated. The...     

Comparison of activated carbon and iron/cerium modified activated carbon to remove methylene blue from wastewater

The methylene blue(MB)removal abilities of raw activated carbon and iron/cerium modified raw activated carbon(Fe–Ce-AC)by adsorption were researched and compared.The characteristics of Fe–Ce-AC were examined by N_2adsorption,zeta potential measurement,FTIR,Raman,XRD,XPS,SEM and EDS.After modification,the following phenomena occurred:The BET surface area,average pore diameter and total pore volume decreased;the degree of graphitization also decreased.Moreover,the presence of Fe_3O_4led to Fe–Ce-AC having magnetic properties,which makes it easy to separate from dye wastewater in an external magnetic field and subsequently recycle.In addition,the equilibrium isotherms and kinetics of MB adsorption on raw activated carbon and Fe–Ce-AC were systematically examined.The equilibrium adsorption data indicated that the adsorption behavior followed the Langmuir isotherm,and the pseudo-second-order model matched the kinetic data well.Compared with raw activated carbon,the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of Fe–Ce-AC increased by27.31%.According to the experimental results,Fe–Ce-AC can be used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of MB from dye wastewater.     

黏结剂对污泥基颗粒炭性能的影响

以城市污水处理厂剩余污泥为原料,可溶淀粉、羧甲基纤维素、硅酸钠和硫酸钙为黏结剂,采用两步炭化法制备污泥基颗粒炭,探讨了黏结剂种类对样品性能的影响.结果显示:可溶淀粉样品(SSGAC-T)具有最大的比表面积和孔容,SSGAC-T、羧甲基纤维素样品(SSGAC-C)和硅酸钠样品(SSGAC-Si)含有丰富的微孔和中孔,硫酸钙样品(SSGAC-S)为典型的中孔吸附剂;样品的抗压强度均随浸泡时间的延长而降低,但SSGAC-S的抗压强度下降程度最小;4种黏结剂都使样品表面生成新的官能团,且样品的表面均呈酸性,它们的pHPZC分别为6.37、6.16、5.85和5.53;相同条件下,SSGAC-S对亚甲基蓝的饱和吸附量最高,为71.94mg/g;根据对污泥炭的表征,初步推测硅酸钠和硫酸钙能与碳发生化学反应.     

Pb(II) removal from water using Fe-coated bamboo charcoal with the assistance of microwaves

Bamboo charcoal(BC) was used as starting material to prepare iron-modified bamboo charcoal(Fe-MBC) by its impregnation in FeCl 3 and HNO 3 solutions simultaneously,followed by microwave heating.The material can be used as an adsorbent for Pb(Ⅱ) contaminants removal in water.The composites were prepared with Fe molar concentration of 0.5,1.0 and 2.0 mol/L and characterized by means of N 2 adsorption-desorption isotherms,X-ray diffraction spectroscopy(XRD),scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry(SEM-EDS),Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR) and point of zero charge(pH pzc) measurements.Nitrogen adsorption analyses showed that the BET specific surface area and total pore volume increased with iron impregnation.The adsorbent with Fe molar concentration of 2 mol/L(2Fe-MBC) exhibited the highest surface area and produced the best pore structure.The Pb(Ⅱ) adsorption process of 2Fe-MBC and BC were evaluated in batch experiments and 2Fe-MBC showed an excellent adsorption capability for removal Pb(Ⅱ).The adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) strongly depended on solution pH,with maximum values at pH 5.0.The ionic strength had a significant effect on the adsorption at pH < 6.0.The adsorption isotherms followed the Langmuir isotherm model well,and the maximum adsorption capacity for Pb(Ⅱ) was 200.38 mg/g for 2Fe-MBC.The adsorption processes were well fitted by a pseudo second-order kinetic model.Thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ) onto Fe-MBC was feasible,spontaneous,and exothermic under the studied conditions,and the ion exchange mechanism played an significant role.These results have important implications for the design of low-cost and effective adsorbents in the removal of Pb(Ⅱ) from wastewater.     

Influence of reactivation on the electrochemical performances of activated carbon based on coconut shell

Coconut shell-based activated carbon (AC) were prepared by CO₂ activation, and then the ACs with higher mesopore ratio were obtained by steam activation and by impregnating iron catalyst followed by steam activation, respectively. The AC with the highest mesopore ratio (AC_hmr) shows superior capacitive behavior, power output and high-frequency performance in supercapacitors. The results should attribute to the connection of its wide micropores and mesopores larger than 3 nm, which is more favorable for fast ionic transportation. The pore size distribution exhibits that the mesopore ratios of the ACs are significantly increased by reactivation of steam or catalyst up to 75% and 78%, respectively. As evidenced by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and galvanostatic measurements, the AC_hmr shows superior capacitive behaviors, conductivity and performance of electrolytic ionic transportation. The response current densities are evidently enhanced through the cyclic voltammery test at 50 mV/sec scan rate. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrates that the conductivity and ion transport performance of the ACs are improved. The specific capacitances of the ACs were increased from 140 to 240 F/g at 500 mA/g current density. The AC_hmr can provide much higher power density while still maintaining good energy density, and demonstrate excellent high-frequency performances. The pore structure and conductivity of the AC_hmr also improve the cycleability and self-discharge of supercapacitors. Such AC_hmr exhibits a great potential in supercapacitors, particularly for applications where high power output and good high-frequency capacitive performances are required.